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Adoption of Third Report of General Committee
Adoption du troisième Rapport du Bureau
Aprobación del tercer informe del Comité

INTRODUCTION - PROCEDURE OF THE SESSION AND REVIEW OF THE STATE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE (continued)
INTRODUCTION - QUESTIONS DE PROCEDURE ET EXAMEN DE LA SITUATION DE L'ALIMENTATION ET DE L'AGRICULTURE (suite)
INTRODUCCION - CUESTIONES DE PROCEDIMIENTO Y EXAMEN DEL ESTADO MUNDIAL DE LA AGRICULTURA Y LA ALIMENTACION (continuación)

6. Review of the State of Food and Agriculture (continued)
6. Examen de la situation de l'alimentation et de l'agriculture (suite)
6. Examen del estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación (continuación)

- STATEMENTS BY HEADS OF DELEGATION (continued)
- DECLARATIONS DES CHEFS DE DELEGATION (suite)
- DECLARACIONES DE LOS JEFES DE LAS DELEGACIONES (continuación)

CHAIRMAN: As the distinguished delegates can see from the Order of the Day, there are 10 delegations listed to speak this morning. In addition, the Russian Federation has asked to make its statement and that will be added after we have heard the statement from Malta.

If there are still delegations which would like to make statements on this item they are requested to register with the Secretariat as a matter of urgency.

I now invite the first speaker to take the floor - the head of delegation of Paraguay.

Oscar CABELLO SARUBBI (Paraguay): Permítame, en primer lugar, felicitarle por su designación al cargo de Presidente de esta Conferencia General, y, en segundo lugar, expresarle nuestro firme convencimiento de que, dadas sus virtudes personales, sabrá conducir nuestros trabajos con todo éxito.

Asimismo, quiero felicitar, en nombre de mi Gobierno, a los Estados que se han incorporado a nuestra Organización, que, sin duda, ofrecerán su aporte positivo al logro de las metas que inspiraron a los fundadores de la FAO. Su ingreso, además, constituye un paso decisivo para alcanzar el ideal de universalidad que inspira a todo el sistema de las Naciones Unidas.

La celebración, hace pocos días en Quebec, del 50º Aniversario de la FAO debe llenarnos de satisfacción por el fructífero camino recorrido, desde sus humildes comienzos, por esta Organización; también esto debe ser, a la vez, motivo de profunda reflexión sobre su futuro.

Para mi delegación, que representa a un miembro originario de la FAO que a lo largo de estas décadas ha recibido continuos beneficios de la misma, no hay motivo de duda sobre la utilidad y actual vigencia de instrumentos institucionales como el que nos ocupa, puesto que llenan un vacío, insuperable de otro modo por los países en desarrollo, tanto por la cooperación que a través de ellos se nos proporciona, por el foro de discusión que constituyen, como por la preciosa información que por ellos se nos provee.

Si todos coincidimos en la vigencia de esta Organización, también debemos coincidir en que ésta debe contar permanentemente con los recursos necesarios para la continuidad de su labor, e incluso incrementarlos si fuera necesario, para que también pueda crecer la tarea tan útil que realizan.

Apoyamos plenamente los esfuerzos del Director General, Don Jacques Diouf, por racionalizar y aumentar la eficiencia de la Organización. En el relativamente corto período de tiempo que está al frente de ella ha realizado esfuerzos encomiables, y queremos felicitarle por ello, pero sabemos también que estos esfuerzos tienen su límite, alcanzado el cuál, la mayor eficiencia y el pleno cumplimiento de los compromisos adoptados en su programa de trabajo exigen un adecuado nivel de recursos, que contemple los inevitables incrementos de costos a que estamos acostumbrados en la vida contemporánea de todas nuestras naciones.

Una preocupación principal, prescindiendo de las cifras que se barajan para el próximo Presupuesto Bienal de la FAO, es que éste contemple los recursos suficientes para que pueda ejecutar acabadamente todos sus programas. Toda reducción de gastos, de ningún modo puede significar el sacrificio de proyectos de cooperación ya aprobados por la Organización, en detrimento del interés de países o regiones.

Señor Presidente, nos inquietan las informaciones que nos llegan sobre el estado de la agricultura y la alimentación en el mundo. En las postrimerías del siglo XX existen segmentos amplios de población en el mundo que viven en permanente carencia o sufren las nefastas consecuencias de la desnutrición. Las causas de esta situación todos las conocemos: la desinformación, la falta de tecnologías, los precios elevados de los alimentos, su desigual distribución en el mundo, etc.

Por otro lado, no todos los países en desarrollo sufrimos todos los efectos de dichas causas, o lo hacemos en grados o en combinaciones diversas, lo que imposibilita la búsqueda de una fórmula única salvadora. Esto es lo que hace tan compleja la tarea de la Organización y tan difícil su comprensión por parte de la opinión pública en algunos países más avanzados, que son, precisamente, sus principales sostenedores económicos.

Se tiene la tentación de querer descartar, como ineficientes, programas que por su complejidad sólo pueden ofrecer resultados a largo plazo; o centrar los esfuerzos en situaciones dramáticas soslayando el esfuerzo sustancial de ayuda al desarrollo que debe ser siempre la meta final y el único modo de acabar definitivamente con estas situaciones de crisis.

América Latina, que en cierta medida ha sido escenario de grandes logros en agricultura en las últimas décadas, sigue careciendo del conocimiento tecnológico adecuado para el definitivo despegue de su actividad agropecuaria y la solución definitiva del problema rural. Como decía hace unos pocos días nuestro Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores ante la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, "Sin ciencias y tecnologías que impregnen a nuestras elites económicas, sociales y políticas no es posible el desarrollo. Es tan grande la brecha existente al respecto entre los países industrializados y los nuestros, que es de justicia y necesidad imperiosa reducirla. Sobre todo, se trata de que logremos una transferencia gratuita de tecnologías agrícolas alimenticias capaces de permitirnos vivir en paz social".

La celebración en Asunción, en julio de 1996, de la Conferencia Regional de la FAO para América Latina y el Caribe, será una oportunidad para profundizar esta situación propia de la Región, y nos sentimos muy honrados porque nuestra capital haya sido elegida para sede de tan importante evento. Será también ocasión de recibir al Director General, que, una vez más, visitará nuestra Región para cerciorarse personalmente de nuestra realidad.

En el Paraguay, señor Presidente, la constante expansión de la frontera agrícola impulsada por la creciente demanda de tierras por parte de la población rural y el desarrollo de nuevos cultivos de explotación, como la soja y el trigo, ha permitido un aumento de la producción agropecuaria, que sigue siendo el principal sostén de nuestra economía y la principal fuente de trabajo para sus habitantes.

No obstante la disponibilidad de tierras, en un país con una densidad poblacional relativamente baja, la constante presión demográfica y la reserva de tierras con miras a la preservación de las especies y la protección del medio ambiente, que es una constante preocupación del Gobierno, hace necesario un aumento de la producción por la vía de una agricultura intensiva y desarrollada tecnológicamente, así como una diversificación de los cultivos y la cría de nuevas especies.

Dicha transformación agrícola supone un gran esfuerzo en materia de inversiones públicas y privadas, así como un aumento de la transferencia de tecnologías adecuadas, para lo cual el rol de la FAO es y será siempre indispensable.

Por ello, vemos con grave preocupación toda iniciativa que pueda significar una disminución de la solidaridad internacional hacia los países en desarrollo, precisamente en el momento en que se abre para muchos de ellos la posibilidad, con una cooperación oportuna y puntual, de encaminarse definitivamente hacia superiores niveles de vida.

Esa solidaridad encuentra su expresión, tanto por la vía bilateral, que mucho apreciamos, como por la multilateral, que nos permite, además, aportar soluciones de conjunto a problemas comunes. Por todo ello, señor Presidente, quiero ratificar, al concluir, nuestra plena fe en la FAO, instrumento insustituible, aun hoy como lo fue hace medio siglo, de concertación y ayuda entre todas la naciones en una materia clave para el bienestar de la humanidad.

Finalmente, pensamos que la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Alimentación, que se llevará a cabo en 1996, con la presencia de nuestros Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno, será la oportunidad para la adopción de trascendentales decisiones con las que deberán cimentarse mecanismos que ahuyenten para siempre el espectro del hambre y la desnutrición en el mundo.

Most Rev. Alois WAGNER (Observer for the Holy See): Mr Chairman, Mr Director-General, distinguished delegates and observers, ladies and gentlemen: Taking the floor at this 28th FAO Conference, I wish to thank, first of all, all those who have participated at the Audience of His Holiness Pope John Paul II. I am sure the idea expressed by the Holy Father to celebrate the FAO's 50th anniversary in a different way is still fresh in our minds with an important task to accomplish: to free humanity from hunger.

The Holy See would like to be above all a witness in the common cause of man, caring for his needs, the first of which is the primary right to food, the right that tends to be neglected, or worse, constantly violated.

I'll touch on only a few points of my statement.

