Chapter 2: Technical and Economic Programmes

Development problem to be addressed:

6.     The entity operates in a context of growing needs for safe and quality agricultural products and sustaining rural livelihoods, while preserving the natural resource base. It seeks to improve capacities of, and coordination between, a wide range of stakeholders to support economically, environmentally and socially sustainable agriculture.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

7.     The aim of policy and technological choices in sustainable agriculture is generally not to optimize the production of one commodity in isolation, but to promote holistic solutions, to recognize the economic and social dimensions of technology adoption, and to understand the contribution of agriculture to broader livelihoods systems. This can only be achieved through multidisciplinary and coordinated approaches.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

8.     FAO departments and divisions, and a variety of global and national stakeholders: line ministry decision makers and policy advisors, international institutions, universities and research institutes, extension technicians, farmer associations and other civil society organizations, private sector.

9.     Coordinated action in various regions, exchange of information and lessons, and support to capacity building and policy change in order to demonstrate and promote integrated production systems.

Major Output(s)

• Policy and technical assistance on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) concepts and approaches
• Conservation agriculture in major production systems
• Capacity building, policy and technical assistance on sustainable integrated production systems

Indicator(s)

• Evidence of lessons learned and coordination among partners
• Adjusted institutions, policies or programmes for adoption of sustainable practices and integrated approaches
• Enhanced capacity of partner institutions to promote sustainable practices and integrated production systems

Development problem to be addressed:

10.     Agricultural biodiversity is a crucial resource for food security and sustainable agriculture. Environmental and economic changes are increasingly putting it at risk. Governments increasingly need to create agreed policy and regulatory frameworks for its conservation and sustainable use, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

11.     The Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA) is the main intergovernmental forum for consideration and negotiation of policy instruments, agreements, regulatory frameworks, and specific action programmes addressing Members' needs for the conservation, sustainable utilization and equitable sharing of genetic resources for food and agriculture, which underpin food security and sustainable agriculture.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

12.     The agricultural environment, and Governments, through sound policy and regulatory frameworks; farmers and livestock producers in all countries through the conservation of, access to, and use of agricultural genetic resources; and breeders and scientists improving animal breeds and crops all benefit directly. The general public and future generations will benefit from the increased availability of a large variety of agricultural products.

13.     Negotiation, implementation and management of national and international policy and regulatory frameworks, intergovernmental agreements and codes of conduct for the conservation and sustainable utilization of GRFA. Appropriate orientation given to FAO's work on GRFA, and inclusion of related ethical considerations in FAO's work.

Major Output(s)

• Regular sessions of the CGRFA
• Secretariat Support for the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
• Development of internationally agreed policy and regulatory frameworks for animal and plant genetic resources (as well as other sectors)
• Ethics in food and agriculture

Indicator(s)

• Effective guidance by Members of the FAO PWB process, in relation to GRFA
• Sectoral and general instruments on GRFA negotiated, adopted and into force.
• Support by Governments and civil society for FAO's work on GRFA
• Evidence of mainstreaming of ethics in FAO's work.

14.     As this entity largely represents on-demand services to Members which by their nature are difficult to plan in advance, no formulation of rationale and objective is provided.

Major Output(s)

• Planning and implementation of biennial sessions of COAG

Indicator(s)

• Recommendations for action by FAO Secretariat
• Recommendations for Member Governments

15.     As this entity largely represents on-demand services to Members which by their nature are difficult to plan in advance, no formulation of rationale and objective is provided.

Major Output(s)

• Contributions to Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (SARD) - UNCED, Agenda 21, Chapter 14
• Contribution to global perspective studies
• Departmental-level services for publication quality and communications, regional reporting and liaison

Indicator(s)

• Services contributed partnerships and initiatives
• Demonstrated use of information products

16.     As this entity largely represents on-demand services to Members which by their nature are difficult to plan in advance, no formulation of rationale and objective is provided.

Major Output(s)

• Central Support to PAIAs

Indicator(s)

• Extent to which FAO development work reflects a more co-ordinated interdisciplinary approach.

Development problem to be addressed:

19.     International meetings, such as the World Water Forum 2nd and 3rd and the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD), have underlined the acute competition for scarce water resources among economic sectors and the necessity to come up with cost effective water management techniques. As water for food production is the main use of water, "Unlocking the productivity of agricultural water" is proposed as one of the viable option to cope with the increasing needs from population growth. This can be achieved if irrigation and water management in agriculture are more cost effective, users driven and service oriented. This needs also to look specifically for improved techniques for rainfed agriculture (crops, rainfall harvesting,..). This requires simultaneous energetic improvements in water management and technology, as well as capacity building. Action is needed at all levels, from farmers through irrigation agencies to basin and national water resources institutions.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

20.     Technologies allowing more efficient water management techniques in agricultural water are to be widely disseminated. Improved irrigation system management techniques to be disseminated. National strategies for irrigation modernization (techniques, capacity development). Development of national investment plans in water management in agriculture.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

21.     Farmers will benefit from increased investment and improved technologies in irrigation and rainfed areas. Public/private irrigation managers will benefit from modernization of management techniques. More participatory decision making through establishment of associations within irrigation schemes will be achieved. The cost of irrigation in national budget will decrease. The public at large will benefit from increased food production and/or more water being available for non-agricultural use.

22.     Availability of technologies for efficient use and conservation of water in agriculture; participatory, equitable and effective water management in irrigation systems; improved irrigation policy and related institutional reforms.

Major Output(s)

• On-farm water control and management methods in irrigated and rainfed farming
• Crop water management and supplementary irrigation techniques
• Irrigation technology and water resources development, including water harvesting and shallow ground water
• Irrigation system improvement and modernization methods
• Institutional restructuring of irrigation
• Promotion of appropriate irrigation policy and river basin management

Indicator(s)

• Evidence of increased water use efficiency and productivity due to the adoption of cost-effective irrigation technologies and improved managerial techniques

Development problem to be addressed:

23.     Land resources are facing increasing pressures and limitations both in quality (degradation) and quantity in most parts of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, is facing a serious land productivity decline. Governments need to work with multiple stakeholders to ensure viable and equitable land use and efficient resource utilization through the participatory development and local adaptation of sustainable management strategies and land use options.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

24.     Tested soil and plant nutrient management practices and rehabilitation/management practices for degraded and problem lands, if adopted by farmers, should help build up land productivity or prevent its decline, reduce excess runoff, erosion and periodic drought hazards, and result in higher, more stable yields.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

25.     Small farmers should benefit from enhanced soil fertility. The environment and public at large will benefit from the improved management of land resources, including mitigation of land degradation.

26.     In the framework of the post-UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) conventions and the land management cluster of UNCED Agenda 21, test and disseminate improved land, soil fertility and integrated nutrient management options and policies, and support assessment and rehabilitation of degraded lands and problem soils in different ago-ecological zones.

