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GENERAL DISCUSSION (continued)
DEBAT GENERAL (suite)
DEBATE GENERAL (continuación)

- STATEMENTS BY HEADS OF DELEGATIONS (continued)
- DECLARATIONS DES CHEFS DE DELEGATIONS (suite)
-. MANIFESTACIONES POR LOS JEFES DE LAS DELEGACIONES (continuación)

AZIZ-UL HUO (Bangladesh): On behalf of the delegation of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, I congratulate you, Mr. Chairman, on your election to the office of the Chairman of this important Confernece. You have distinguished yourself as a practical administrator and as an academician with an admirable record of studies of agricultural sciences. This conference rightly expects a great deal from your leadership.

I take this opportunity to welcome the new members who have taken their seats in the family of the FAO at this session.

I cannot help but make a reference to Dr. B. R. Sen's candid analysis of things he has seen and his invitation to younger talents to resolve problems the elders failed to tackle adequately, I congratulate the two recipients of the B. R. Sen Award for their achievements for it is in the field the battle of FAO has to be won. It was a pleasure listening to the McDougall oration by His Excellency Mr. Andrew Young. He did not mince matters while saying the hunger and poverty do not recognize territorial barriers; he emphasized their presence anywhere threatens peace everywhere else the globe. He pleaded for the creation of an international corps of food volunteers.

I compliment Director-General Saouma for his very forceful presentation on the problems of production and distribution of the world's wealth of agriculture and the danger inherent in leaving these unsolved for long. His pragmatic approach to problems and his dynamic pursuit of remedial measures makes us feel that FAO is now geared to achieve a lot of what it believes to be worthy of achievement.

The Conference Secretariat did us a favour in asking us to focus attention to Investments in Agriculture in our respective country presentations. I shall now proceed to tell you something about my country, Bangladesh.

The new nation of Bangladesh is due to complete her first Five Year planned period of development in June 1978. This period has witnessed a variety of natural disasters and political upheavals. The last couple of years have, however, registered a lot of improvements in various fields including agriculture. Bangladesh has decided to let this current trend and programmes to continue for a two-year period of an Approach Plan and then launch five year plans with projection up to the end of the century. In the meantime work is now in progress on preparation of a national food and agriculture plan with assistance of FAO/UNDP/CGFPI.

Bangladesh, as you know, is a deltaic plain of about 55 000 square miles with a population of about 80 million and about 22 million acres of cultivable land. Agriculture is her main source of national income, employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. The country has fertile land and hard working farmers. But it is also frequently visited by natural disasters.

Although land capability and modern technology can increase productivity, the tradition-bound subsistence agriculture of Bangladesh has suffered from lack of adequate investments. The problem of food has been compounded by a rapid population growth and low productivity in agriculture. In recent years, the country has imported roughly 15 percent of its annual production of foodgrains. Given the investment the country's fertile soil, easily available water and abundant manpower can be harnessed to increase agricultural production and productivity. Intensive programmes of population control and increasing agricultural productivity are thus high in order of the country's list of priorities.

Substitution of cereals, pulses, oilseeds by local production are targets before the nation's planners. The key to a two-thirds increase in foodgrains production is expansion of the seed-based technology from 3. 84 million acres in 1975-76 to 11. 8 million acres by 1984-85. In terms of inputs, this implies a three-fold increase of fertilizer use and a two-fold increase of irrigation acreage. Intensive efforts to exploit the country's water resources to grow more non-rice crops and fish to bridge the nutrition gap will also have high priority


Removal of the cereals gap and narrowing of the nutrition gaps may take care of the problem from the supply side. Creation of effective demand of the desired scale would necessitate generation of employment in adequate numbers. The key to employment generation will continue to be public works in support of land capability improvement and for movement of agricultural produce and labour. Programmes of increased production, employment generation and physical infrastructure have to proceed hand in hand.

Major Policy Issues

Bangladesh is a land of millions of small farmers. Adoption of land-augmenting technologies, seed-fertilizer-water based technology demand large cash outlays. In this process the small farmers, share-croppers tend to fail to join the mainstream of modernization. The process of growth and equity must be so intertwined as not to bypass the small farmers and share-croppers. The institutional aspects of development must be taken serious note of, small farmers must be assured of an attractive value for their labour, a profitable price for his produce. Tennurial security, access to inputs, protection against post-harvest losses, inadequacies in marketing have to be tackled simultaneously. Conscious of these needs the Government's policy is to:

Launch a massive water control programme with preference for labour intensive activities planned and implemented through local Government institutions.

Make available inputs including credit at the farm level through farmer's organizations.

Ensure entry of landless labourers, small farmers, women workers into the two-tier cooperatives system as active members so as to involve them in the mainstream of production and imployment.

Provide special interest-rates and higher subisdy for small farmers.

Emphasize on small size irrigation equipments with electrification where possible.

In specific terms these objectives would call for:

Much higher investments in agriculture

Increasing of cropping intensity commensurate with soil reconnaissance and land capability studies.

Harnessing of under-used inland water bodies and the marine resources.

Selective efforts for livestock development to increase production of both draft animal power and protein food.

Investment Programme

The critical inputs required for raising productivity in crop production, particularly rice and wheat are seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, pesticides and credit.

Production, protection and distribution of high-yielding varieties of seeds will call for a chain of activities.