The recent meetings in Quebec have also shown the necessity to strengthen international action in the field of food and agriculture. In fact, the worsening of the situations of underdevelopment and poverty that lead to hunger and malnutrition makes it even more necessary to look towards the future in order to understand what could be the role of FAO in the coming years. This role could be strongly conditioned by the decisions of this Conference and the preparatory meeting taken by the World Food Summit of November 1996. The most stricken areas are those that already have an insufficient food security level, in particular the African populations, who have already suffered from heavy famines, civil wars, and droughts in the past decades.

The poorer countries therefore do not benefit from the favourable world economic situation and, at the same time, lack the essential means to satisfy the basic needs of their populations, also due to the reduction of investments arising from an organic international development generation.

The right of land is related not only to the enjoyment of peace and dignity but also to the right of favouring the family-run agricultural farm and especially the right of the rural women to integrate not only in the production process but also in decision-making.

The Conference should, in fact, discuss this last aspect that refers to the protection of human rights of the woman acting within the international community. I would like to stress the similitude between the FAO's point of view as to the role of the rural woman and the constant effort of the Catholic Church for the promotion of woman as mother and worker and especially as the most important person in the family management in rural areas.

The problem of food supplies and therefore of food security is directly connected with human mobility in its every form, against which no artificial barrier or frontier can be raised. It is urgent for FAO to strengthen its activity in this field in addition to all the mechanisms at its disposal used in case of emergencies.

Lastly, we cannot forget that among the factors involving FAO are the political choices and that quite a number of them remove the funds from agriculture and food production and use them for arms, trade, and improvement of war capacities of some countries.

The document treating the Budget of FAO shows a clear fall of finances, which is the direct consequence of the lack of financial contribution on the part of big donor countries. Cooperation is necessary. Cooperation, as we know, often imposes painful choices on the cooperating parties since it is not limited to a mere close corresponding relationship, to give and to receive, but is open to an efficient solidarity, solidarity not only in name but in fact.

The fact that a series of rules for the guidance of countries practising in some of the main fields of FAO's competence has been submitted to this Conference is a positive sign of the growth of FAO's activity. It should be pointed out that the importance given lately to the sectors of fisheries and forestry shows the global perspective of cooperation of these two sectors in the agricultural one. Also, in this case, it is clear that FAO's aim is not only food production but also food supply and therefore food security.

Another item adding to the already complex activity of FAO is that of genetic resources and the task assumed by the Organization for their promotion. It is hoped to this end that the international rules on the subject are fully carried out and that the basic principles of justice, particularly that of making genetic resources available in common, are put into effect. Only thus could considerable support be given to the whole activity performed by the United Nations system in this field.

While celebrating the 50th Anniversary, we necessarily should look to the future, being fully aware that it is not only the future of FAO but of the whole of humanity that should be our focal point of interest. In fact, it is through FAO that humanity expresses its desire to cooperate in such a delicate and primary field as food and agriculture.

We should start with a new course, inspired by the Quebec Declaration, but bearing in mind that this act should not only be a celebration but should represent a programme outlining some essential scopes in the future.

It seems that we could come to the conclusion that to consider agriculture as a primary sector in an economy of countries does not mean a recession in the economic structure. It is an answer to a growing population and growing food demand. It becomes a compulsory choice for the developing countries with food shortages if hunger is to be overcome.

A direct involvement of the international community is essential as well as all the voluntary activities and the works of numerous NGOs, whose direct participation in the realities of hunger, poverty, and underdevelopment should be considered not only a logistic support but as an ideal and programmatic inspiration.

At the FAO Conference we are called to witness our faith in man with facts. Good intentions are not sufficient, even if supported by solemn declarations. In this way we can prepare our countries and various components of the international community for the World Food Summit to be held next year. We can look forward to this meeting not only as an event but also as a moment to decide on facts which could create other facts.

In this sense I would like to repeat that various organizations of the Church are always ready to collaborate with everyboddy in this important work. We should be convinced that by giving "to every man the possibility to be satiated, we participate in the great design of Creation.

M.C.P. MTUY (Tanzania): Mr Chairman, FAO Director-General, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen: I am both honoured and pleased to address this 28th Session of the FAO Conference for two reasons. Firstly, because this Conference is being held at a time when my country, Tanzania, is holding its first historical multiparty national elections, which will eventually put in place a new government for the next five years. Secondly, because this Conference comes at a time when the food situation in Tanzania is satisfactory. Total domestic food production is forecast to meet the cereal requirements of the nation for the 1995/96 marketing season except for wheat, which we normally import to supplement domestic production. Forecasts indicate an increase in the yield of all crops.

The total national food production for the 1995/96 marketing season is estimated to be 7.3 million tonnes, which is approximately 22 percent higher than the production of the last season. Cereal production is forecast to be 4.4 million tonnes compared to 3.3 million tonnes in the last harvesting season. The increase in food production is attributed to favourable rains, increased use of fertilizers and improved seeds, and low incidence of factors affecting crop losses.

Following the good cereal harvest, Tanzania plans to export a limited amount of maize to neighbouring countries in an endeavour to enhance intraregional and border trade. Furthermore, the government plans to replenish its Strategic Grain Reserve through domestic procurement of 105 000 tonnes of maize.

The favourable food situation notwithstanding, about 37 000 people in 13 regions of the country are yet to recover from the previous years impact of drought and the continuing effects of refugees. Some 20 000 tonnes of maize and 2 000 tonnes of beans will be required as emergency food aid. The government is financially constrained and as such it will welcome any assistance to enable it to provide relief food. This relief food can be procured on the domestic market.

To improve and increase food production the government has launched a new extension strategy whose emphasis is on frequent visits to farmers by frontline extension staff, using group approaches and combining indigenous knowledge with improved farm practices. The government, with the assistance of the World Bank and the African Development Bank, has undertaken a major rehabilitation of the extension services and is now in a position to reach more farmers than in the past. Extension workers are equipped with extension kits and bicycles; they are better trained to solve farmers problems and promote modern agricultural practices. A large number of farmers have gained knowledge from Farmers Demonstration Plots established under the new extension strategy. Specific attention is given towards increased food crops production under the FAO-assisted Special Programme on Food Production in Support of Food Security, which is currently in its pilot phase. The Special Programme is being implemented in two regions and is expected to lead to increased yields and output of maize and paddy in the targeted areas. Allow me, Mr Chairman, to express our most profound and sincere thanks to the FAO Director-General for this very important and timely initiative and assistance. The response and morale of farmers in the target areas is high and as such we expect this programme to be a success.

The government has also taken the following steps to increase food production: it has established an Agricultural Inputs Trust Fund to facilitate importation and distribution of agricultural inputs through loans to importers and input stockists; it has also initiated the inclusion of credit components in donor funded projects to enable small farmers to gain access to modern agricultural inputs. Furthermore, the government is emphasizing the promotion of savings and credit societies in rural areas to provide financial services to rural producers.

Food production in Tanzania is continuously threatened by crop pests and diseases such as the quelea quelea, armyworms, cassava mealybug, the larger grain borer and the red locusts. While the cassava mealybug and the larger grain borer infestations have been contained to tolerable proportions, threats from quelea quelea, armyworms and the red locusts continue to pose a severe strain on the already constrained government budget. It is our sincere hope that donors will be understanding and willing to assist us in this area.

Apart from crop pests and diseases, livestock epidemics have occurred in the country, especially the contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia disease, which affected seven regions in February 1995. Allow me again to express our appreciation and gratitude to the FAO Director-General for his timely assistance to contain the disease.

As regards forestry, Tanzania is committed to sustainable exploitation and conservation of forests and forest resources. We have now updated the National Forestry Action Plan and have started village district level planning.

Forestry development is, however, constrained by lack of updated data and assessment of the forest resources as well as inadequate funding.

Tanzania boasts an extensive beekeeping industry. Bees provide nutrition and income to our rural people, but they also play a major role in food production through pollination of agricultural crops.

As regards fisheries, Tanzania is endowed with many inland capture fisheries, which constitute 80 percent of the annual catch of about 350 000 metric tonnes. Over 95 percent of the catch is from artisanal fisheries which have stagnated, and in some cases declined, because of prolonged exploitation of the nearshore waters due to lack of appropriate equipment and technology to reach the more distant resources. The cost of fishing equipment is high and prohibitive.

Fish is a major source of animal protein to our people but we are constrained with inadequate processing facilities as well as distribution. Fish farming is an important source of food and income in rural areas.

As a coastal state, Tanzania declared an Exclusive Economic Zone in 1989 but has not benefitted from this important resource due to inadequate human and material resources to operationalize the scheme.

Tanzania welcomes and supports, fully, the Code of Conduct on Responsible Fisheries.

As regards the Programme of Work and Budget for 1996-97, my delegation appreciates and commends the wide range of measures introduced by the Director-General to restructure the Organization, cut down costs and improve the efficiency of the Organization. We strongly support the Programme of Work and Budget for 1996/97 and are confident that the Director-General will continue with his efforts to make FAO more efficient and cost-effective.

With regard to the World Food Summit, Tanzania supports the recommendation to convene the Summit in November 1996, and the draft resolution on the issue presented in Document C 95/17.