Major Output(s)

• Integrated soil and plant nutrient management practices
• Management, conservation and rehabilitation of degraded and problem soils
• Land resources analyses and planning tools

Indicator(s)

• Evidence of adoption of improved soil productivity management practices, soil rehabilitation and integrated plant nutrition management techniques by farmers, particularly in SPFS, TCP projects and Soil Fertility Initiative (SFI) related programmes.
• Feedback from SPFS farmers and trainers on the validity of proposed soil productivity management techniques.
• Examples of land use, land reclamation and fertilisation policies and strategies adopted and implemented as a result of this entity.

Development problem to be addressed:

27.     In the absence of coherent policies, multi-stakeholder planning processes and appropriate incentive measures, communities are sometimes induced, due to poverty and inadequate support mechanisms, to adopt unsustainable techniques mining the environment or negatively affecting downstream water and land resources' users. Moreover, rural communities are unable to cope with natural events such as drought and floods in the absence of disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies and measures.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

28.     Well-informed, multi-disciplinary and multi-stakeholder decision making processes should result in more sustainable practices, strategies and policies to manage land and water resources and increase resilience to climate variability.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

29.     Farming, pastoral and even urban communities are expected to benefit from the concerted, integrated and sustainable management of the land and water resources they rely upon for their livelihoods, especially in areas vulnerable to resource degradation, drought, floods and other natural hazards.

30.     To promote integrated, multi-disciplinary and multi-stakeholder approaches to the development and sustainable management of land and water resources.

Major Output(s)

• Technologies and methodologies for wetland development and conservation
• Guidelines for land and water management in rural watersheds, including disaster preparedness and mitigation for drought and flood
• Review of land, water and fertilizer use policies incorporating environmental elements
• Soil moisture management and conservation in rainfed areas, with focus on drought mitigation

Indicator(s)

• Examples of effective in situ application of methodologies and technologies for integrated management of land and water, addressing resource access and benefit sharing issues.
• Examples of wetland development and/or protection programmes based on FAO's capacity building, or initiated as a result of FAO's awareness raising activities.
• Changes in policy or institutional environment resulting for FAO-supported land and water policy reviews and advice.
• Evidence of improved preparedness of countries for assessing vulnerability and mitigating land- and water-related constraints and disasters.

Development problem to be addressed:

31.     Poor water quality problems in many parts of the world are further complicated by poor drainage, salinity and associated environmental effects and vulnerability to natural disasters.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

32.     Improved drainage systems and irrigation schemes, enhanced quality of treated waste water used in peri-urban irrigation and more appropriate land-use strategies and monitoring tools, help control waterlogging and salinity problems, decrease contamination, and mitigate the effects of related natural disasters.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

33.     Rural and peri-urban farmers in irrigated areas will be better able to maintain or increase their production and mitigate disasters as a result of sustained improvements in the quality and management of irrigation water.

34.     Improved production systems and methods put in place to mitigate environmental effects from poor water quality and natural disasters; improved drainage systems and irrigation schemes, and enhanced quality of treated wastewater used in peri-urban irrigation.

Major Output(s)

• Water quality management techniques and attenuation of negative environmental effects
• Waterlogging and salinity control methodologies
• Disaster mitigation through waterlogging and salinity control and rehabilitation measures

Indicator(s)

• Examples of improved irrigation water quality, enhanced drainage systems and rehabilitated land resulting from technical support provided by this entity.

Development problem to be addressed:

35.     There is a need to merge information on land and water and to establish linkages with sectoral information systems with a view to forge a comprehensive information base of a multi-scale, multi-purpose nature, also facilitating analysis in support of decision making. This effort should be accompanied with monitoring of the status and utilization of land and freshwater resources worldwide, as emphasized by the sixth session of the CSD and the fifteenth session of the Committee on Agriculture (COAG).

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

36.     Better informed users, more relevant policies, strategies and programmes will result in improved incentive structures and measures and more sustainable management of land and water resources.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

37.     Farmers, herders and fisherfolk, as well as other users of land and water resources should take advantage of improved information and enhanced policy and planning framework for more secure production levels and reduced risks to the environment.

38.     Better managed land and water resources through information systems for monitoring, and increased awareness among decision makers about the global status of such resources.

Major Output(s)

• Land and water information systems development
• Land databases and statistics
• AQUASTAT and contributions to the World Water Development Report
• State of the World Land and Water Resources

Indicator(s)

• Examples of action taken (policies, programmes) to better manage or protect land and water resources, in part thanks to the awareness created by this entity.

Development problem to be addressed:

39.     Lack of information on, and insufficient awareness of land and water issues at country level for planning and policy making, in particular as it relates to major international UN-backed conventions (UNCED, UNCCD, UNCBD and the IPCC). There is priority on Africa.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

40.     This entity collates information for the preparation of issue papers and perspective studies at global, regional and national level (e.g. Agriculture Towards 2015/30), international fora such as CSD, CEB, Global Water Partnership and for other needs such as media articles or research papers. In turn, these publications and international discussions generate greater awareness of land and water issues, resulting in improved decision making.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

41.     The public at large is set to profit from improved policies, programmes and strategies for the sustainable management of land and water resources.

42.     Better informed decision making at the international, national and local levels; enhanced awareness of issues and actions related to land and water management and conservation.

Major Output(s)

• Knowledge centre for land and water management
• Contributions to studies and inputs to major fora

Indicator(s)

• Web-based statistics, Publications sold, AGL requested to contribute in international fora and projects indicating effective interest and use of knowledge/data produced.

43.     As this entity largely represents on-demand services to Members which by their nature are difficult to plan in advance, no formulation of rationale and objective is provided.

Major Output(s)

• Policy and technical assistance to member countries
• Technical support to emergency and relief operation projects
• Assistance in project formulation and technical backstopping
• Assistance in operation of field projects

Indicator(s)

• Effective technical support, advise and guideline

44.     As this entity largely represents on-demand services to Members which by their nature are difficult to plan in advance, no formulation of rationale and objective is provided.

Major Output(s)

• Supporting capacity development for sustainable agricultural water management
• Technical support for IPTRID Management Committee and Consultative Group
• Development of integrated information system for IPTRID

Indicator(s)

• Formulation, facilitation and information dissemination

Development problem to be addressed:

49.     Countries face conflicting pressures to reduce both risks to consumers from pesticide residues in food as well as international phytosanitary risks. Chemically-based pest management leads to reduced agro-biodiversity and disrupted ecological functions and services, and ultimately leads to pest outbreaks and production instability. Health hazards associated with acute pesticide exposure are compounded by poor nutrition and infectious diseases, hence contributing to household food insecurity and poverty.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

50.     With Integrated Pest Management (IPM) as the preferred pest management strategy, communities should be enabled with adequate donor support to set up and sustain farmers field schools (FFS) that teach IPM. Knowledge acquired in FFS will make it possible to restrict and eliminate toxic pesticides, replacing them with recommended production techniques that enhance ecosystem services such as pest regulation by natural predators.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

51.     Rural communities should benefit from more stable income due to fewer pest outbreaks, safer food, and lower risks from exposure to pesticides. Consumers (mostly urban) should experience lower health risks from pesticide residues in food and other agricultural products. The environment will be better preserved, with less disruption of ecosystem functions embodied in biodiversity.

52.     IPM becomes, before 2012, the preferred pest management strategy for the majority of member countries, with the farmers field schools becoming the leading model for community-based participatory technology development.