Fertilizer consumption is envisaged to rise from 454 thousand tons of 1975-76 (representing an average of 35 lbs per cultivable acre) to 1 345 thousand tons (120 lbs per acre) in 1984-85.

The total irrigated area would rise from 2. 71 million acres of 1975-76 to 4. 84 million acres in 1984-85. This will require 19 000 deep tubewells, 40 000 shallow tubewells and 45 000 low-lift pumps.

Measures to improve plant protection will demand organizational strengthening, increased emphasis on preventive measures, establishing of a sound reporting and response system.

The non-production inputs for agricultural development will include strengthening of agriculture research and training institutions and their outreach stations, demonstrations on farmer's own fields, popularization of local improved varieties of crops and, adaptive research with alternative possibilities.

Secondly improving the extension services, increased use of knowledgeable farmers as change agents will be seriously attempted.


Thirdly organizations from the farm level upwards will have to be adequately supported. Institutions like the village food production committees, regional training units and, district specialist teams will have to be adequately supported.

The physical infrastructure programmes envisages investments in the form of an Intensive Rural Works Programme in areas of high potential where institutional development, credit distribution, training programmes will be intensified.

The food-for-works programme supported by the World Food Programme is now geared for an investment of 3 000 000 tons of foodgrains generating 120 million man-days of employment per annum during the coming 7-year plan period.

The Integrated Rural Development Programme and the Intensive Area Development Programmes are expected to cover a major part of Bangladesh by 1985.

In this connexion, it is worth mentioning that countries of Asia and the Pacific region have recently decided to set up a Regional Centre for Integrated Rural Development for Asia and the Pacific at Comilla in Bangladesh. We are grateful for this and look forward to necessary cooperation and support from all concerned.

Bangladesh is on the threshold of launching a massive programme of raising agricultural productivity, reducing unemployment and fighting rural poverty. Each of these items named earlier has a price tag which add up to a big sum. I will not burden you with the figures. They are much higher than the present level of investments, both internal and external resources, but not far removed from these figures.

We are aware of our limitation of resources. We have a vast reservoir of manpower yet unexploited. Mobilization of the entire population for production is our aim. An annual growth rate of 4 percent in agriculture combined with steps to distribute the benefits of development are our goals.

We are conscious that agrarian and rural development programmes have to be largely designed and financed by each country itself. We have made a beginning. In our efforts we have received substantial support from the UN system, the FAO, the WFP and bilateral sources. We have, I believe, proved in the last couple of years that given the resources Bangladesh can use them for progressive programmes. We hope we shall continue to receive necessary support in our battle against poverty, hunger and malnutrition in building up a forward-looking outlook for a vast reservoir of human beings.

As recipients of aid we have a fund of experience. We feel that uncoordinated assistance without continuity, often fail to achieve permanent objectives. Lack of assurance of continuity generates a sense of receiving aid without serious thoughts about their use. Failure to press assistance as an instrument of measurable progress promotes dependence and frustrates the stated objectives of both donors and receivers.

Mr. Chairman, we have noted with deep appreciation the FAO's bold initiatives in humanity's march against hunger and malnutrition. We now look forward to practical and decisive steps in respect of improvement of seeds particularly of non-cereal crops, production and distribution of fertilizer, intensification of pest control, reduction of post-harvest losses, protection of interests of small farmers and women workers. These would, among other things, call for expansion of the Technical Cooperation Programme, operation of the IFAD followed by programmes of agrarian reforms and rural development.

In conclusion, I would stress that noble objectives, dynamic leadership and appropriate climate do not always combine. We seem to be fortunate at this conference of FAO to see signs of a rare coincidence. This must not be allowed to pass unused.

A. KACALA (Poland) (interpretation from Polish): Mr. Chairman, Distinguished Delegates, I also would like to join the other speakers in congratulating you on your election to the post of the Chairman of the Nineteenth Session of the Conference of our Organization.

I am convinced that under your chairmanship the work of our session will be carried out efficiently and will bring a success to the Organization.

I also would like to express our deep satisfaction on the occasion of the joining of our Organization by new countries and wish them fruitful cooperation with FAO and successful development of their agriculture.


Food providing for the world remains at present a most vital issue of the world community, just as it had been in October 1945 when the Food And Agriculture Organization of the United Nations was called into being. Purposes of the Organization, formulated in the preamble and in Article 1 of the Constitution, are as timely now as they were when resolved. In many world regions, primarily in some countries of Asia and Africa, a major part of the population is undernourished, and the little progress in food providing proves that sufficiently intensive efforts to solve the food problem are not undertaken.

Eradication of hunger and worldwide malnutrition is a long process consisting of many minor and major undertakings. Unfortunately, it seems that the ambitious programme, laid down during the World Food Conference, to do away with the most acute hunger effects up to 1985 will not be fully implemented. Let us not be misled by the generally favourable results in agriculture in the past few years. As it is rightly indicated in FAO evaluations, it was mainly favourable climatic conditions which accounted for these results, while total satisfactory indices cover up a difficult situation in many countries and of some regions which, for many years, have shown no virtual advance in per capita food production.

The fragile balance in the agricultural world market also gives reason for concern. Although world grain reserves have reached only a minimum level warranting world food security, they talk of ''surplus disaster" in some exporting countries, and they carry into effect programmes for limiting grain production. Simultaneously, negotiations on concluding multilateral commodity agreements, which could lead to market stabilization, are proceeding extremely slowly. Under these circumstances, another bad harvest might bring about much more severe consequences than in the past years.