Lastly, my delegation is firmly committed to the ideals and vision of FAO. Approval of the proposed budget will enable the Organization to implement the proposed Programme of Work, which is directed towards helping Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries Officers to serve farmers and fishermen more diligently and effectively to increase food supplies, improve crop yields and boost income opportunities.

Zine El Abdine SEBTI (Maroc): Monsieur le Président, Mesdames, Messieurs, je voudrais tout d'abord exprimer nos condoléances les plus attristées à la délégation irakienne, ainsi qu'à la famille du défunt, notre collègue Khalid Abdul Moneem Rasheed, Ministre de l'Agriculture d'Irak.

Permettez-moi ensuite de vous adresser mes vives félicitations à l'occasion de votre brillante élection. Mes félicitations s'adressent également aux Vice présidents ainsi qu'aux membres du Bureau. Je tiens également à souhaiter la bienvenue aux cinq nouveaux membres qui ont été admis au sein de l'Organisation, sachant qu'ils viennent renforcer notre action.

Je ne saurai brosser un tableau aussi expressif et vivant de la situation mondiale de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation que celui qui a été fait au début de notre session par Monsieur Jacques Diouf, Directeur général de notre Organisation.

Depuis sa création, en 1945, l'Organisation devait répondre au défi que constituait la faim et la malnutrition. Il lui était prescrit la mission de relever ce défi par l'accroissement de la production alimentaire et l'amélioration du niveau nutritionnel. Cinquante années après, alors que les niveaux de production connaissent des améliorations importantes, la faim ne fait que progresser et l'exclusion s'aggraver, la pauvreté ne se posant plus en termes de disponibilité de produits alimentaires, mais en termes d'accessibilité de ces produits par les populations au revenu érodé et vivant dans un état précaire.

L'initiative du Directeur général de convoquer un Sommet mondial de l'alimentation en 1996 constitue à notre avis la meilleure base qui permettra, en effet, de relayer les potentialités et de contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire des pays à déficit vivrier et à faible revenu. Un tel objectif ne saurait, bien sûr, être atteint s'il ne procédait d'une approche participative où les parties s'allient dans un partenariat clair et défini, et où la responsabilité partagée est clairement et surtout volontairement assurée.

La lutte contre la pauvreté est indissociable du développement mais la démarche reste multiple et complexe. En effet, alors que la disponibilité des produits alimentaires atténue la faim, le revenu du monde agricole, dans la majeure partie des pays en développement, les rend inacessibles, celui-ci étant le solde d'opérations de plus en plus déterminées par les lois du marché.

Le Maroc accorde à l'agriculture toute la priorité qu'elle mérite dans ses plans de développement sachant que 50 pour cent de la population est rurale et que, sur 70 millions d'hectares de superficie globale, la surface arable est de près de 10 pour cent. En dépit des énormes efforts consentis pour améliorer la production et la productivité, mon pays reste déficitaire en matière de céréales, d'huiles alimentaires et de sucre. La sécheresse et la désertification, les catastrophes naturelles et l'invasion acridienne constituent en fait des obstacles majeurs qui limitent sensiblement l'effet de notre action. En effet, l'avènement de la sécheresse, depuis le début des années 80, a lourdement pesé sur l'effort consenti jusqu'à maintenant. Je me contenterai de vous dire qu'au cours de la campagne 1994-95, la production de céréales a chuté de près de 65 pour cent par rapport à la campagne précédente, et le niveau de retenue des barrages n'est actuellement que de 30 pour cent de son niveau moyen.

Pour faire face à cette situation due aux aléas climatiques, le Maroc a pris plusieurs mesures dont, notamment, l'instauration de l'assurance agricole pour sécuriser les investissements en agriculture, précisément, les céréales, le lancement du Programme national de sauvegarde du cheptel associé aux aides qui sont accordées dans le cadre du fonds de développement agricole, la création d'un fonds de lutte contre les calamités naturelles, la priorité accordée, dans les zones irriguées, à la multiplication des semences afin de préserver les ressources génétiques adaptées aux conditions agro-climatiques du Maroc, et l'organisation, en septembre dernier, d'un référendum national visant l'amendement de la Constitution de manière à ce que la période d'adoption du budget annuel soit reportée de janvier à juillet de chaque année afin de prendre en considération les résultats de la campagne agricole.

Avec le lancement du Programme d'ajustement structurel depuis le début des années 80, le Maroc a opté pour la libéralisation de son économie et, dans ce cadre, les programmes de libéralisation, qui ont entraîné un changement profond des structures de production et de commercialisation, se sont concrétisés par la libéralisation des échanges extérieurs et l'adoption, en 1993, de la loi sur le commerce extérieur, la libéralisation des prix des intrants et les facteurs de production, la privatisation en cours, des établissements publics, et le désengagement de l'Etat des actions de prestation de service.

Ces différentes actions constituent le prélude pour garantir les engagements du Maroc dans le cadre de l'accord de l'Uruguay Round, dont mon pays a eu l'honneur et le privilège d'abriter la cérémonie de signature de l'accord final à Marrakech, l'an dernier.

Aussi, conscient du fait que l'ouverture des marchés extérieurs aura des répercussions importantes sur l'outil de production agricole dans la majorité des pays en développement, particulièrement dans les zones où les faibles potentialités ne les prédestinent pas à une bonne résistance sur le terrain de la compétition ouverte, le Maroc a déjà procédé à la libéralisation de la majorité des produits agricoles, et un calendrier pour libérer des produits sensibles tels que les céréales, les huiles alimentaires et le sucre, a également été arrêté pour 1996.

Par ailleurs, et en vue d'assurer la loyauté et la transparence dans les échanges internationaux, le Maroc est l'un des premiers pays à avoir adopté des normes en la matière depuis 1945, et un texte de loi visant à compléter cette mesure vient d'être adopté pour généraliser la normalisation à l'échelle de tous les produits, y compris ceux qui sont destinés au marché intérieur.

Je ne saurais vous parler de l'importance que revêt l'action de la FAO pour nos pays et du rôle futur qu'elle est appelée à jouer en vue d'aider nos pays à se préparer pour affronter le 21ème siècle. A ce sujet, mon pays qui a suivi et appuyé les réformes entamées par le Directeur général, attache une grande importance aux deux programmes spéciaux de sécurité alimentaire et de lutte contre les ravageurs et maladies transfrontières (EMPRES).

Au sujet du Programme EMPRES, ma délégation lance un appel à la communauté des donateurs afin d'apporter le soutien nécessaire à la bonne réalisation de ce programme et souhaite qu'il soit étendu à la région de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Ouest en raison de la menace permanente que représente l'invasion acridienne dans les pays de cette région.

Ma délégation attend beaucoup du Sommet sur la sécurité alimentaire et souhaite que le Plan d'action qui en découlera permettra à la FAO, avec l'appui de la communauté internationale, de s'atteler à atteindre l'objectif de l'éradication de la faim, lié à l'objectif final qu'est la sécurité alimentaire.

Aussi, ma délégation approuve-t-elle les grandes priorités retenues dans le cadre du Programme de travail et budget pour 1996-97 et souhaite que tous les pays appuient le budget proposé. Nous estimons, à cet égard, qu'afin de permettre à la FAO de réaliser ses objectifs et de mener à bien la série de réformes déjà entamées, il faudra lui donner les moyens financiers nécessaires sachant que le budget pour l'exercice prochain a été établi sur une base qui tient compte de la conjoncture économique de la plupart des Etats Membres, à savoir, une croissance réelle zéro.

Björn SIGURBJÖRSSON (Iceland): It may sound like a paradox that in my country, Iceland, which is located in the far north - in the cold North Atlantic region - that our main agricultural problems these days are overproduction and how to deal with surplus food.

Our farmers, who must live with average temperatures of ten degrees during the growing season and think fifteen degrees is a luxury, find it hard to believe when I tell them that people in warmer climates where fruits actually grow on trees - an unknown phenomenon in Iceland - are suffering from lack of food and actually are starving.

During the recent ministers' meeting on food security in Quebec and at this conference here in Rome it is safe to say that at least every second speaker has referred to the fact that 800 million people, including 200 million children, go hungry to bed every night.

They have usually also quoted one FAO manifesto or another announcing action to eradicate hunger from the world, actually one of the platforms of FAO at its founding fifty years ago. Freedom from Hunger. Food Security for All.

At the Vienna Conference on human rights a few years ago, FAO added yet another right for humankind - the Right to Food - and on Saturday we saw a video film of Henry Kissinger announcing at the Rome World Food Conference in 1974 that all hunger should be eradicated within a decade. We should not allow any man, woman or child to go hungry to bed after the decade.

On the other hand, I did not hear one delegate either in Quebec or here in Rome actually say that hunger should be eradicated from the world within a specific time limit.

Is it because we do not know the size of the problem or do not have the knowledge or the means to do it?

Since we seem to know the exact number of the starving in the order of 780 to 800 million, we must know where they are and how we are to bring them food or teach them how to produce it.