Major Output(s)

• Integrated pest management policies
• Support to national Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes
• Principles of population dynamics, epidemiology and evolution introduced in the framework of agro-biodiversity

Indicator(s)

• Financial size and number of beneficiary farmers of national IPM programmes.
• Examples of approved national pesticide reduction strategies, national policy reforms in support of, or explicitly mentioning IPM.
• Improvements in the quality of IPM deliverables at community level.

Development problem to be addressed:

53.     Farmers and breeders need access to plant genetic resources, including alternative crops and new cultivars, and related information and technologies, including through seed provision, to achieve sustainable increases in production and/or maintain profitability. This is underpinned by the Global Plan of Action (GPA) for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA).

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

54.     Development of, and easier access to high-quality, locally adapted planting material, and improved on-farm management of agricultural biodiversity will enable farmers to achieve sustainable production increases, contributing to food security.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

55.     Farming communities (including resource-poor farmers in marginal areas) and the public at large will benefit from increased food security.

56.     Wide dissemination and use, as well as conservation of plant genetic resources and related biodiversity, through strengthening of the seed sector and plant breeding capacities at national level, and effective implementation of the GPA for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of PGRFA.

Major Output(s)

• Capacity building for enhanced use of PGRFA, including through plant breeding strategies and biotechnology
• Enhanced management practices of crop and crop-associated biodiversity through application of the ecosystem approach
• Support to on-farm management, exchange and improvement of PGRFA, and national seed systems ensuring complementarity between private, public and informal systems
• Improvement of regulatory frameworks for PGRFA seed and variety release, including PVP in both the public and the private sector
• Due attention to seeds and PGRFA in disaster preparedness, relief and rehabilitation
• Improved access to, and transfer of PGRFA and seed related technologies, including biotechnology
• Assessment of national plant breeding and biotechnology capacity for strategic planning to enhance use of PGRFA
• Monitoring of use of PGRFA, including support to the global facilitating mechanism for the implementation of the Global Plan of Action
• Assessment of biotechnology based applications, emphasizing use of PGRFA, to meet development needs
• Promoting use of alternative crops and cultivars, emphasizing under-utilized species and their genetic resources
• Policy advice and support to enhance national capacity in plant biosafety
• Support for the implementation of Multilateral Environmental Agreements at national and international level

Indicator(s)

• Examples of activities stemming from GPA implementation.
• Examples of national programmes and private enterprises disseminating locally-adapted cultivars, including from alternative crops, and good-quality planting material in part due to this entity.
• National programmes for PGRFA established, strengthhened, and/or incorporating seed and plant breeding activities.

Development problem to be addressed:

57.     Crop productivity increases can be detrimental to natural resources, giving rise to widespread concerns over the sustainability of agricultural intensification (e.g. from the biological, ecological, economic and social perspectives). Emerging markets for local products offer prospects for developing country farmers and pastoralists, and represent a niche area to which science can contribute much in terms of building bridges between new and traditional technologies. Technologies are often available in a particular country or international research centre, but have not been transferred to benefit production at farm level or to other countries. The agriculture sector needs to apply rigorous processes, procedures and methodologies to assure quality food and feed production and diversify production systems.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

58.     This technical project, involving inter-disciplinary expertise, aims at effective implementation of strategies and integrated technologies capable of reducing food insecurity and improving rural livelihoods, while ensuring that natural resources are not degraded.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

59.     Smallholders, urban or peri-urban agricultural producers and pastoral communities will benefit from guidance regarding sustainable and profitable methods of crop production and their implementation. Consumers and the public at large should ultimately be assured of better quality and safer food, produced in ways which do not harm the environment. Public institutions and scientists will benefit from networking to improve and diversify cropping systems on a global scale.

60.     Increased access to sufficient and quality food produced in a sustainable manner, through integrated technologies and policies.

Major Output(s)

• Introduction of improved technologies in intensive cropping systems for smallholders
• Introduction of improved technologies for extensive grassland and cropping systems for sustainable livelihoods
• Sustainable food and industrial crop intensification including through Good Agricultural Practices
• Technologies and improved knowledge base for intensive forage production and conservation
• Implementation of the Global Cassava Development Strategy
• Capacity building in crop management and varietal guidance in support of Integrated Production and Pest Management

Indicator(s)

• Evidence of technical knowledge transferred to small farmers and pastoralists related to production and biodiversity in crop/grassland systems

Development problem to be addressed:

61.     Through its diversity and adaptability to producers' and consumers' requirements, horticulture has the potential to become an increasingly important sector for the future development of agriculture. Furthermore, increased daily fruit and vegetable consumption as part of a balanced diet is promoted by FAO and WHO, in view of the known health benefits in terms of micro-nutrient intake and prevention of certain non-communicable diseases. This points to the need for efficiency improvements in fruit and vegetable supply chains, in a market-linked approach, in order to ensure year-round availability of safe fruit and vegetables at affordable prices. The health dimension, added to the potential offered by the development of high value horticultural crops as a means of improving farmers' income, constitutes a challenge for the production and trade sectors. A comprehensive approach based on multi-agency collaboration, task sharing and, where appropriate, partnership with the private sector, is needed to address this challenge. Policy guidance will be provided to countries, and technical decision support mechanisms established.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

62.     This technical project aims to support sustainable development of the horticulture sector. It will foster interdisciplinarity and internal/external partnerships, assist with external resource mobilization and deliver effective, need-driven services to countries in this sector.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

63.     Smallholders, home gardeners, urban and peri-urban producers and traders of horticultural commodities should be able to benefit from demand arising from increased consumer awareness of the role of fruit and vegetables in healthy diets. Consumers and the public at large should ultimately be assured of supplies of better quality and safe produce, at affordable prices and produced in ways which do not harm the environment.

64.     Promotion of strategies for increasing small farmers' income while addressing health concerns and technical constraints along fruit and vegetable food chains; adaptation and dissemination of technologies for increasing horticulture efficiency and product availability.

Major Output(s)

• FAO-WHO global fruit and vegetable initiative
• Policies and strategies to support rational development of urban and peri-urban horticulture
• Technical guidance for increasing efficiency of perennial fruit production chains
• Technical support to horticultural education
• Technical support and capacity building for good agricultural practices in horticulture, including organic management
• Strategies and technologies for increasing year-round vegetable availability

Indicator(s)

• Articulated national and regional programmes based on policy adjustments and reflecting an inter-disciplinary, food-chain approach to horticulture sector development

Development problem to be addressed:

65.     Farmers require demand-oriented, operational knowledge rather than general advice. Yet, technical information on crop production, plant breeding and biotechnology is often not well referenced and insufficiently tailored to particular ecological contexts at the country level.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

66.     This entity is to ensure the provision of comprehensive and more demand-responsive technical information through AGP decision support databases and Web sites, for enhanced and safer technology adoption. The dimensions of crop diversity, new technologies and ecological compatibility will be given particular attention, to ensure that short-term objectives of crop production increases are not met at the cost of long-term sustainability.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

67.     Farmers and policy makers should directly benefit from an improved knowledge base on plant production and related disciplines.