Programme changes, effected in the recent two years by the Director-General of FAO, which consist in practical intensification of investments in agriculture and in developing short-term programmes, as well as organizational changes, are, in principle, proper operational directions. The savings decisions undertaken also deserve appreciation. As a result of a whole set of undertakings the efficiency of the Organization has increased. The good reputation enjoyed among member countries by the Technical Cooperation Programme, which, after all, has no sizable amounts available, proves that success is often determined not by the extent of help granted but by operation speed.

The concentration by FAO of means available in the developing countries is also right. Nonetheless, the effected changes give rise to the following observations.

Firstly, the decentralization should not bring about excessive growth of FAO budget or overdevelopment of administrative apparatus.

Secondly, FAO should continue its activities in developed regions as well. Further limitation of operations might bring about the loss of a universal character of the Organization which should serve all of its member countries. Operations in developed regions can and should be oriented so as to bring benefit also to developing countries. This role could be performed, among others, by the international cooperation, initiated and developed in the European region in recent years, known as research networks, as well as by the exchange of technical information through the intermediary of FAO. Much attention was devoted at last year's European Regional FAO Conference to the developing cooperation in the European region and to its promising outlook, particularly after the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe had been signed. The Conference brought in many observations and initiatives which should be used in further works of the Organization.

Thirdly, FAO should develop particularly intensive activity in countries which are unable to solve their food problems by themselves. Meanwhile, as it appears from different reports, these countries are not taken into consideration to a sufficient degree in the distribution of means. Of course, the issue concerns primarily other organizations of the United Nations system but FAO also should devote more attention to this question.

As you know, in recent years the means allocated by the international community for agricultural development are considerably lower than those accepted as minimum in World Food Conference resolutions. In this connection, I would like to re-emphasize what has been said here many times before by representatives of Poland and of other countries, namely that the basic factor allowing the solution of major world problems is further advance in international détente. Only under the circumstances of proceeding détente can the growth of armament expenses be checked, and then limited. These expenses are tremendous, and it is known that they constitute a great burden both for the developed and for many developing countries, among these latter for those in which people suffer from hunger and malnutrition.

We hope that the Disarmament Conference to be held next year will become a turning point which will allow limitation of armament expenses, and allocation of the amounts saved for socio-economic development, the improvement of the world food situation included.


Although cooperation of the entire international community is one of the prerequisites for solving the world food problem, we still are at the beginning of the road. Gradual carrying into effect of the New International Economic Order, adopted at the VIth and VIIth Special Sessions, will, undoubtedly, allow a more effective cooperation. However, it should be borne in mind that the basic condition for accomplishment of the assumed aim is proper socio-economic policy of the countries which are in a difficult food situation, and a full mobilization of their domestic resources. A highly disturbing fact is the occurrence in many of these countries of a considerable differentiation of the population's living standard, much higher sometimes than in developed capitalistic countries. Meanwhile, the lesser the resources available per capita, the greater the importance of their fairly even division so that they suffice for all. Among social groups which are in the most critical situation are also small holders and agricultural workers. It is hard to count on a fast and steady growth of agricultural production if these population groups suffer from severe hardships, whereas only a stratum of a few fairly affluent farmers and landowners benefit from programmes of agricultural assistance.

We are concerned by the fact that so little space was devoted in the documents of this Conference to one of the crucial questions, that is, agrarian reforms. Though preparatory works are going on for the World Conference on Agrarian Reform, FAO has a long-standing experience and abundant records available in this field.

Investments in agriculture are a major condition for agricultural production growth, and therefore I would like to present, in short detail, Polish experiences in this field.

During the post-war period we were gradually going over from labour-consuming intensification of agriculture to the capital-intensive pattern. The latter was based, to an ever higher degree, on modern technique, and the process ran differently in state farms and differently in individual peasant farms. Since the very beginning, in state farms industrial production means replacement of lower manpower resources faster than those in individual farms. On the other hand, at present, in connection with the introducing of complex mechanization, conditions are provided for going over to a new stage of capital-absorbing intensification which consists of gradual employment reduction per area unit, and in going over from traditional to modern technology in agricultural production.

In peasant farming the process of capital-absorbing intensification has been taking place since the 70s with unchanged employment per area unit. Individual peasant farming is entering the. second stage of capital-absorbing intensification only now, and, according to the assumptions of the lorg-tange plan, the process will be carried on at an accelerated rate in the coming decade.

The basic factors which determined in Poland the development strategy of agriculture and thus the character of intensification processes, as well as trends and extent of investment in agrimlture, Were, on the one hand, the demographic situation and, on the other hand, the necessity for industrialization. The demographic situation imposed investment directions which aimed primarily at increase of agricultural production and, to a lesser degree, at employment reduction. The preferred investments were those influencing crop increases and, consequently, animal production growth. We launched an ambitious development programme of fertilizers and pesticides, as well as a large-scale programme, which, of course, required a development of industries producing machines, tools and materials needed for amelioration. Another investment direction was dutlay for construction of new animal farm buildings and for modernization of the existing ones,

Beside investments directly influencing agricultural production growth, the electrification of rural areas was a direction of priority. This preference resulted both from production and cultural respects.