Our agronomic knowledge and technology would enable the doubling of yields in most of the regions affected, more than enough to feed all the hungry. We have also heard that there is actually enough food available in the world, if only the hungry had access to it. But how much does this cost? Could we agree that as a minimum it would cost one dollar a day per person to either bring the calorie intake of these people up to 2 500 per day together with the necessary vitamins and minerals, or as an investment to bring up local food production?

Either way this would cost some US$8 000 million per day, US$24 billion per month and US$288 billion per year, almost US$300 billion per year.

Let us look at another situation only a few years ago. A few countries perceived that the stability in the Gulf region had been upset. They quickly mobilized their forces, collected a few hundred million dollars and restored stability in the Gulf.

Are we willing to start an operation - not Desert Storm but rather Food Storm - of Hunger Eradication at the cost of US$300 billion per year, or does the hunger situation not upset the stability in the world sufficiently to warrant decisive action?

Is it really true, and should one take it seriously, that the whole global forum of agricultural leaders gathered here in Rome is arguing over whether the budget of the only global forum for food and agriculture, FAO, should be US$600 or US$700 million for the biennium? Not even one dollar for each starving human being.

In their 50th Anniversary statement to the United Nations the Prime Ministers of the five Nordic countries declared their firm conviction that the world needs a strong and effective global and multilateral system. The Nordic countries have backed up their conviction by Nordic taxpayers paying five times the OECD average to the United Nations System. To paraphrase their statements, we cannot allow FAO to go limping into the next fifty years and expect it to carry out its global responsibilities with its back broken.

FAO is no better and no worse than we, the membership, want it to be. We elect its Director-General to carry out our wishes. The Secretariat, derived from citizens of our countries, draws up the programme and budget proposals and we, representing the owners of FAO, approve the final proposals.

It is surely below the dignity of the Member States to use budget costs as a punishment or a sign of dissatisfaction. In our numerous governing bodies - the various committees, the Council, the Conference and through the Permanent Representations - we have enough opportunity to influence and decide on the course of action to be taken in this Organization.

As the Nordic Prime Ministers concluded: "It is we, not anyone else, who must take responsibility for the United Nations."

We are now preparing for the World Food Summit in 1996. What message are we going to give to the world's heads of state?

We have an obligation as world leaders for food and agricultural matters to inform the assembled heads of state at the World Food Summit here in Rome of the tragic situation we face with hungry masses in our midst, the cost of eradicating this shame and to propose a set of priorities for an agenda of global action to actually eradicate hunger from the world.

Robert SAGNA (Sénégal): Le destin cruel a voulu que le Ministre iraquien, le général Khalid Abdul Moneem Rasheed, soit rappelé à Dieu, ici à Rome, le 21 octobre 1995, alors qu'il conduisait la délégation de son pays à notre Conférence.

Aussi, voudrais-je, en présentant les condoléances du Gouvernement du Sénégal et de l'ensemble du peuple sénégalais, former le voeu que sa disparition regrettable guide nos pas dans la voie de la solidarité afin que nos décisions servent utilement les grandes causes de l'humanité.

A l'occasion de notre brillante élection à la présidence de notre réunion, il m'est particulièrement agréable au nom de la délégation sénégalaise et au mien propre, de vous adresser nos chaleureuses et sincères félicitations auxquelles sont associés les autres membres du Bureau.

Aux cinq nouveaux membres de notre Organisation, j'adresse également mes chaleureuses félicitations en les assurant de la constante détermination de la délégation sénégalaise à coopérer étroitement avec chacune des délégations respectives.

Le plaisir que j'ai de m'adresser à cette auguste assemblée pour parler de l'état de l'alimentation et de l'agriculture dans le monde est d'autant plus grand qu'au Sénégal nous rêvons d'un monde meilleur. Plus simplement, nous projetons sur le futur un regard serein, nourri à la sève de la foi en la capacité de l'humanité à étancher dans un élan solidaire et équitable, la soif de mieux être qui s'exprime à travers le village planétaire auquel le monde d'aujourd'hui aspire profondément.

Ce rêve se justifie de plus en plus par les lueurs persistantes d'espoir pour l'instauration de la paix qui s'allume dans la plupart des pays.

Ces avancées politiques significatives sont confortées sur le plan économique par une plus grande détermination des pays du monde à abolir les obstacles à une circulation plus grande des biens à travers la planète. Elles sont également renforcées par une plus grande disponibilité à s'asseoir autour d'une table pour s'entretenir de questions aussi vitales que celles concernant la nutrition, l'environnement, le développement social et la situation des femmes.

Il est cependant paradoxal qu'au même moment des compartiments entiers de l'humanité se trouvent encore confrontés avec une dégradation réelle de leurs conditions d'existence.

En effet, l'objectif fixé par la Conférence mondiale de l'alimentation organisée en 1974 d'éliminer la faim et la malnutrition au cours de la décennie suivante est loin d'être atteint. En effet 800 millions d'hommes et de femmes connaissent aux côtés de 192 millions d'enfants une carence aiguë, voire chronique, en protéines et en calories.

Qui plus est, la malnutrition et la pauvreté coexistent toujours avec les excédents vivriers et l'abondance dans un monde où pourtant la science et la technologie ont enregistré d'importants progrès.

Fait encore plus inquiétant, dans le même temps, l'aide bilatérale et multilatérale, accordée à l'agriculture des pays en développement est en régression constante tandis que la part de l'agriculture dans l'aide totale au développement a été ramenée de 20 à 14 pour cent de 1980 à 1990.

De tout ce qui précède, il résulte qu'au vu des tendances actuelles de l'évolution démographique, si aucune mesure concrète n'était prise, le nombre de personnes souffrant de sous-alimentation chronique notamment en Afrique subsaharienne pourrait atteindre 300 millions en l'an 2010, soit près de la moitié du tiers monde. C'est comme pour conjurer cette perspective inacceptable pour l'humanité que nous venons de célébrer, avec une grande conviction politique, à Québec, le cinquantième anniversaire de la FAO.

Au cours de cet événement historique, nous avons souligné la nécessité, pour la communauté internationale, de prendre davantage conscience de ses responsabilités et d'oeuvrer à l'instauration d'un nouvel ordre mondial plus juste et plus humain dans un esprit exemplaire de coopération et de solidarité.

Dans cette perspective qui doit être le credo de notre réflexion au cours de cette session, nous devons admettre, avec ses fondateurs, que la FAO est un outil irremplaçable qui mérite d'être soutenu et aidé dans l'accomplissement de sa noble mission.

En adhérant complètement à cette démarche, la délégation sénégalaise est profondément convaincue que nous devons apporter notre total soutien aux programmes élaborés par la FAO ainsi qu'au niveau raisonnable de ressources proposées à cet effet.

Cependant, laissez-moi par ailleurs vous dire que le Gouvernement du Sénégal a élaboré, à diverses reprises des plans spécifiques visant à enrayer la dégradation du déficit céréalier et à améliorer la sécurité alimentaire. Le dernier en date est le Plan céréalier de 1984.

La Déclaration de politique de développement agricole de 1994, qui vient de recevoir l'approbation du Conseil d'administration de la Banque mondiale, prévoit l'élaboration d'un nouveau plan qui se fixerait un objectif de 60 pour cent de couverture alimentaire pour l'an 2000. Les grandes lignes de la stratégie sont les suivantes: la sécurisation et l'accroissement de la culture irriguée du riz et l'intensification des céréales pluviales; la mise au point et la vulgarisation de technologies améliorées pour accroître les rendements et la productivité; la mise en place d'un véritable partenariat entre la recherche, la vulgarisation et les organisations socio-professionnelles pour accélérer le processus de mise au point et l'adoption de technologies améliorées; la promotion et la transformation artisanale et industrielle des céréales locales; une politique libérale et incitative pour tous les acteurs économiques afin d'améliorer la réponse à la demande; enfin, une coordination de la politique céréalière associant l'Etat, les organisations socio-professionnelles et les partenaires au développement.

La mise en oeuvre de ces différentes stratégies donne déjà des résultats encourageants ayant permis la conclusion d'accords importants entre le Sénégal et ses partenaires. Dans ce cadre, le Programme d'investissement du secteur agricole, dont le volet sécurité alimentaire constitue une composante majeure, met un accent particulier sur la coopération sous-régionale et régionale.

La lutte contre la faim et la malnutrition dans le monde doit demeurer notre préoccupation essentielle, tant il est vrai qu'il n'y aura de paix et de sécurité internationales sans une politique cohérente et équilibrée de développement profitable à toutes les composantes de l'humanité.

La sécurité alimentaire, garante de la paix et de la sécurité, passe nécessairement par les étapes incontournables que sont la croissance économique, l'amélioration de la production agricole et l'accès de tous aux denrées alimentaires de première nécessité.

Cette conviction de la délégation sénégalaise l'amène non seulement à apporter tout son soutien à la FAO, mais aussi à encourager l'heureuse initiative de son Directeur général de convoquer, en 1996, un Sommet mondial de l'alimentation.