68.     Provision of demand-oriented and timely policy and technical advice.

Major Output(s)

• Development and enhancement of key crop databases and decision support systems
• FAO crop-related Web sites, electronic newsletters and new publications on major and minor crops

Indicator(s)

• Interest shown by Governments, public institutions, donors and private enterprise in country or regional expansion of technology, in response to farmer requests
• Amount of information and training material on adapted species or cultivars and related technologies collected, structured and delivered through various means

Development problem to be addressed:

69.     The negative effects of plant pests on crop production and conservation, national plant resources and biodiversity.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

70.     The IPPC provides an essential framework and forum for international cooperation, harmonization and technical exchange between contracting parties. It is predicated on the assumption that effective multilateral action is necessary to prevent the spread and introduction of pests and to promote measures for their control.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

71.     Farmers, as far as protection of their crops is concerned; general public through protection of agricultural systems and the environment, as well as facilitation of trade.

72.     Promote appropriate regulatory frameworks and effective national and international phytosanitary measures for the control of plant pests. Reduction of the spread of plant pests and better control through common action. This either cannot be achieved by countries individually, or at higher cost.

Major Output(s)

• International Phytosanitary Standards
• Harmonized approaches among concerned international and regional agreements and organizations
• Exchange of mandatory phytosanitary information
• Support national phytosanitary systems
• Settlement of Disputes
• Provision of an efficient administrative framework
• Support to Regional FAO Commissions

Indicator(s)

• Measures taken by national plant protection services in support of IPPC implementation.
• Examples of national strategies, policies and projects formulated and/or implemented in the light of IPPC.

Development problem to be addressed:

73.     The use of pesticides remains necessary to sustain and increase production levels in many cropping systems. However, pesticides - and notably obsolete ones - pose serious risks to human health and the environment.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

74.     The work of this entity is guided by the Revised Version of the International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides. This entity contributes to the development of standards on pesticide management, pesticides residues, and on pesticide product quality. This entity supports the Interim Secretariat of the Rotterdam Convention for the application of Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade. The standards facilitate the trade of pesticides and agricultural products, while at the same time protecting human health and the environment. Improved information exchange, the use of less hazardous alternatives (bio-pesticides) and the disposal of obsolete pesticides are other areas of interest which should contribute to reducing risks associated with pesticides.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

75.     Farmers and other users of pesticides, as well as consumers through the reduction of pesticide-related health and environmental risks.

76.     Sound pesticide management practices in compliance with international standards, and focussing on risk reduction.

Major Output(s)

• International Code of Conduct on Distribution and Use of Pesticides promoted and updated
• Recommendations for Pesticide Maximum Residue Levels to Codex, Standards for pesticide residues
• Secretariat to the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC) Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
• Prevention of obsolete pesticide stocks and facilitation of their disposal
• Technologies for replacement of pesticides highly hazardous for the environment
• Technical Support for national regulatory systems and sound pesticide management

Indicator(s)

• Examples of progress made in the international regulatory framework for sound pesticide management, due in part to this entity.
• Reduction of trade, use and storage of hazardous pesticides.

Development problem to be addressed:

77.     Transboundary plant pests, in particular the Desert Locust, but also other locusts, grain-eating birds and armyworm, may cause substantial crop damage and represent a continuing threat to the livelihood of rural populations and to the overall food security of affected countries. Prevention and control programmes must be effective, while respecting human health and the environment.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

78.     Migratory pests, by definition, practically affect more than one country, and management practices in one country affect other countries. The management of migratory pests, therefore, needs to be supported by effective inter-country approaches and cooperation.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

79.     Farmers and pastoral communities in affected regions will benefit from improved protection of crops and pastures. The public at large will gain from the reduction and substitution of chemical pesticides with bio-pesticides.

80.     Regional and inter-regional cooperation and coordination for the management of migratory pests, in particular Desert Locusts, but also other locusts, grain-eating birds and armyworms.

Major Output(s)

• Monthly bulletins on the desert locust situation, including forecasts, special alerts and summaries on other locust outbreaks
• Coordination of desert locust management and cooperation among affected countries
• Technical support services to governments on migratory pest control

Indicator(s)

• Examples of concerted actions taken as response to special alerts on critical Desert Locust situations/exchange of information
• Examples of policy decisions to control transboundary pests agreed among nations of the same region.

Development problem to be addressed:

81.     The conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA, facilitated access to these resources and sharing of benefits derived from their use, and are essential to food security and sustainable agriculture. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture was underwritten by Members in this light.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

82.     The wide implementation of the International Treaty on PGRFA will result in the conservation and enhanced use of plant genetic resources. Access by farmers to high-quality, locally-adapted planting material will provide the basis for sustainable production increases and contribute to food security and diversity.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

83.     Parties to the International Treaty on PGRFA and other countries, through effective technical support to the Treaty itself and its supporting components. Farming communities and the public at large will benefit from increased food security and diversity.

84.     To assist parties in implementing the Treaty and its supporting components (the Global Plan of Action, international ex situ collections, PGRFA networks, and the global information system), hence contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA, facilitated access to these resources and the sharing of benefits derived from their use.

Major Output(s)

• Rolling Global Plan of Action (GPA) for the conservation and sustainable use of PGRFA refined on the basis of an agreed periodically updated report on the State of the World's PGRFA
• Facilitating mechanism for the implementation by all stakeholders of the Global Plan of Action
• Support to international networks of ex situ collections
• Contributions to an enhanced Global Information System for PGRFA, including seeds and crop improvement
• Support to seed security networks
• Technical support to the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and its Intergovernmental Technical Working Group (ITWG) on PGRFA as well as the Governing Body of the Treaty

Indicator(s)

• Summary status of implementation of, and examples of actions taken to implement the Global Plan of Action.
• Number of information requests to the Global Information System.
• Adoption of the revised Global Plan of Action.

Development problem to be addressed:

85.     Rice is the staple food for more than 3 billion people in the world and provides 50-60% of daily energy requirements in their diets. Yield increase was the principal factor contributing to the rapid growth in the world's rice production during the 1970s and 80s. But since 1990, the average growth has decelerated considerably, from about 2 percent per year in the 1980s to about 1 percent per year in the 1990s. Intensive rice production also needs to be adjusted in order to reverse growing environmental degradation, such as agro-chemical pollution, increased pest infestation and loss of biodiversity, while water and land resources for rice production have become more scarce.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

86.     The coordination of national, regional and global efforts should greatly assist sustainable rice production for food security and poverty alleviation, and will remain the main focus of the International Rice Commission.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

87.     Rice-growing farmers should benefit from the continued refinement of national policies and technologies available for rice intensification. Rice consumers would benefit from continued availability of their staple food and price stability.

88.     Adjustment of national rice development programmes, and wide implementation of the Commission's recommendations aimed at increasing rice production on a sustainable and environmentally-friendly basis.