Although outlays for mechanization kept growing in proportion to the total amount of investment outlays, almost till the late 60s they were not the preferred direction of investment, particularly in individual peasant farming with considerable manpower resources per area unit available. Till 1970 the service form of peasant farm tractorization was developed mainly and implemented by agricultural circles, which are organizations associating individual farmers. It was only in the present decade that the number of tractors in individual farms started growing fast.

At present, the essential technical reconstruction of agriculture is both necessary and implementable in Poland. On the one hand, the level of the country's economic development, particularly the advanced industrial potential, allows considerable growth of investment outlays for agriculture, and, on the other hand, the demographic situation of the country provides conditions for shifting manpower from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors. Employment reduction will ensure increase of labour productivity, and will limit growth of production costs.


Conditions for essential technical changes in agriculture have been provided in Poland for a few years now and are expressed in higher investment outlays for development of industries' manufacturing production means for agricultural development. A second factory of tractors is under construction now and by 1980 the industry of agricultural machines will launch production of over 80 new and modernized types of agricultural machines. Our developed industry of agricultural machines does not and will not satisfy in full the agricultural demand for all kinds of tractors, machines and equipment. Therefore, a wide international cooperation in this field is needed, both in form of direct imports and exports and cooperation unions as well as exchange of records and licenses with other countries.

An example of particularly strong cooperation with COMECON countries is the setting up of the ''Agromasz" system, which handles demand-planning common to all participating countries, elaboration of constructions, assigning producers of specialist machines for fruit and vegetable production, and determining delivery volume of those machines to single member countries.

It appears from the above observations first of all that the process of technical modernization of agriculture is a permanent process resulting both from biological and technological advance and from ever-growing concentration and increasing production scale, as well as from the introduction of a new generation of improved and more efficient machines and equipment in agricultural production. It also appears that investment policy must be elastic and adjusted to changing socio-economic conditions, with apt use, at the initial stages, of the existing development possibilities on the ground of traditional techniques.

In making a decision on technical reconstruction of agriculture, one should realize that it requires tremendous technical, financial and intellectual means, generally exceeding the possibilities of a medium-sized country, even being on a fairly high level of economic development. Therefore, under such circumstances, the aim should be a close cooperation within a region, ' or even an inter-regional cooperation, and a setting-up of an industry of agricultural production means which would satisfy the needs of all participating countries.

Even most carefully elaborated technical programmes for agricultural development generally fail to give the expected results if they leave out or insufficiently consider social questions. A socio-economic programme should constitute a whole, and social issues often exercise a strong influence on production.

In recent years in Poland momentous decisions have been made as far as social benefits for agriculture are concerned, which decisions concern several millions of farmers and their families. I would like to mention two major ones.

First, beginning with 1 January 1972, free medical care for all the agricultural population was carried into effect.

Secondly, one month ago, there went into force a law on retirement pay and other allowances for farmers and their families, with state subsidy being the basis for the retirement fund.

Both these decisions are important steps aiming at doing away with differences between social benefits obtained by farmers and those obtained by workers in other economic sectors on the grounds of an employment contract.

I dealt at some length with several Polish experiences in investments and social benefits for I believe they can be useful for some of the developing countries in formulating their socio-economic development programmes. It results from the fact that Poland entered the industrialization zone fairly recently, which also influenced the character of agricultural intensification processes. These experiences may also be of interest in view of the differentiated agrarian structure; in Polish agriculture, beside peasant family farming, there exists a socialist sector consisting of state and cooperative farms.

These experiences also prove, by way of general conclusion, that it is very difficult to carry on one's own simultaneous reconstruction of agriculture and industrial development. It means that for simultaneous implementation of these aims a wide international cooperation in many fields is imperative and that the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has a particularly vital role to perform in it.

F. C. COLOTAS (Cyprus): Mr. Chairman, allow me first to congratulate you on your election and then to welcome the new member countries.

The participation of Cyprus in the deliberations of the Food and Agriculture Organization's biennial conferences has always been a rewarding experience for my country. This year's conference acquires


additional importance since we meet in an atmosphere where, though immediate international food crises have temporarily been averted, yet the horrifying possibility of the reoccurence still exists. Going through the agenda of the Conference and the papers prepared, I noted that topics for discussion include such vital ones as the World Food and Agriculture Situation, the Prevention of Food Losses, the International Agricultural Adjustment and the Developments in the Regime of the Sea and their Implications for Fisheries. It is my conviction that discussions on these issues will contribute decisively in the search of solutions. All those who have participated in the preparation of these papers, or in any other way have contributed to make this Conference possible, deserve our sincerest congratulations and high appreciation.

Although it is not my intention to present to the Conference a review of the World Food and Agriculture Situation, nevertheless, I feel strongly the need to highlight a number of issues of international dimensions, which must keep our concern open and our anxiety alive. Hunger and malnutrition are still facts of everyday life for hundreds of millions of people all over the world. Though world food production has recently been improved somewhat, still it falls short of the goal of 4 percent rate of annual growth set for the Second Development Decade. Reliable sources indicate that during the first half of this decade, per capita food production in developing countries showed only a slight improvement; in some regions it had actually declined by over 1 percent a year, whilst prospects for the medium and longer terms are still alarming. Overall world food production is still precarious and its uneven distribution on the international, regional, national and individual levels makes the situation fragile. Many food-importing developing countries are faced with continuously rising import bills and increasing deficits in their balance of payments. This makes it more difficult for them to secure further food supplies in ample quantities and at prompt times. A substantial increase in food production in most parts of the world is, therefore, a pressing need.