Concernant plus précisément le Sommet mondial de l'alimentation, je suis d'accord avec un èminent Chef d'Etat d'une grande puissance pour dire, à l'image de la CNUED, de la Conférence de Vienne sur les Droits de l'homme, de la Conférence du Caire sur la population et le développement, du Sommet social et de la Conférence mondiale sur les femmes, que de telles rencontres qui constituent le meilleur don des Nations Unies au cours de ces dernières années permettent de mieux connaître les grands enjeux et défis du monde, en vue de trouver les meilleures solutions possibles.

Dans cette perspective, la délégation sénégalaise souhaite que le Programme de travail et budget pour l'exercice 1996/97 de la FAO présenté par le Directeur général soit adopté, car il est réaliste et offre à la communauté internationale, l'occasion de prouver sa bonne foi et sa sincère volonté d'aider les populations les plus déshéritées du monde à satisfaire leurs besoins les plus élémentaires.

En appuyant la déclaration faite dans ce sens, au nom du groupe africain, par le Ministre de l'agriculture du Gabon, je tiens à souligner, avec lui, que la paix et la sécurité internationales sont à ce seul prix.

Je comprends qu'aujourd'hui les difficultés connues par la plupart des pays soient telles que les programmes doivent être réajustés et s'il est important que les aides soient mieux coordonnées, certes, nous ne saurions conjurer les efforts des hommes et détruire les succès futurs. Une plus grande coopération et une plus grande solidarité s'imposent à ce niveau-là.

Je voudrais au passage remercier et féliciter le Directeur général qui a entrepris un périple pour saluer l'ensemble des efforts des pays africains et également des autres pays du monde pour enrayer la faim et la malnutrition.

Pour terminer, Monsieur le Président, je voudrais former le voeu que la sérénité, l'objectivité et l'esprit de dépassement marquent le déroulement des travaux de cette session, afin que la FAO soit renforcée et mieux soutenue dans ses efforts visant à la création de conditions favorables à un développement agricole durable et à l'amélioration de la situation alimentaire dans le monde.

Pour toutes ces raisons, notre délégation réitère son appel à toutes les délégations ici présentes pour que, dans un élan de solidarité, elles s'engagent à appuyer les louables efforts du Directeur général et à permettre à la FAO de s'acquitter convenablement de sa noble et importante mission.

Notre devoir moral est non seulement de rassurer des millions de personnes victimes de la faim et de la malnutrition mais aussi de nous inspirer de la sagesse humaine pour qu'à travers le monde coule un fleuve de lait où toutes les populations pourront s'abreuver en savourant les avantages de la paix, de la sécurité et donc le goût de la vie.

CHAIRMAN: Malta has informed me that the delegation would like to deposit their country's statement, which was going to be made by the Minister of Agriculture of Malta today. The Secretariat are agreeable that this statement can be included in the Verbatim Record of the Conference. The Statements of Eritrea and the Cook Islands will also be inserted in the Verbatim Record.

Censu GALEA (Malta): Mr Chairman, distinguished delegates, I should like first of all to extend to you my warmest congratulations on your election to your high office at this important Session of the Conference, which follows immediately upon the conclusion of the meetings in Quebec commemorating FAO's Fiftieth Anniversary. My congratulations go also to the Vice-Chairmen.

Next, and before I proceed further, I wish to join previous speakers in offering our condolences to the Iraqi Government on the untimely death of the Iraqi Minister of Agriculture. Our deepest sympathy goes also to the Minister's family.

The current state of food and agriculture calls for adjustments in the plans of most governments and regional economic organizations, which often entail curtailment of expenditure on food and agriculture. However, today, perhaps more than ever before, agriculture needs the allocation of more resources. Four factors are as a rule indicated as exerting a major impact on the agricultural and rural sector. These are: (i) the need to take increasingly into account sustainabililty and environmental considerations in food and agricultural production and processing systems; (ii) the promotion of regional and sub-regional integration processes; (iii) the implementation of the GATT Uruguay Round Final Agreement, and (iv) the introduction of structural changes in the sector. All these factors call for a substantial increase in investments in the sector as well as a measure of support for disadvantaged areas. These issues and their particular relevance to the European Region were addressed during the 28th and 29th Sessions of the European Commission on Agriculture in Malta and Slovenia respectively and were also subject of debate during the 19th FAO Regional Conference for Europe in Killarney, Ireland in 1994. Malta has a special interest in these issues.

You are doubtless aware of the unique and unprecedented situation in the EU grain market that is now making a direct impact on the world's grain market. For almost the first time since the conception of the Common Agricultural Policy, world market prices are higher than EU support prices and the EU is exporting grain without export refunds. Malta is a traditional importer of the EU grain and the impact of this situation is very serious indeed. The substantial increases in the prices of grain on the world market would have unprecedented repercussions on the Maltese economy. The inflationary effect could render both the tourist industry and Malta's industrial base uncompetitive. High import costs of grain would also contribute towards the worsening of the country's balance of payments. High grain prices would have significant detrimental effect on the livestock sector, whose viability depended on relatively low grain prices. So far the Government has been able to cushion the impact of the current grain situation through the operation of a price stabilization fund which was being dismantled in order to induce a more market-oriented industry. The re-introduction of consumer subsidies would cause a serious budgetary deficit and could divert public funds from the much needed investments in infrastructural development. The small size of the islands prevents the production of grain locally. The poor United States' wheat harvest, Russia's worst harvest for 30 years and the significant long-term growth in demand from China and Southeast Asia suggest an impending world shortage of grain.

It appears that, as a matter of urgency, grain-producing countries should endeavour to adapt their policy reforms to the new situation that has arisen, taking into consideration the needs of grain-importing countries, in order to enable a gradual transition from a dependency on relatively low grain prices to higher market-oriented prices.

In 1994, Malta signed the GATT Uruguay Round Agreement, becoming an inaugural member of the World Trade Organization. As from 1 January of this year Malta removed all quantitative barriers to trade in agricultural products, retaining however a number of protective tariffs in order to restrict as far as possible the dumping of agricultural produce, surplus to the requirements of the exporting countries at very low prices. Considering Malta's small size, the market can be very easily flooded, resulting not only in severe hardship on the farmers but may also lead to waste. It is with this in mind that Malta retained relatively high import levies on a few items of produce that are important for Maltese agriculture. Any further dismantling of protection would have a significant negative effect both on the agricultural sector and the landscape, which is Malta's main asset and which attracts a significant number of tourists to the island.

The Government is still deliberating in order to find an appropriate balance between a transitional protection of our domestic agricultural sector and its adjustment to international competition. We have already moved away from trade barriers to the support of our farmers by introducing a number of fiscal incentives. For example, the Government refunds full-time farmers 50 percent of their social security contributions. We are currently considering further fiscal concessions specifically designed to support the income of farmers and fishermen. Malta has introduced Value Added Tax this year. Special care has been taken in order not to adversely affect food production. Food is not subject to VAT while farmers receive a refund on all VAT paid by them on the inputs required.

It is widely recognized today that agriculture does not only have an economic function but also others impose. Social and ecological services will only be delivered if farmers and fishermen earn income comparable with other sectors and population groups. In our community, these non-production functions of the agricultural sector assume a very important dimension. Unlimited free trade in agriculture may be harmful not only due to distorting dumping practices but also due to difference in ecological and health standards. In this connection Malta supports the adoption of the draft decision on phytosanitary standards as proposed by the Council. More harmonized international standards for phytosanitary measures would contribute towards trading patterns which would not be distorted through unreasonable measures that may be adopted and at the same time would offer sufficient protection against the introduction of pests and diseases in importing countries.

While we agree that, in principle, state intervention in the agricultural sector should be reduced as far as possible, in certain circumstances, such as in the guaranteeing of sufficient supplies of inputs of the right quality and at the right price, some state intervention may be justified. Farmers have little possibility to influence prices. They can only react to prices both for inputs as well as for outputs. An alternative to state intervention would be the strengthening of producers' organizations. Such organizations however still need the support and encouragement of governments. It is perhaps in this field that international organizations could in the immediate future develop policies and guidelines. The role of producers' organizations cannot be looked at solely as the creation of countervailing powers for the producers but also as the prime actors for such necessary activities as research and extension.

Regional integration processes offer possibilities for rapid introduction of new technologies in the agricultural sector that would speed up the structural adjustments that would be required. However such process must take into account the need to adopt differentiated solutions corresponding to the specific conditions of each country. My Government, like all governments, is duty bound to provide food security. In our country's circumstances this cannot be achieved without the cooperation of other countries. World food security cannot be achieved without the cooperation of all countries and world food security is essential for worldwide peace and justice and for the development of all peoples. It is in this perspective as well as that I express my country's support for the Director-General's timely initiative to propose the World Food Summit. It is extremely important that heads of state and government get together to deliberate on a Plan of Action on Universal Food Security and to relate it to the challenges facing their own countries in respect of the implementation of internal agricultural policy measures.

I also wish to commend FAO for completing the elaboration of the Code of Conduct on Responsible Fisheries, which we are to adopt at this Session. The Code will, I am sure, be a determining factor in furthering the proper management of the world's fishery resources, and thus contribute in no small measure to global food security.