Major Output(s)

• Harmonization of action on rice development in countries through IRC sessions, meetings and steering committee, and inter-regional cooperative networks
• Assistance for the implementation of IRC's recommendations in countries and monitoring of their impact
• Collation, analysis and publication of information on innovative rice technologies, production factors, constraints and opportunities in different agro-ecologies

Indicator(s)

• Number of staff of national programmes trained on new technologies and guidelines.
• Number of national programmes actively implementing recommendations from the Commission.
• Examples of corrective actions taken at the country level as a result of the Commission's recommendations.
• Demand for IRC Newsletter.

Development problem to be addressed:

89.     Transboundary plant pests, especially the desert locust, are a continuing threat to the livelihoods of rural populations and to the overall food security of affected countries. Prevention and control programmes must be effective, while respecting human health and the environment.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

90.     The entity is to minimize the risk of transboundary plant pest emergencies, initially focusing on desert locusts, through support of early warning systems, early reaction and research capabilities.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

91.     Farmers and pastoral communities will benefit from protection of crops and pastures. The public at large will gain from the reduction and substitution of chemical pesticides with bio-pesticides.

92.     To minimise the risk of transboundary plant pest emergencies, initially focusing on desert locust, through support of early warning systems, early reaction and research capabilities.

Major Output(s)

• Coordination of EMPRES activities, with focus on West and North West Africa
• Improved locust survey and early warning systems
• Support to early locust control capacity
• Improved desert locust contingency planning implementation and control
• Technical support for early warning and early control, for transboundary plant pests other than locusts

Indicator(s)

• Effective use by National Plant Protection Services of upgraded electronic communication systems and improved reporting procedures
• Effective use of improved applications and alternatives to chemical pesticides,especially environmentally friendly biopesticides
• Outcomes of reviews of the Desert Locust control capacity of selected countries aimed at enhancing contingency planning processes
• National officers trained on Desert Locust survey and control

93.     As this entity largely represents on-demand services to Members which by their nature are difficult to plan in advance, no formulation of rationale and objective is provided.

Major Output(s)

• Technical support and advice to field programme, including emergencies, with respect to crop production
• Technical support and advice to field programme, including emergencies, with respect to crop protection
• Technical support and advice to field programme, including emergencies, with respect to seed systems

Indicator(s)

• Requests, missions, project fulfilment

Development problem to be addressed:

97.     Livestock production is growing more dynamically than any other agricultural activity. This trend is associated with rapid structural change in terms of increased market orientation, geographical shifts, intensification and industrialisation. These changes pose a series of threats: the potential loss of livelihoods because changing requirements in the food chain tend to exclude vulnerable groups, in particular small producers; environmental degradation stemming from sprawling industrial livestock production and caused by mobility restrictions in dry and otherwise marginal settings; and the risks of human and animal disease spread due to changing ecologies and management practices. These threats need to be adequately addressed in national policies and international agreements.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

98.     Decision makers need to be better informed about the policy issues emerging from changes in the livestock sector. They need to be equipped with tools to analyse the issues at stake and to identify suitable options. This process needs to be embedded in a policy dialogue which FAO can foster through formal (intergovernmental bodies) and informal (public action) processes.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

99.     Poor and vulnerable groups would gain from a more balanced policy environment. The public at large should benefit from more emphasis placed on public health and environmental sustainability issues.

100.     Enhanced understanding of the policy issues related to structural change in the livestock sector, in combination with enhanced capacity in analysis and formulation, negotiated and applied in a conducive policy environment.

Major Output(s)

• Global and regional livestock sector assessments
• Decision support tools for policy formulation
• Livestock policy dialogue

Indicator(s)

• Countries where livestock sector analysis generated a public debate on livestock policies
• Evidence of livestock policies influenced by related sector analysis

Development problem to be addressed:

101.     Changes in farming systems, particularly the intensification of livestock production, and global trade in livestock products have led to increased human health risks transmitted through animals and animal products. The sustainability of animal production, veterinary public health, food security, food safety, rural development and trade are compromised by zoonotic diseases.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

102.     Improved veterinary and animal health capacity at the country level is likely to pay off in terms of human public health, consumer confidence and expanding trade.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

103.     Consumers are the end beneficiaries of programmes to control zoonotic diseases and to improve food safety. Producers, large and small, will benefit from healthier and more productive and profitable livestock, safer products and fewer barriers to domestic and international trade. The entity focuses on both producers and consumers in developing countries.

104.     National veterinary public health structures are established or strengthened for the control of zoonotic diseases.

Major Output(s)

• Integrated control of major zoonotic diseases
• Inputs to, and implementation of Codex Alimentarius and SPS Agreements
• Good practices for reduction of food-borne human health risks

Indicator(s)

• Regional and national control programmes and veterinary public health units established or having increased capacities
• Reduced incidence of zoonotic diseases measured on a country basis

Development problem to be addressed:

105.     Livestock producers in developing countries face numerous constraints: insufficient access to markets, goods and services, weak institutions and frequent lack of skills, knowledge and appropriate technologies. These constraints are often compounded by increased vulnerability due to natural disasters, conflicts and HIV/AIDS. Both production and productivity remain below potential, and losses and wastage can be high. However, adapted breeds, local feed resources and animal health interventions are available, along with improved and adapted technologies that include product preservation and value-adding product processing. Together with supportive policies and institutions, they have the potential to substantially improve productivity, income generation and to make a major contribution to poverty reduction.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

106.     Capacity building materials and decision support tools produced by this entity will be incorporated into national poverty reduction strategies and by development agencies (national, bi- and multi-lateral and Non-governmental Organizations) in formulating and implementing programmes targeted at poor livestock-dependent communities in developing countries.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

107.     Rural and peri-urban households that keep livestock in developing countries will benefit from improved productivity of their animals resulting in increased income, asset accumulation and reduced vulnerability. Consumers should benefit from increased access to quality food of animal origin. Increased product processing will generate employment opportunities.

108.     Improved livestock husbandry and health, animal product processing and greater market access inherent in programmes aiming at livestock dependent smallholders; small-scale animal husbandry reflected in national poverty reduction strategies.

Major Output(s)

• Good practices for equitable livestock production
• Capacity building for income and employment generation through livestock product processing
• Strategies to improve access to livestock services
• Strategies for coping with the impact on livestock of emergencies, conflicts and HIV/AIDS

Indicator(s)

• Uptake of improved animal production practices, in particular by farmers involved in the SPFS
• Programmes and policy interventions based on the entity's outputs

Development problem to be addressed:

109.     This entity is concerned with livestock-related natural resource management issues such as environmental degradation and pollution, threats to animal genetic diversity and the environment-mediated emergence and spread of disease. The important aspects of livestock-environment interactions need to be elucidated and reflected in technical, policy and institutional approaches.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

110.     Decision support tools and capacity building materials produced by this entity will be used by development agencies (national, bi- and multilateral and Non-Governmental Organizations) in formulating and implementing strategies and programmes targeted at environmentally sound livestock development (referred to above and below as the Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative).

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

111.     The intended beneficiaries extend throughout the animal food chain from livestock keepers to consumers. Benefits to the environment will stem from management options that utilise natural resources with minimum degradation and optimal maintenance of biodiversity. The reduction in disease emergence and associated reduced risk to human health will benefit human population at large. Expected benefits comprise healthier and more productive livestock, safer products, and a more profitable and sustainable livestock sub-sector.