Fortunately, reliable studies and estimates indicate that the earth still provides a great potential for further expansion of food production in general, and that particularly good prospects exist through increasing land productivity and better exploitation of the potential of the world's oceans. This is in fact the tragic aspect of life: hunger and malnutrition prevail against a potential background of ample food supply for each one of us on earth and for the generations to come. Increasing food production, however, is only a part of the story. Not only must we increase food production and productivity, but this increase has to be equitably distributed on the international and national levels and the increased food supply must be well protected against losses. In fact, my delegation is quite pleased that the aspect of prevention of food losses is part of this Conference's agenda, since in our opinion not enough resources have been earmarked so far at national or international levels for the prevention of such losses.

The effort to realize the world's full agricultural potential, however, must be looked upon as an issue of international concern, calling for effective structural changes in the world economic system and also for increased international cooperation, financial and technical assistance. We have in fact agreed two years ago, at the Eighteenth Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization, that the maximization of food production cannot be possible without increased technical and financial assistance from the most developed towards the least developed countries. Nor can it of course be possible-with the rapidly escalating costs in the basic agricultural inputs, viewed against a background of unstable export markets and trade barriers, for the obvious reason that the declining export earnings of developing countries, in relation to their increasing import bills, deprive them for incentives and resources so badly needed in their developmental effort.

It is, therefore, our view that the Food and Agriculture Organization by its very nature is at the front line in this struggle for more food, accessible to more and more people; this Organization through its efforts to establish a New International Economic Order, to adopt a strategy for the promotion of international agricultural adjustment and to establish an International Fund for Agricultural Development and to organize training courses, has become the focal point for the world agricultural development.

Please allow me now to say a few words on what we have been doing in Cyprus: with agriculture being the major sector in the economy of the country, great emphasis in investment has been given in the fields of irrigation and land development, in plant and animal protection, in the introduction and development, in plant and animal protection, in the introduction and development of improved varieties of crops and animals and in agricultural research. As a result of this concerted action, agricultural gross output increased, at current prices, during the period 1960-73 at an annual compound rate of 10. 6 percent. Agricultural exports increased in the same period by 230 percent.


The share of food exports in the value of total domestic exports, increased from 32. 3 percent in 1960 to 57. 9 percent in 1973. Agricultural exports in general increased their share in total domestic exports in a parallel way. Between 1961 and 1971, value added in agriculture nearly doubled. With an annual average rate of population growth of 0. 8 percent for the period 1962-73 and an annual average unemployment rate of 1, 0 percent for the period 1967-73, coupled with increased food production, the level of nutrition and the availability of food among the population improved substantially. It has of course to be mentioned that in this progress the Food and Agriculture Organization as well as other international organizations and individual countries, has contributed significantly through various programmes.

It has been most lamentable that the progress achieved in the field of food production and nutrition in general in my country was cut short in the summer of 1974 by the Turkish invasion. As a result of that, besides the immense human losses and suffering, 40 percent of the area of the country was occupied and 200 000 Greek Cypriote, representing 40 percent of the total Greek Cypriot population, were forced to abandon their homes, farms, workshops, etc. and to seek refuge in the free areas. Out of these, about 100 000 people representing as many as 25 000 families were farmers who lost their farms, equipment and livestock and moved into refugee camps in the free areas, living initially upon relief aid. The continuing refugee problem together with the loss of more than half of the country's agricultural resources, output and exports emanating from the occupied areas, deprived the country of a major portion of its natural and financial resources, so badly needed in its developmental effort. It is highly appreciated and we are thankful to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Food Programme, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees and other international organizations, as well as to many individual countries, which extended a helpful hand with a view to alleviating the problems created. Since the refugee problem is still open in my country, the need for increased international aid to alleviate human suffering is still a pressing issue.

In this short statement I have tried to describe the Cyprus agricultural situation and, at the international level, to underline the central position that the Food and Agriculture Organization occupies and the leading role that it is called upon to perform in the international efforts towards increased production and widespread availability of food. In these efforts my country is prepared to contribute to its maximum possible potential and to this end we are extending all our support and cooperation to the Food and Agriculture Organization as well as to all countries involved. Since hunger, malnutrition poverty and unemployment are issues with worldwide dimensions and implications, determining the existence or not of peace, happiness and the well-being of the peoples on the earth, we pledge full support and contribution to the efforts towards their alleviation and eventual eradication. We are expressing our highest appreciation to the work and efforts that the Food and Agriculture Organization is exerting and wish to this Conference every success.

POINT OF ORDER

POINT D'ORDRE

PUNTO DE ORDEN

I. BIRSE (Turquie): Je regrette vraiment d'être amené à prendre la parole à la suite de certaines observations du Ministre chypriote visant mon pays. Nous sommes ici, M. le President, pour discuter des questions de lutte contre la faim; la FAO doit être la dernière enceinte où l'on peut discuter de la question de Chypre. C'est une question hautement politique, délicate et complexe. Je ne me permettrais pas de prendre le temps précieux de cette auguste assemblée pour une polémique. Nous sommes convaincus que cette question trouvera une solution juste et durable grâce à des négociations des deux communautés menées avec bonne foi. Je voudrais seulement, M. le Président, que l'on prenne note que la délégation turque regrette infiniment que la FAO soit utilisée pour des buts de propagande. Le Ministre chypriote doit savoir qu'il a été démontré dans le passé que les efforts de ce genre ne contribuent guère à la solution du problème de Chypre.