Finally, Mr Chairman, we would like to encourage the Director-General in the implementation of his Programme for the next biennium, and we trust that FAO will be assured the means to fulfil its mandate as reaffirmed in the Quebec Declaration.1

Tesfai GHERMAZIEN (Eritrea): Allow me at the outset to express my desire for a fruitful and successful Twenty-eighth Session of the FAO Conference. I further wish the delegates to seriously deliberate the Session's agenda items and come out with decisions that will enhance food security and nutrition.

The Conference is taking place at a time when world population is sky-rocketing but unfortunately the production of food is not increasing in the same proportion. Thus, the magnitude of the task that FAO or this assembly is currently facing as a leading world body to see that all human beings are fed properly is immense, to say the least. This enormous responsibility of feeding the population of the world certainly demands sincere and critical thinking, and commitment of all developed and developing countries not only in terms of food production but also in terms of controlling population growth.

Mr Chairman, in our part of the world, the IGADD Region, we are endeavouring to promote peace and stability for it is a prerequisite for any economic development in the area. Our heads of state have envisaged that the region could tremendously benefit from the cooperation in the areas of agriculture and environment, economic cooperation in general, and in conflict resolution and management. It is the belief of the Member States, provided this cooperation is consummated, that food security and the environmental situation will improve; communication, transportation, trade, etc., will be enhanced; and conflict and its consequence will at least be diminished. Thus, the strive to achieve regional cooperation is progressing well.

Mr Chairman, if we look at Eritrea, when the country was totally liberated in May 1991, the scene in front of the Eritrean Government was, to say the least, disastrous. The population was totally dependent on food aid; the land was hopelessly degraded; peasant and commercial farms were abandoned; infrastructure decimated; and institutions were non-functioning. In short the picture was dismal. Today, in Eritrea, due to efforts exerted during the last four years of independence, although there is much more left to be done, the food situation is improving; vegetative cover of the land is regenerating at a fast rate; institutions are established and some are in the process; and communications, transportation and infrastructures are exhibiting marked transformations.

In the agricultural sector particularly, most of the programmes are internally funded. The soil and water, afforestation, animal health and production, and research and extension services are progressing well. Additionally, in collaboration with FAO, an agricultural sector review was completed; a vegetable and natural resources development project was completed waiting for funding; and project documentation for a national livestock programme is underway. Further, an IFAD-funded Wadi Development Project is under implementation. Capacity building projects funded by NORAD, FAO-Italy Technical Panel, and other projects assisted by DANIDA, NGOs and other donors are also underway. Mr Chairman, allow me to use this occasion to express my gratitude to FAO and to all donors who came to our assistance.

In conclusion, Mr Chairman, if I may, I wish to suggest that we cease hearing statements from member countries during this Conference. Instead, statements could be presented on a regional or sub-regional level in a pertinent and relevant manner. This change will enable us to devote more time to deliberate on issues that can make a difference in our world, consequently, make the Conference more interesting. With this remark, Mr Chairman, again wishing this Conference a success I conclude my speech and thank you.2

Inatio AKARURU (Cook Islands): Mr Chairman, Mr Secretary-General, distinguished delegates, ladies and gentlemen.

The Cook Islands is pleased to join with other members in commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Food and Agriculture Organization. Born in the ashes of World War II, FAO over the years has had many accomplishments of which it should be justly proud and which have made a lasting contribution to the betterment of the human condition.

Time constraints do not permit me, of course, to do more than touch upon one or two recent accomplishments that are of particular importance to the Cook Islands. As a small, developing island country in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, the protection of our fishery resources is of the utmost importance to us. We consider the code of Conduct on Responsible Fisheries that will be adopted by this Conference to be a major accomplishment, and we congratulate the FAO Secretariat on its outstanding work in bringing the Code to fruition. Together with other international instruments, the Code can well make à significant contribution to the protection and sustainable development of the ocean's fisheries for the benefit of all mankind.

In this regard, and because of the importance of fishery resources as a source of food for a large portion of the world's population, particularly the peoples of the Pacific Ocean and other small island States, the Cook Islands associates itself fully with other FAO members in calling for an increased emphasis on sustainable fisheries management in the Organization's work programme.

The Cook Islands also fully supports FAO's focus on world food security in all of its aspects. Last month, Heads of State and Government of the 16 Member States of the South Pacific Forum, including the Cook Islands, met in Papua New Guinea to discuss the theme "Securing Development Beyond 2000" in its various modalities, including food security. Among the decisions taken, regional leaders lent their formal support for the World Food Summit to be convened by FAO next year. We look forward to participating actively in both preparations for the Summit as well as in the Summit itself, with a view to ensuring food security both in the island countries and territories of the Pacific as well as in the world as a whole. Given the very scarce resources that we will need to dedicate to our own national preparations for the Summit as well as in participating in the deliberations themselves, we urge all concerned to make every effort to ensure that the outcomes of the Summit are not just simply hollow victories and declarations the product of talk fests which are quickly forgotten or ignored but rather are realistic, positive results which will contribute to a genuine improvement in world food security. The Cook Islands will play its full role in that task.

The Forum of Leaders to which I referred just now, in fact, paid considerable attention during their discussions to the place of agriculture, including fisheries, in the future development of the Pacific region. The Forum supported a number of national policy measures and regionally-based activities which would contribute to the aim of Securing Development Beyond 2000. These included:

"Recognizing the valuable contribution of the agricultural sector to domestic food security, export development, incomes and employment and the need for positive measures in support of agricultural development, including minimizing price distortions and promoting agricultural research and information dissemination, for both marketable and subsistence crops."

Measures such as those just mentioned, our leaders have decided, are to be taken with a view to realizing a "Vision" for enhancing regional cooperation for the next 25 years. That vision articulated by Pacific leaders included a future in which

"Resources, including fisheries, forestry,... water and land, are developed with proper regard for conservation, the legacy of past generations and the future;" and "International economic cooperation through trade, investment and other exchanges, strengthens subsistence and commercial agriculture, industrial development and competition, leading to growth - with equity, broadly-based participation and capacity building for self-reliance. "

Those measures to be adopted both at the national and regional levels - as well as the Forum's Vision of the Future - are, of course, fully consistent with the overall and sectoral mandates of this Organization, and the Cook Islands urges the FAO to seek ways in which it can make a significant contribution to securing Pacific development beyond 2000. That contribution, we would stress, could be realized most cost-effectively in many cases by the Organization working in partnership with the South Pacific family of intergovernmental organizations, including Islands Development Program at the East-West Centre in Hawaii, the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme and the region's University of the South Pacific headquartered in Fiji and with its Agricultural College in Western Samoa.

In the remaining time available, I would like to offer some comments on agriculture, fisheries and related activities from the Cook Islands' national perspective, as well as administrative developments within FAO.

Much work has been done within the Cook Islands in recent years to develop the agricultural sector. In 1993, for example a comprehensive agricultural policy was adopted by the Government, based on an assessment that the general picture was one of much opportunity and substantial potential for growth in agricultural output, linked in large part to the burgening tourism industry. Two of the basic ingredients for agricultural output and increased production - land and water - were both available, and agricultural activity could be stimulated by bringing unused land under cultivation, increasing irrigation and fertilizer use, and convincing farmers that they stood to gain by doing so.

Numerous steps have already been taken to implement that policy. Tax concessions for example, have encouraged many Cook Islanders, especially on the main island, Rarotonga, to take an increasingly active role in commercial agriculture. This has served to promote closer linkages between producers and the tourism industry. The Government has also established an attractive marketplace in the main urban area to which consumers are naturally and where any producer can sell his products conveniently and without undue constraints.

With the establishment of that market it has become increasingly noticeable to all concerned that women play a major role in the marketing of agricultural produce. In fact, of course, women have also traditionally played a fundamental part in food production throughout the Cook Islands. Their contributions have been recognized by the Government which is formulating plans to assist them in deriving even greater benefits from their efforts than they have to date.

Cook Islanders, like most other Pacific Islanders, have a great attachment to their land, not only as a source of wealth but also as the basis of their cultural identity and history. It is impossible to buy land in the country, although parcels may be leased for up to 60 years for commercial ventures or house sites. This situation has sometimes posed obstacles to the freeing up of land for agricultural purposes, particularly for those Outer Islanders migrating to the main island, Rarotonga, to seek employment. Often lacking inherited rights to land on the main island, they can be precluded from diversifying into agricultural production through lack of access to even unused land on the Rarotonga. To examine these and other land-related problems, the Government has recently established a Commission of Inquiry, which will report on its investigations and hopefully propose broadly-acceptable solutions to current problems, including the freeing-up of more good agricultural land for production.

Historically, the greatest and most secure employment opportunities in the Cook Islands have been in the public sector. However, because of the limited ability of that sector to expand, employment opportunities must be created in the private sector, particularly agriculture and fisheries and in the Outer Islands, not only for new entrants into the labour force but also to reduce the size of the current public service. To accomplish the latter, a comprehensive public sector reform programme is now being implemented, which includes the formulation of plans to encourage public servants to move into agricultural and fishery pursuits that offer promising prospects of good remuneration. Although the process of transforming the Cook Islands' economic will be painful, difficult, time-consuming and require the taking of hard decisions, we are confident that we are on the right path and one of the benefits will be enhanced opportunities and production in both agriculture and fisheries.