112.     Policies are implemented to foster livestock development while protecting the environment, public health and genetic resources; national livestock and veterinary services and field and grass-root projects promote Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPM) for livestock systems at all levels of production intensity.

Major Output(s)

• Livestock, Environment and Development Initiative
• Environmental disease management, including integrated pest management for endemic diseases
• Area-wide management of arthropod-borne diseases
• Domestic animal genetic resources management strategy

Indicator(s)

• Uptake of supportive technologies, practices and strategies, such as Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) or Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• Uptake of policy interventions, strategies and programmes as based on the entity approach
• Progress achieved towards implementation of area-wide management of tsetse fly, screwworm and bont tick
• Countries implementing priority actions for AnGR, and examples of concrete achievements

Development problem to be addressed:

113.     Driven by population and income increases, livestock production is growing more dynamically than any other agricultural sector and currently accounts for more than 40% of the gross value of agricultural production. This trend will have social, public and animal health and environmental implications. Objective, comprehensive and timely information is needed to guide national governments and the international community to successfully respond to the challenges of livestock sector growth and intensification.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

114.     Better informed decision makers in the livestock sector should be able to devise more effective development programmes and policies, including enhanced participation of small-scale livestock producers in the expanding market for livestock products.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

115.     Small-scale livestock producers are the main intended end beneficiaries, through their increased participation in expanding markets, while the public at large will benefit from the impact of healthier, more sustainable and equitable livestock production methods.

116.     Improved decision making at local, national, regional and international level with respect to livestock policies and technologies that enhance livelihoods and income opportunities for small-scale livestock producers while at the same time promoting sustainable natural resource use.

Major Output(s)

• Livestock information dissemination
• Livestock sector baseline information

Indicator(s)

• Number of countries adopting equitable and sustainable livestock policies, technologies and codes of practice.

Development problem to be addressed:

117.     The endemic or epidemic occurrence of transboundary animal diseases (TADs) has a profound negative effect on livestock production and other livestock functions (e.g. draught power), on wildlife conservation and genetic diversity, food security, and constrains access to formal markets. TAD prevention and control, including response to emergencies, need to rely on efficient tools, methods and strategies, appropriate policies and strong public veterinary services.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

118.     The early warning and emergency intervention system supported by this entity and its relationship with the Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases, are designed to assist countries improve prevention and control of diseases at the local, national and regional levels. Some of the diseases have public health implications, thus their control will increase consumer confidence and protect their health. Up-to-date information on the diseases and their management will enable the participation of countries in formal trade agreements. The eradication of rinderpest - to be accomplished during the time period of this MTP - will remove a major threat to animal production and wildlife conservation worldwide.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

119.     Beneficiaries of improved TAD prevention and control range from rural poor, pastoral communities and peri-urban households that keep livestock in low-income food-deficit countries (LIFDCs), to the highly industrialised commercial operations around the world. The benefits of prevention, through enhanced biosecurity and good animal production and health practices, will be improved life expectancy and health of the animals, higher productivity, better market access and increased farm income, asset accumulation, reduced vulnerability, and in the case of zoonotic diseases, lower public health risks.

120.     Eradication of a major animal disease, rinderpest; effective national and regional prevention and control strategies and capabilities for transboundary animal disease management and control; enhanced understanding of disease dynamics; enhanced contingency and emergency preparedness in countries and improved efficiency of the public veterinary services.

Major Output(s)

• Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP)
• Livestock disease prediction and warning
• Integrated disease control strategies

Indicator(s)

• Effective rinderpest eradication
• Evidence of efficient Disease Intelligence - Early Warning systems in place
• Existence of national emergency and contingency plans
• Economic/benefit studies carried out; updated legislative reviews for enabling policies

121.     As this entity largely represents on-demand services to Members which by their nature are difficult to plan in advance, no formulation of rationale and objective is provided.

Major Output(s)

• Direct advice to member countries and field programme support concerning livestock health and veterinary services
• Technical backstopping to SPFS and TCOR emergency projects on all aspects of animal health and veterinary services development
• Direct advice to member countries and field programme support concerning livestock production and development
• Technical support to emergency and relief operation projects with respect to animal production and livestock development

Indicator(s)

• FAO Field Programme (Livestock)
• FAO Field Programme (Livestock)

Development problem to be addressed:

125.     The commercialization of small farm production is a critical rural development issue throughout the developing world and in transition economies. Small farmers face unprecedented opportunities and risks as a result of market liberalization, privatization of agricultural services, and globalization of trade.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

126.     It is necessary to strengthen the capacity of public sector and civil society organizations to establish enabling conditions and provide better information on new opportunities for farmer development and enhance farmers' managerial and entrepreneurial skills. These will enable farmers to make sound decisions with respect to diversification, enterprise management and resource allocation. As a result, farmers will respond more rapidly and effectively to new market opportunities and minimize risks associated with commercialization and globalization.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

127.     Enhanced livelihoods, in particular through higher incomes and competitiveness of small farmers, including vulnerable groups and farmers living in fragile "at risk" ecosystems.

128.     To improve the support provided by public sector and civil society organizations to small farmers, including adjustments in their income and livelihood strategies, improved farm business management and income generation in the context of agricultural commercialization and globalization.

Major Output(s)

• Appraisal and promotion of opportunities for increasing farm income
• Training approaches and materials for improving management skills
• Technical support and guidance on selection and efficient use and management of appropriate farm-level equipment, storage and processing

Indicator(s)

• Examples of improved support programmes and services to small farmers, e.g. more demand-oriented, focusing on critical resources and assets, etc.
• Examples of successful small farmer enterprise diversification and development initiatives, as supported by this entity.
• Cases of field agents and small farmers using improved farm management, marketing and financial tools for farm and enterprise decision making.

Development problem to be addressed:

129.     Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the agricultural sector generate a significant share of income and employment in low- and middle-income developing countries. However, knowledge and skills for enterprise management and for the selection and use of appropriate processing technologies are limited. As a result, their performance is often far from optimal.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

130.     Governments and civil society organizations (trading boards, business associations, NGOs supporting small enterprises) can assist small and medium enterprises through enabling policies and institutional frameworks, information, training, and technical advice.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

131.     The agricultural sector at large will benefit from the improved competitiveness and employment generation capacity of post-production enterprises, and from a better interface between producers and these enterprises.

132.     Small and medium scale enterprises and entrepreneurs in member countries have increased capacity and efficiency to offer consumers food and agricultural products through sustainable and profitable agribusiness ventures.

Major Output(s)

• Capacity building and technical assistance in managerial and marketing practices
• Technical support on processing, packaging, storage, transport and distribution technologies
• Technical guidance for increasing the efficiency, profitability and competitiveness of small and medium enterprises

Indicator(s)

• Number and proportion of SMEs that increased their volume of activity and/or generated additional employment and income with help from this entity.