E. VALDES OTERO (Uruguay): Señor Presidente, señores representantes de los Estados Miembros de FAO; señores.


La delegación de Uruguay, que tengo el honor de presidir, se complace en presentar al señor Presidente sus felicitaciones por la designación de que ha sido objeto, que fuera apoyada por nuestro país. Asimismo, reconoce en él al representante de un país que ha librado una importante lucha para asegurar un sistema democrático de vida.

También se complace en presentar sus felicitaciones a los funcionarios de FAO en la persona del señor Director General, por la organización de esta Conferencia, pero también porque en la sede de esta Institución se cultiva el espíritu de concordia entre los pueblos del mundo, lo que es un espectáculo reconfortante de integración entre las razas y nacionalidades aquí presentes.

El Uruguay es un antiguo miembro de la Organización. En consecuencia, no requiere presentación. Ha sido sede de Conferencias regionales, y en el año próximo va a ser Sede de la Conferencia Regional de FAO, de América Latina, pero es bueno que hagamos conocer cuál es la situación actual en nuestro país.

Desde el punto de vista institucional, el Uruguay fue uno de los primeros países que sufrió el flagelo del terrorismo internacional; lo venció en su territorio; aseguró la convivencia pacífica de sus habitantes; y, junto a otros países de la región, se ha constituido, hoy, en un área de esperanza para la humanidad en su conjunto. Es así que se ha transformado en centro muy importante de inversiones internacionales en la industria, en el agro, y aún en la propiedad inmobiliaria. Los capitales internacionales buscan el amparo de nuestras instituciones.

Nuestro país se apresta, asimismo, a emprender el desafío de actualizar su derecho público. La humanidad, en cincuenta años, evolucionó más que en veinte siglos anteriores, y sin embargo el derecho público ha permanecido de algún modo inmutable, y requiere hoy una urgente modernización. La finalidad de tal modernización es encontrar el justo punto de equilibrio entre los derechos individuales y los derechos de la comunidad en su conjunto, porque aquéllos! perecen sin éstos, pero éstos se desvanecen sin aquéllos.

Desde el punto de vista económico y social, nuestro país, Uruguay, se encuentra en una situación que podríamos definir como la de un país en vías de desarrollo, pero con indicadores propios de un país desarrollado. La economía tiene dependencia frente a los mercados internacionales en los que no ha podido ni puede influir, ya que las importaciones están gravadas por su dependencia frente a productos básicos de gran significación, como por ejemplo el petróleo y los fertilizantes. También están gravadas por su dependencia frente a importaciones de bienes de capital y de tecnología. Sus exportaciones, aún cuando se encuentran dentro de un proceso creciente de diversificación, constan fundamentalmente de productos agrícolas industrializados y de bienes manufacturados, desarrollados en forma creciente.

Sin embargo, frente a esta realidad, tenemos indicadores propios de un país desarrollado, como he dicho, con anterioridad. Los ingresos de la población, aunque el país espera tenerlos mayores en un futuro inmediato, son sumamente altos en términos comparativos. El grado de alfabetización del país es altísimo. El modo de empleo de la renta nacional es el propio de un país desarrollado, y además no existe, afortunadamente, en nuestro país, ni hambre ni malnutrición. Es uno de los países con un índice de consumo de proteínas de los más altos en el mundo.

En nuestro país en este momento se sigue una estrategia de crecimiento que creo es de interés exponer ante esta importante Asamblea.

En primer lugar, podemos decir que creemos en el propio esfuerzo, aunque acogemos la inversión internacional, dándole el amparo de nuestras instituciones y confiriendo igualdad de trato entre el capital nacional y extranjero así como beneficios promocionales. También vigilamos muy estrechamente los indicadores que reflejan el crecimiento autosostenido de nuestro pueblo. Vigilamos el crecimiento del ingreso de los diversos agentes económicos; Vigilamos el empleo de los recursos nacionales en la inversión interna; vigilamos el incremento de la eficencia en las empresas públicas y privadas; y vigilamos, también, la apertura pragmática de nuestra economía hacia los mercados internacionales.

Consideramos, en segundo lugar, que el sector agropecuario constituye la principal palanca del desarrollo nacional. El sector agropecuario del Uruguay tiene muy importantes ventajas comparativas que estamos dispuestos a hacer efectivas en el mercado internacional. Pensamos, eso sí, que hay que producir para el mercado internacional, habiendo dejado una etapa de ingenuidad, para estar transitando, en este momento, en pos de la madurez económica. Respetamos el derecho de las demás naciones a proteger sus propios intereses, pero nos sentimos capaces de proteger los nuestros. Yo diría que, afortunadamente, nos sentimos capaces de proteger nuestros propios intereses nacionales. En estos momentos, por ejemplo, los cuatro principales países exportadores de carne hemos llegado a un acuerdo sumamente importante a los efectos de perfeccionar el mercado internacional de la carne. Este acuerdo, trascendente, y que en algún momento la historia recogerá, tuvo su origen en un acuerdo interministerial formalizado en la ciudad de Montevideo en el mes de junio de 1977, entre los Ministros de Agricultura de la Argentina y del Uruguay.