In the latter regard, may I close by saying that, like the Cook Islands, FAO faces severe resource constraints and problems to be overcome in its own reform process and day-to-day operations. My Government is very pleased with the promising changes effected by the Director-General in the organization and operation of FAO as highlighted in his Statement to this Conference. That being said, it is essential that the momentum be maintained throughout the next biennium, with activities being pursued only on the basis of objective needs and priorities as articulated by this Conference and the Council and staffing appointments being made only on the basis of qualifications and the assessed, objective contributions of appointees to the work of the FAO.

The Cook Islands congratulates the Secretariat on its work over the past two years and wishes FAO continuing progress in the years to come. My Government looks forward to working with the Secretariat towards that end.

Thank you.3

V.A. ZVEZDIN (Russian Federation): Mr Chairman, distinguished delegates, my delegation joins other speakers who have expressed their condolences to the delegation of Iraq.

May I also congratulate you, Mr Chairman, and all the participants of this Conference on the 50th anniversary of the Organization. In those five decades FAO has done a significant amount of work to achieve noble goals, yet a lot more has to be done.

Like many other countries, Russia shares the concern about the world food security situation, especially with the decrease in world grain production and stocks. At the same time we fully agree with the forecast contained in the Medium-term Plan prepared by the Secretariat that the group of countries of Central and Eastern Europe and of the former USSR by the year 2010 will become a negligible importer of grain, and even a net exporter. We express our confidence that successful implementation of agrarian reform in Russia will allow it to ensure self-reliance in food production and to become a grain exporter even earlier. It is our hope that the forthcoming World Food Summit will become a key event at the highest political level, and lay a sound basis for consensus to achieve lasting food security for all. This Summit is another step in the row of major United Nations conferences on all cross-sectoral issues held in recent years.

The achievement of food security is seen as an integral component of a sustainable development concept. The forthcoming Summit should be of a universal nature and decisions adopted should take fully into account decisions adopted at preceding UN fora. The specific needs of all groups of countries, including economies in transition, should be reflected in the outcome of the Summit. Russia is in favour of speeding up the process of preparation of the Draft Declaration and Plan of Action on Universal Food Security. It is certainly important to make full use of documents of a cross-sectoral nature and the expertise of other UN bodies and specialized agencies during the preparatory process.

Our delegation welcomes the proposal to broaden the mandate of the FAO Commission on Plant Genetic Resources. We consider it necessary that decisions and relevant FAO documents on plant and animal genetic resources should comply with the Convention on Bio-Diversity, Article 15 of which provides that conditions to facilitate access to these resources should be created and that such access should be provided on a mutually agreed basis. Russia follows the work on updating the International Plant Protection Convention, and actively participates in it.

We also welcome the agreement reached on the Draft Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and hope that it will be adopted by this Conference.

The approval by the Conference on Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis and Requirements for the Establishment of Pest-Free Areas, as well as the Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic Biological Control Agents, will be an important step in furthering useful international cooperation in these areas.

A new version of the Plan of Action on Integration of Women in Development pays due regard to the decisions of recent major UN conferences, in particular the conference in Beijing. We are glad to note that FAO is conducting many activities in support of women's participation in development.

Russia greatly appreciates the work of the World Food Programme in the field of food relief. We take this opportunity to express our Government's gratitude to the WFP, its Executive Director, Ms Catherine Bertini, and donor countries for the relief assistance to Russian citizens who suffered in connection with events in Chechnya, as well as for the readiness of the WFP to continue its emergency activities in that region of the Russian Federation. We also appreciate the WFP's assistance to a number of our partners in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

With regard to the item "Implementation of UNGA Resolutions 48/162 and 47/199: the transformation of the CFA into Executive Board and Revision of the General Regulations of WFP", we reiterate the position already clearly expressed on that issue on behalf of Eastern European States at the resumed organizational session of ECOSOC in New York on 6 June 1995.

We consider the decision on the allocation of seats to the regional groups to be a concession on the part of Eastern European states, made in a spirit of compromise and to reach a consensus, which would allow the reform of the Governing Body of WFP to be effective from 1 January 1996. We emphasize strongly the interim nature of that decision and we believe that provisions of ECOSOC and resolutions at this FAO Conference will ensure the reconstitution of seats in accordance with the original mandate of Resolution 48/162 by 1 January 2000. We reiterate that the above-mentioned allocation of seats creates no precedent for the composition of other UN bodies of limited membership.

Our delegation positively evaluates FAO activities in 1994-95. At the same time we share the opinion that its special programme to ensure food security for low-income food-deficit countries deserves more active efforts. We also express our satisfaction with the fact that the problems of countries in transition are on a priority list of FAO programmes.

The Russian delegation supports FAO's activities in Europe, including the ESCORENA network, and we believe that FAO and ECE would find common ground to renew the agricultural mandate of the ECE. We are sure that this Sub-Regional Bureau for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe will soon become operational.

Our country will continue to develop close cooperation with the Organization on advanced techniques and technology in such areas as the sustainable development of agriculture, forestry and fishery; new high-production plant varieties and animal breeds; food security; environmental protection, including cultivation and the rational management of land, water and forest resources, as well as plant and animal genetic resources; plant protection; veterinary science; the development and improvement of information systems; the promotion of world trade, etc.

Russia, on its part, is prepared to intensify the use of its significant scientific and technological potential to assist FAO in achieving its goals. In order to fulfil these goals, FAO, as with other United Nations' specialized agencies, could pay more attention to improving the effectiveness of its delivery to the countries of the world. Allocating more resources to the Organization's core programmes would definitely pay off and raise the Organization's image in major donor countries.

We would also note here the need to provide to all members of the United Nations unimpeded access to FAO's documents and publications.

It is well-known that the former Soviet Union was one of the founders of FAO. We are glad to inform the participants of this Conference that Victor Chernomyrdin, Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation in his welcoming address to the FAO ministerial meeting on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Organization in Quebec expressed confidence that "Russia steadily following the path of democratic transformations will become a full member of that Organization in 1997".

Ms Teresa GUICCIARDI (Observer for the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions): The belief of a generation of financiers and right-wing politicians in the almost superhuman forces of the markets has benefited a few rich and has thrown innumerable people in developing and industrialized countries alike into misery. Development was not achieved by putting growth first, fair distribution later; the stop to inflation first, employment creation later; free trade now, industrialization later; or by advocating "buy now, pay later".

Structural adjustment programmes have produced very poor results in the food sector owing to their over-reliance on market liberalization. As in other areas of basic rights and needs, the complexity of food production and trade must be matched by responsible national and international policies. The Uruguay Round of GATT trade negotiations will push up food prices - a welcome result for producers but meaning that in the short-term food import bills will increase. This is a very serious problem, particularly for countries which are net food importers.

There are encouraging signs that these costly errors may be reversed. Priorities have been set right by the World Summit for Social Development earlier this year by calling for people-centred sustainable development. The governments of the world have recognized that economic progress has to be socially beneficial.

FAO has recently launched a Special Programme for Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries (LIFDCs) and in a year's time will be organizing the next and last of a series of summits - one on food security.

This Conference is also to adopt a Declaration on Food and Agriculture on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of FAO. The ICFTU feels it should emphasize - as FAO already has by introducing the special programme for LIFDCs - that equal priority must be given to domestic supply and international trade in agriculture. The Food Security Summit should also make such a commitment.

In line with the World Summit for Social Development, the FAO Summit should put in the centre of all policies for food security the people who produce food - farmers and agricultural workers. The vast majority of agricultural and plantation workers are on the bottom line: they feed the world but are the least able to afford to feed themselves. Focus must also be laid on the consumers who need access to food; for the greater part they are working people and their families. They have to be able to rely on safe employment and decent wages if they are to have access to food through purchasing power. This implies that they are free to form and join unions that conduct collective bargaining on their behalf.

Success can primarily be achieved by the political will based on national consensus and the participation of the people in the democratic, economic and social life of the country.

The partnership called for by the FAO and underpinned by the two action plans for the integration of women and for people's participation, must therefore be founded on governments' respect for freedom of association.

This is the basic pre-condition for representative and effective organizations, capable of contributing to development. In fact, the ICFTU trusts that at the Food Summit, just as at the World Summit, governments will again commit themselves to the basic rights and interests of workers according to relevant ILO Conventions. These would include Convention 87 concerning freedom of association, Convention 98 on free collective bargaining and particularly, in this instance, ILO Convention 141 of 1975, the Rural Workers' Organizations Convention. This specifically includes cooperatives, women's organizations and the self-employed. The Convention states that all categories of rural workers, whether wage earners or self-employed, shall have the right to establish and to join organizations of their own choosing; that the organizations "shall be independent and voluntary in character and shall remain free from all interference, coercion or repression"; and that the law of the land shall not be such as to impair these guarantees. It also requires that national policy shall aim to facilitate the establishment and growth of voluntary independent rural workers' organizations.