Development problem to be addressed:

133.     Incidences of rejection of food-stuff at national, regional and international levels due to low quality and/or contamination are on the increase, resulting in health hazards, physical and economic losses, reduced consumer confidence and lower trade competitiveness. The quality of food is governed by both pre- and post-production practices. Inadequate food handling, processing, packaging, storage, transportation, distribution and marketing may result in physical damage and/or chemical, environmental and biological contamination. In the long run, unsafe and low-quality foods may also hinder improvements in nutrition and health, poverty alleviation and social development.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

134.     By increasing the capacity of institutions and organizations related to the food handling, processing and marketing chains to promote the adoption of practical and effective measures to control problems in food handling, processing, packaging, storage, transportation, distribution and marketing, the private sector in countries concerned will increase its capacity to offer high-quality and safe food products to consumers

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

135.     Consumers clearly benefit from high-quality and safe foods and a lower incidence of food-related illnesses. Producers, processors and traders also benefit from increased consumer confidence and increased market shares and profitability.

136.     Concrete, economically feasible and environmentally sound measures taken at the technical level to enhance food quality and safety during handling, processing, packaging, storage, transportation and marketing

Major Output(s)

• Policy assistance in developing strategies for assuring food quality and safety in the food chain
• Development and dissemination of technologies and good practices in handling processing and marketing chains for enhancing food quality and safety

Indicator(s)

• List of countries where new approaches are taken to enhance food quality and safety
• Number of countries where food handlers, processors, packagers, distributors, traders, and other stakeholders in food chains have increased their capacity to produce higher quality and safer food
• Number of enterprises per country that have successfully improved their operations and have been able to offer high quality and safe food products
• Examples of enterprises that have successfully applied technologies, methodologies and practices to enhance food quality and safety
• Summaries of key issues and strategy approaches on effective measures for enhancing food quality and safety at the country level

Development problem to be addressed:

137.     Imperfect implementation of structural adjustment policies and marketing liberalization in many countries have resulted in farmers confronting increased market uncertainty and reduced levels of support services. Inconsistent policies have continued to deter the private sector from responding to the opportunities presented. Some policy interventions have often undermined the effective provision of essential support services (marketing, finance and mechanisation) by the private sector. Studies and policy advice related to how the private sector marketing systems function and on the efficiency in providing rural financial services, are required as the basis for informed policy making. Whilst increasing globalisation of trade can provide expanded market opportunities, policy constraints continue to frustrate many countries in actually achieving improved access to markets and these need to be studied and addressed.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

138.     The entity aims at strengthening the capacity of policy makers and planners so that appropriate, coherent and enabling policy environments are put in place. This will permit farmers to receive enhanced marketing, rural finance and mechanisation services.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

139.     Farmers will receive more effective services; policy makers, government officials and donor agencies will have a better appreciation of policy and institutional constraints affecting the provision of effective marketing, rural finance and mechanisation services and of how to remove constraints limiting exporter access to overseas markets.

140.     Introduction of an enabling policy environment for private sector provision of improved marketing, rural finance and mechanisation services to farmers and enhanced market access by exporters to regional and international markets.

Major Output(s)

• Policies and strategies to support agricultural mechanisation and related services
• Capacity building and technical assistance in improving rural finance
• Guidance on marketing policies and enabling environments for private sector marketing

Indicator(s)

• Number of policy reviews and policy papers
• Policy Guidelines produced
• Workshops held to address policy issues

Development problem to be addressed:

141.     Trade liberalization and growing concentration in the food processing and distribution systems, combined with more exacting standards on food quality and safety, are negatively impacting small farmers' access to both export markets and, increasingly, domestic markets. Strategies and programmes are needed to support producers to meet the needs of the increasingly competitive and concentrated agri-food system in all regions. Similarly, both procurement and input supply linkages between farmers and agribusinesses (processors and exporting companies), input suppliers and financial institutions need improvement, if small farmers are to enhance their competitiveness and not be marginalized. Whilst globalization of trade has improved access of developing countries to developed country markets, agricultural exports are still seriously constrained by deficiencies in supply chain linkages, infrastructure and services in the exporting country. The impact of these constraints on export development needs to be addressed. Continued rapid urbanization in developing countries requires food to be moved over longer distances, and supply chain issues related to strengthening rural-urban linkages and improving food supply and distribution to and within cities need to be addressed.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

142.     The entity aims at strengthening the capacity of ministries of agriculture, financial service and mechanisation service providers, civil society organisations as well as agribusiness to provide enhanced services to farmers. This should help establish effective linkages with and respond to the requirements of markets.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

143.     Small and medium scale farmers will have improved access to markets and enhanced income-earning opportunities through being better informed of market requirements and having better linkages with rural financial institutions and input and mechanization service providers.

144.     Enhanced income-earning opportunities of small and medium scale farmers through improved linkages with service providers and market outlets.

Major Output(s)

• Technical support and outreach materials for improving market access and marketing services
• Technical support for improving financial services
• Technical support and outreach materials for machinery supply, maintenance and hire services
• Technical support and outreach materials for improving business support activities of farmers organizations and other CSOs

Indicator(s)

• Number of diagnostic assessments produced
• Number of training materials and bulletins produced
• Field projects using studies and materials produced by this entity

Development problem to be addressed:

145.     If poverty is to be reduced and economic returns are to be realized from agricultural production, the development of the agro-industry sector as well as commercial farming and related agricultural enterprises is important in almost all developing countries. Recent trends in agri-food systems are challenging farmers, produce traders, agro-industrial processors and other stakeholders to improve the efficiency of their operations and to be more responsive to consumer demands as well as regulatory frameworks.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

146.     The entity will seek to exploit the potential contributions of small enterprises in the agro-industrial sector to poverty reduction, job creation, increasing incomes of farmers and traders as well as improving the general health and nutrition of the population. Competitiveness in the sector requires that its outputs are not only of the right quality but are also competitively priced. Success within the sector is driven by several related factors, including input costs and availability, the technologies adopted, management skills, capacity to innovate, linkages to input suppliers as well as wholesale and retail markets and the institutional setting. Some of these factors are controlled at the individual firm level, but all are directly influenced by policies affecting the agri-food system and by the institutions related to it.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

147.     Improved competitiveness leads to direct benefits to many stakeholders of the agricultural sector. More vulnerable stakeholders, such as small farmers and small scale agro-industrial operators, are expected to reap significant gains, in terms of enhanced and more stable incomes and through improved opportunities for growth and development.

148.     Enhanced capacity of the institutions (public agencies, research organizations, trade associations, NGO and public-private chain coordination boards) to formulate, implement and evaluate policies and strategies to strengthen the competitiveness of the agro-industrial sector.

Major Output(s)

• Policy and institutional support for agribusiness development, supply chain management and commercial farming
• Policy and institutional support for fostering product and agro-industry innovation
• Support to the Global Initiative on Post Harvest Management

Indicator(s)

• Capacity building materials produced
• Capacity building activities carried out

Development problem to be addressed:

149.     Policy makers, managers, and agricultural services providers in the public and private sector need information and statistical data about technologies and services available to the agriculture sector. These should enable them to frame appropriate policies and ensure efficient support services and enterprise development.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

150.     Improved information management and access relating to agricultural services will improve decision making and the formulation of agricultural services policies and programmes.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

151.     End beneficiaries are the farmers through improved technical information and policy environment and the general public through sustainable production and quality of agricultural products.