Estamos desarrollando en nuestro país la tecnología con crecientes transferencias desde el sector externo, pero también con importantes transferencias dentro de nuestro país hacia los pequeños productores, que son los más necesitados de tecnología. Por ejemplo, en materia de modernización de la explotación agropecuaria, en el Uruguay es hoy lugar común la práctica de la inseminación artificial. Existe un mejor aprovechamiento de las praderas naturales a través de una division creciente de los potreros. Existe en materia pecuaria un programa que tiene el apoyo del Banco Mundial, y que también ofrece a los productores, como alternativa, recursos nacionales propios.

Estamos caminando por el sendero de la tecnificación agrícola en un programa de cuatro años para el establecimiento de sistemas agrícolas y ganaderos en situación de cubrir un millón y medio de hectáreas, realizado también con recursos propios de nuestro país, al que le he asignado la mayor importancia, y que determinará, seguramente, un crecimiento de nuestra producción a niveles realmente espectaculares.

En nuestro país existe fácil acceso a la tierra. Así como no hay hambre de proteínas, tampoco existe hambre de tierra. Estamos desarrollando un programa de colonización, también con recursos nacionales, a fin de crear una infraestructura vial y de energía eléctrica; un nivel de vida para el productor y su familia, y además un incremento de la producción, a fin de transformar a los colonos, que son los más pequeños productores, en un ejemplo de desarrollo de la producción agropecuaria, que sirva de modelo a los productores en su conjunto.

Tenemos, además, importantes políticas nacionales diseñadas por nuestro país, las cuales se encuentran cumpliendo puntualmente los cronogramas establecidos, como ocurre con la política nacional de desarrollo pesquero, sector que en este momento tiene una capacidad de procesamiento del orden de 80 000 tone ladas anuales, habiéndose previsto en el croriograma para 1980, 200 000 toneladas anuales; , y 400 000 para el quinquenio siguiente, de los años 1980-1985.

Todo esto que acabo de decir de nuestro país, dicho en tal forma constituye un lugar común en nuestro propio país, pero, sin embargo, en la sede de FAO consideramos bueno exponerlo porque entendemos que puede llegar a constituir un modelo de desarrollo en el sector rural que debe merecer la atención de este organismo internacional en su lucha contra el flagelo del hambre y la malnutrición, que afectan a importantes masas humanas; para luchar contra los bajos niveles de alfabetización, que impiden el acce-so a las vías del desarrollo, y para luchar también contra el atraso en la producción, que ha dado lugar a graves crisis alimentarias, que todos conocemos, y que seguramente determinarán en el futuro, lamentablemente, otras crisis semejantes.

Presentada la situación actual de nuestro país a vuestra consideración, creemos oportuno manifestar lo que Uruguay espera de FAO. En primer lugar, espera que se dé ejecución a lo que se insinúa en documentos de FAO. En este sentido tenemos que señalar lá complacencia de nuestro país a la introducción del Director General en el documento C 77/23, sobre los objetivos de FAO a plazo medio. Encontramos en ese documento lo que podríamos llamar el principio de la concentración de los recursos en sustitución de la dispersión que los torna inoperantes. Dice en dicho documento el Director General de FAO: "En materia de planificación he manifestado mi disgusto por la dispersión de una gran parte de los recursos de la Organización en un sinnúmero de estudios interminables de planificación. Son mucho más interesantes para quienes los realizan que útiles para los ministros y ejecutivos de cualquier país en desarrollo, preocupados por los problemas reales y apremiantes de sus agricultores y masas hambrientas con las que tienen que enfrentarse. ''

También compartimos el principio de realismo en las soluciones que está documentado en esa misma introducción del Director General. Dice allí: "En nuestra inquietud por el futuro, por el siglo entrante, no debemos perder de mira la exigencia imperativa de una acción inmediata y concreta para aliviar los sufrimientos del día de hoy y construir para el mañana. ''

Uruguay espera también que lá FAO continúe sosteniendo la difusión de la tecnología. En este sentido, en Uruguay lo está haciendo muy bien. La aportación de FAO en Uruguay está centrada fundamentalmente en areas correspondientes a la veterinaria, agricultura y pesquería. No tiene un gran volumen en materia de dinero, pero estos niveles modestos, son los que, precisamente, promueven el autoesfuerzo, que es una de las características del desarrollo nacional uruguayo.

Esperamos también que FAO centre su atención en promover la colocación de los excedentes agrícolas. Existen en el concierto de las naciones varias formas posibles de incrementar la producción. Una consiste en incrementar el empleo del capital técnico, mejorar la tecnología, por ejemplo, como propone FAO


a fin de prevenir las pérdidas en alimentos para abandonar luego a los productores en la colocación de sus productos. Con ello no solamente se pierde la inversión, sino que además se pierde la fe en el proceso de desarrollo, en la inversión y en la acción del Organismo.