The ICFTU takes every opportunity to promote the Convention. We do so regularly at the FAO Conferences because many agricultural and plantation workers and their union representatives continue to have their rights denied. They are frequently persecuted and even killed. Food security will not exist as long as the security of the workers and small producers is not guaranteed and enforced by governments.

As stated earlier, there are encouraging changes of approach. The ICFTU, together with its affiliates at the national level, have consistently worked for the IMF and the World Bank to become more responsive to social needs in their programmes and to involve trade unions. For the first time, the World Development Report 1995, "Workers in an Integrated World", endorses the value of trade unions.

Even energetic efforts to alleviate poverty and to achieve food security will generate only slow results and two major problems will continue to grow: child labour and migration of people. The ICFTU appeals to you to give special attention - and also at the Food Summit - to those policies which would help eradicate the exploitation of child labour, and to those which give equal rights to migrant workers and their families.

G.S.T. MAGAZIRE (International Federation of Agricultural Producers): As the President of Zimbabwe Farmers' Union and Vice-President of the International Federation of Agricultural Producers, Chairman of the Standing Committee of ACP Countries, Vice-Chairman of the African Committee in Agriculture and the representative of the Southern Africa farmers' unions, it gives me great pleasure to address the FAO Conference on behalf of the world's farmers.

Fifty years ago, world governments and farmers faced a great challenge. As the world emerged from the Second World War, there were serious fears of unstable food production and food shortages in the future. Bitter memories of the past were still alive. World governments, farmers and all related institutions came together with a unity of purpose. Food and agriculture became a high priority for the world. Those who joined hands succeeded, and even over-succeeded, in this challenge. Farmers' fields yielded more food than humanity had ever achieved before.

Today, the challenges we face in food and agriculture are no less than the challenges faced at that time. There are, however, far greater difficulties on our way. The first difficulty is the world's disinterest in food and agriculture. Sadly, food production today is taken for granted. Agriculture has fallen very low on the development agendas of the world. Even in the grand parade of world summits, food has unfortunately come last in the series. Even the development assistance going to Third World agriculture has fallen drastically - from 18 percent to a mere seven percent over the last decade - without provoking any outcry at all.

The second difficulty concerns the lack of unity of purpose between world governments, the United Nations institutions, and the world farms. Just as food production is taken for granted, those who produce it are also forgotten. Especially in the context of developing countries, neither farmers' representative organizations nor their important contribution to society are recognized.

Because of a lack of dialogue with farmers, the whole agricultural system is disjointed. Consultative mechanisms at all levels are weak and fragile, contrary to the climate which reigned in the immediate post-war period.

To succeed in the challenges of the next century, we must say to the world loud and clear: Do not take food production for granted. Do not take your farmers for granted. These are the two fundamental issues which will make the World Food Summit a true gateway for a better world.

In the previous summits our Federation has played a major role in ensuring due attention to agriculture, farmers, and farmers' organizations. At the Earth Summit of Rio, it was IFAP which ensured the inclusion of farmers in the greater group. At the Social Summit in Copenhagen, IFAP ensured recognition of farmers' organizations as one of the principle pillars of civic society, alongside employers' associations, trade unions, and cooperatives.

At the Women's Summit, FAO and IFAP ensured the emphasis on women's dialogue in agriculture, but the World Food Summit signifies an entirely different occasion. As world farmers, we shall treat it as such. Food is a special commodity grown by a special species of mankind in the world. These dedicated men and women will without doubt manage the population of the world only if the resources and tools of the trade are put to their disposal, i.e., land, water management, water conservation, finance which is affordable - affordable inputs, skills, training - and a free and fair world market. Governments and the international organizations must play their critical role of facilitating a supply of goods and services and creating an atmosphere conducive to encouraging enterprising activities. Farmers worldwide have a heavy responsibility to eradicate poverty and free people from hunger. The World Food Summit will succeed to the extent that we do not spend our time during the Summit debating as to who are farmers and which are farmers' organizations. Farmers fully accept their responsibility of growing food. We are partners, and therefore the World Food Summit is a welcome directive action and, indeed, we look at it as a prescription for future visions and missions.

Today, we have a real opportunity for ensuring the accordance of higher priority for food and agriculture. We have a real opportunity to restrengthen dialogue and partnerships between the governments, farmers, and United Nations institutions for achieving a true food security for generations to come. This will require the recognition of farmers' organizations at the highest echelons of the United Nations System. As partners in development and being in an economic sphere of division of labour and reponsibility, constant consultation will bear handsome and positive results for our mutual benefit.

In many countries, particularly the developing countries in the world, more and more farmers' organizations are coming into being, consolidating their structures and, to the extent that they are recognized, working in harmony with their respective governments. It is this that the United Nations System should be in line with.

From the foregoing, Mr Chairman, it is only proper and, indeed, in our mutual interests to propose to FAO and the World Food Summit Secretariat that the declaration and plan of action for this Summit strongly recognize the existence of farmers' organizations. As farmers, we are particularly encouraged by the high level of commitment obtained from the Summit by heads of governments. We particularly wish that this valuable support and commitment continues during the phase of implementation. Farmers, through their worldwide organization IFAP, are currently discussing a new policy perspective for agricultural development. This new policy will be adopted in France in 1996. We believe these farmers' agendas for agricultural development will provide an important input from farmers into the UN World Food Summit in November 1996.

In conclusion I would like to reiterate that the World Food Summit is an historic opportunity to develop a new policy perspective for agricultural development. This new perspective for making progress in world food security commensurate with population growth will give a central role and more responsibility to farmers and farmers' organizations working as partners with governments and intergovernmental organizations. The opportunities of success appear real where the key objective is participatory development in rural areas. The skeletory challenges given to the farmers need to be heavily clothed. There must be a package portfolio for investment in people, water development, management, research, extension services, markets, inputs, information, infrastructure, and trust.

CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Representative of the International Federation of Agricultural Producers. I now call upon the last Speaker of the day, who is the Head of the International Cooperative Alliance.

Lino VISANI (Observateur de l'Alliance coopérative internationale): Monsieur le Président, Messieurs les délégués, cette année, à l'occasion du Centenaire de l'Alliance Coopérative internationale et de la Journée internationale de la coopération promue par les Nations Unies (que la FAO a voulu souligner par une belle affiche), le Congrès de l'ACI, qui s'est tenu à Manchester, a pris d'importantes décisions concernant les valeurs et les principes auxquels un mouvement coopératif libre et démocratique doit se conformer, compte tenu de l'époque actuelle. Le Congrès a aussi décidé de l'engagement de l'ensemble du mouvement coopératif mondial afin de devenir une force efficace du développement humain, dont les femmes sont une des composantes essentielles. Ces deux éléments doivent aller de pair face aux grands changements qui traversent la société mondiale et qui touchent les agriculteurs et le système agro-alimentaire, comme il est mentionné dans le document de la Conférence.

Pour la troisième fois, l'ACI a réexaminé les valeurs et les principes fondamentaux de la démocratie coopérative pour les adapter aux changements de la société.

Demandons-nous comment il est possible de s'opposer à la réduction des bases productives agricoles -surtout dans le tiers monde - au dépeuplement rural croissant et à l'émigration due à la dépendance alimentaire croissante et aux moyens techniques adaptés des pays en développement, à l'interdépendance et à la concentration du marché agro-alimentaire qui frappe également les soi-disantes agricultures riches.

Comment est-il possible de s'y opposer sans un mouvement coopératif fort et suffisamment structuré comme force d'entreprise libre vouée à l'élévation et à la participation sociale des agriculteurs et des travailleurs agricoles, surtout des plus faibles, comme le Congrès de l'ACI l'a proposé?

Ce sont les lignes directrices du Sommet mondial sur la sécurité alimentaire, auquel nous participerons, forts des 750 millions de membres, femmes et hommes, et des coopératives du monde entier. Nos membres représentent 20 pour cent de la population entre 15 et 60 ans des pays en développement, 39 pour cent des pays en transition, et 33 pour cent des pays industrialisés.

Le Centenaire de l'ACI n'a pas seulement été une célébration d'un passé glorieux mais aussi l'engagement de renouveler l'action coopérative pour un développement au niveau local et international qui soit plus juste et générateur de paix. Dans cet esprit, nous renouvelons notre proposition de collaboration avec la FAO pour que le système agro-alimentaire puisse devenir un facteur du développement global, équilibré et durable.

CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Representative of the International Cooperative Alliance. At this point all the statements of the member countries have been delivered, and the statements also of the non-member organizations - they have also been delivered.

Before I adjourn the 11th Plenary Meeting, I have an announcement to make: Eritrea requested that their statement be included in the records of the meeting, and they can do that.

The meeting rose at 11.15 hours.
La séance est levée à 11 h 15.
Se levanta la sesión a las 11.15 horas.

__________
1 Statement inserted in the Verbatim records on request.
2 Statement inserted in the Verbatim records on request.
3 Statement inserted in the verbatim records on request.

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