152.     Enhanced capacity in countries for data collection, information access, and decision making in agriculture.

Major Output(s)

• Global information and data on farm power and mechanization
• Post-harvest information systems and databases
• Information systems and databases for rural finance, agricultural marketing and farm economics

Indicator(s)

• Number of countries adopting standards and guidelines produced under the entity into their national legislation, and/or quoting FAO data on agricultural services in their policy documents.

153.     As this entity largely represents on-demand services to Members which by their nature are difficult to plan in advance, no formulation of rationale and objective is provided.

Major Output(s)

• Field programme support
• Direct advisory services to countries
• Contributory services to PAIAs and programme entities in other divisions

Indicator(s)

• No. of projects/ programme requests and responses.

Development problem to be addressed:

157.     Efforts to achieve development goals through agriculture and international trade are being undermined by various forms of soil degradation, the use of crop germplasm that is poorly adapted to harsh environments and the physical damage or trade restrictions caused by insect pests. Identifying the causes, understanding the dynamics and finding solutions to these problems require access to appropriate diagnostic tools and plant production and protection technologies.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

158.     Nuclear techniques and biotechnologies provide valuable tools for researching both constraints and opportunities for intensifying and diversifying cropping systems, and for promoting international trade.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

159.     Producers, through access to more cost-effective crop management practices and use of higher yielding crop germplasm; consumers through availability of higher quality and safer fruits and vegetables. Environmental benefits include reduced soil erosion and nutrient mining, increased carbon sequestration, more efficient use of water and external inputs.

160.     Advanced technologies for assessing land degradation and crop water productivity, improving tolerance of crops to stresses and for managing insect pests biologically, used by National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS), CG Centres and plant protection authorities, and transferred to extension services, NGOs and farmer/grower groups.

Major Output(s)

• Improved soil, water and nutrient management practices and capacities for sustainable intensification of cropping systems and environmental protection
• Biotechnology and enhanced capacities for crop germplasm characterization, selection and improvement
• Improved procedures and capacities for risk assessment and management of major trade related insect pests of crops and biological control agents

Indicator(s)

• Number of national and regional laboratories demonstrating proficiency in total N and N-15 measurements.
• Number of advanced breeding lines of local crops with agronomic and quality characters improved by mutations.
• Number of areas of low pest prevalence and areas free of insect crop pests.
• Number of insect pest rearing facilities using improved protocols, QC procedures, reagents and construction design.
• Increase in the number of publications produced by and through the entity.

Development problem to be addressed:

161.     Governments have to grapple with the risks accompanying the "livestock revolution", and in particular with the challenges of increasing productivity without degrading the feed and genetic resources upon which production depends, and of ensuring that diseases which impact on trade and human health are brought progressively under control or eradicated.

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

162.     Biotechnologies such as immunoassays and molecular markers, as well as the sterile insect technique (SIT), can assist with better characterizing and managing feed and animal genetic resources and controlling or eradicating transboundary animal diseases.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

163.     Livestock producers and exporters through improved productivity and freedom from International Office of Epizootics (OIE) List A diseases; consumers through more widely available and safer products.

164.     Improved livestock productivity and safer livestock products through technologies and strategies that increase feed conversion and reproductive efficiencies and lead to progressive control of major diseases and insect vectors.

Major Output(s)

• Biotechnology and strengthened capacities for characterizing farm animal genetic resources and improving natural resource management within production systems
• Biotechnology and enhanced capacities for assessing and managing the risks from transboundary animal diseases, diseases of veterinary public health importance and veterinary drugs through international standards to improve diagnosis, surveillance and control
• Area-wide policies and integration of the SIT into intervention campaigns against tsetse and screwworm flies

Indicator(s)

• Number of farms introducing management changes based on methods and guidelines developed through the entity.
• Number of Member Countries obtaining OIE recognition of freedom from rinderpest.
• Number of veterinary laboratories having quality management systems in place and meeting international accreditation.
• Number of planned or implemented area wide intervention programmes against tsetse and screwworm flies where SIT is a significant component.
• Number of insect production facilities complying with improved rearing techniques and quality control protocols.

Development problem to be addressed:

165.     Ensuring the safety and quality of food and agricultural products are essential concerns of consumers and users of such products world-wide, which are increasingly difficult to meet in a context of fast urbanization and globalization. There is a need to harmonize national food safety regulations around the standards and guidelines established by the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission since these are used as references by the World Trade Organization (WTO) for trade-related issues. In implementing these standards (which relate primarily to pesticide and veterinary drug residues and microbiological and radionuclide contaminants), national authorities are increasingly giving priority to establishing food control systems that do not simply rely on "end-product testing" but that are designed to ensure quality and safety throughout the food chain, i.e. from "farm to table".

Proposed contribution to problem resolution:

166.     This entity was originally formulated with the primary aim of strengthening the capacities of food and pesticide control laboratories for analyzing contaminants and residues covered by Codex Alimentarius food safety standards in compliance with national regulatory frameworks, relying essentially on "end-product testing" of products. While continuing with this approach in response to specific requests from countries, its future focus will be to develop methodologies (e.g. simple screening tests), indicators and guidelines, and through these, to foster the development of national strategies and actions that protect food chains from safety hazards at source, i.e. through Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs). The recent FAO/WHO report on Diet, Nutrition and Chronic Diseases gives impetus to the need to encourage fruit and vegetable production. The livestock revolution taking place primarily in urban and peri-urban settings will inevitably be accompanied by greater use of veterinary drugs for controlling disease and improving feed conversion efficiencies, thereby raising risks to human health from misuse of veterinary drugs. Initial work will, therefore, emphasize production systems that supply consumers with fruits, vegetables, meat and dairy products. However, in keeping with the new approach, increased attention will be given to: (a) developing internationally agreed Guideline Levels for Radionuclides in Foods; and (b) assisting countries with emergency preparedness procedures to minimize the risks to food production and food security from nuclear or radiological accidents.

Intended end beneficiaries and benefits:

167.     Consumers, through safer and better quality produce; producers and traders, through improved income generation and trade potential; the environment through reduced contamination of soil and water resources with pesticides and fertilizers.

168.     Wider use of good agricultural practices compliant with food and environmental safety standards and greater preparedness of the food and agricultural sectors for nuclear and radiological emergencies.

Major Output(s)

• Reducing Food Safety Hazards within Agricultural Production Systems
• Application of International Standards on Irradiation and Radionuclide Levels in Food and Agricultural Commodities

Indicator(s)

• Number of countries using harmonized international guidance related to emergency preparedness and response to a nuclear or radiological emergency.
• Number of countries using harmonized national regulations related to irradiation for sanitary and phytosanitary purposes on the basis of Codex standards.
• Number of countries integrating and using GAP for production of fruits and vegetables in their extension programmes.
• Number of countries monitoring compliance with use of veterinary drugs according to Codex standards
• Number of countries applying harmonized regulations related to good laboratory practices and analytical procedures for food contaminants and residues
• Number of countries with harmonized national regulations for radionuclide levels in food