Existe otra forma de implementar el desarrollo, impulsándolo en forma sostenida, partiendo del principio, de la base de que debe promoverse cuanto antes el encuentro rápido de la oferta con la demanda, acelerando los ciclos de producción y aplicando entonces la tecnología y el capital en un circuito económico dinámico. Yo diría, para fundar esta premisa, que para qué sirve inyectar sangre al enfermo cuando las arterias están obstruidas. La realidad del comercio internacional en materia agrícola demuestra que sí, que las arterias están obstruidas y que es muy difícil dejar sin efecto esas obstrucciones, y que en ello debemos centrar nuestros principales empeños. Hay en el mundo contemporáneo, aunque parezca paradójico, países en desarrollo productores de alimentos que, como Uruguay, tienen excedentes sin colocar, y países desarrollados que se encuentran empeñados en cerrar sus mercados a los países productores de alimentos. Transfieren artificialmente ingresos de sus consumidores a sus productores; de sus consumidores a los consumidores de sus socios y aun de sus consumidores a los consumidores de otros países desarrollados, transformando, inesperadamente, todo el complejo comercial de los alimentos en una especie de negocio suntuario que a nada bueno puede conducir, en tanto que estos mismos mercados, al mismo tiempo, justo es reconocerlo, realizan muy importantes aportaciones económicas a los organismos internacionales y a los propios países en vías de desarrolló, pero con estos aportes se incrementa la producción, y luego resulta que se termina cerrándoles la frontera.

Frente a este panorama de los países en desarrollo sin hambre y de los países desarrollados, tenemos a los países con hambre y con malnutrición, que presencian, y seguramente no comprenden, cómo nos lamentamos todos de su suerte, y sin embargo no progresamos suficientemente en nuestro camino, que tendrá que ser muy claro y muy inequívoco.

En la economía internacional está sucediendo lo que sucedía en las economías nacionales en la época en que la caridad predominaba sobre las políticas de empleo y de ingresos. Hoy nadie piensa que los países puedan desarrollarse y obtener mejores niveles de vida con patronatos sino con políticas de empleo y de ingresos. Y esta premisa, que es indiscutible a nivel de las economías nacionales, resulta paradójicamente novedosa y sorprendente a nivel de la economía internacional.

Señor Presidente, la conclusión que se puede extraer de mi exposición es que, como Nación, vemos el futuro con optimismo. Los obstáculos, las trabas, el desafío que se nos ha impuesto, han servido para hacernos maduros; han contribuido a formarnos por nuestro propio esfuerzo. Hoy Uruguay se está diversificando en la producción y en el comercio; se ha restituido a las prácticas del mercado y ha implantado una política de apertura en la economía hacia el comercio internacional que merece cada día el creciente respeto de las otras naciones.

Desde el punto de vista mundial, nos sorprende la falta de perspectiva histórica de los dirigentes nacionales inclinados a un cerrado proteccionismo a nivel de sus economías nacionales.

Nosotros formulamos la esperanza de que FAO, como organismo internacional especializado en la materia, sea capaz de integrar los esfuerzos de los Estados Miembros a fin de elaborar una estrategia mundial en materia alimentaria que se encuentre en el nivel de lucidez que la historia de la humanidad, con derecho, demanda a los hombres de nuestro tiempo.

MRS. F. A. CHENOWETH (Liberia): Mr. Chairman, Excellencies, distinguished delegates and observers, ladies and gentlemen.

I bring you greetings from the home front on behalf of our Head of State, the Government and people of Liberia and on behalf of my delegation and in my own name.

I am particularly pleased that once again, the urgent need to resolve existing problems commonly experienced regionally and internationally in food production, has found expression in the convening of this international forum. However, as I have personally participated in similar forums since the early seventies, I fervently hope that there will be more meaningful impact follow-up actions after our deliberations here.

It is comforting to know that World Leaders and experts in the area of agriculture, have always shown an avid concern for and a resolute desire to ameliorate the stance of World Food Productivity, especially in developing i countries where distressingly, food production has not kept pace with population growth.


Here, we must review our respective records in terms of visible and quantifiable, as well as abstract accounts of improvements achieved by member nations in agricultural production since the convening of the Eighteenth Session of the biennial Conference of this Organization, identify problematic areas and bottlenecks, assess the activities of the FAO as they relate to the food situation in our respective countries and the implications for the future, and emerge with pratical, meaningful and viable proposals for, and if need be restructuring current FAO food aid policies, programmes and activities in an effort to bridge the ever widening disparity between food production and population growth.

We note with satisfaction that the improvement in World Food Supplies which began in 1975, continued during the past year. However, many undesirable features remain, particularly in respect of long-term problems. Regrettably, " in true assessment, little progress has been made towards the achievement of the goals agreed upon by the World Food Conference.

The improved production results in the developing countries in 1975 were generally followed by further satisfactory increases in 1976. It is of particular interest that the average annual increase in food production in these countries since 1970 has now risen to 2. 6 percent although this remains well below the 4 percent target called for in the International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade, reaffirmed by the 1974 World Food Conference, is nonetheless noteworthy.

At the international level, the increase of 3 percent in food production in 1976 was the largest since 1973. Although the increase was minimal, it was a positive and encouraging indication of improvement in the World Food Situation. World cereal production rose by 9 percent to a new record level, rice production lagged slightly behind the 1975 record.

It would be wise however, not to content ourselves with this seemingly impressive achievement in increased food production since we can vividly record that this was the same situation just prior to that which led to the world food crisis. The fact therefore that the receding affect of the world food crisis is now resulting in talks among some developed countries to cut back on their present level of grain production should not be supported since the major improvements have been achieved in the developed countries leaving the masses - the developing countries in their plight of food shortages. This condition of course has persisted largely because the major contributing factor of low capital levels for the intensive infusion in agriculture to make any meaningful changes is still most vividly present in these countries.

In spite of this, it is particularly interesting to note that the increasing attention to agriculture in the form of relatively greater investment in national development plans, and of various programmes and measures, are already beginning to show results in some countries including my own.

On the home front, the agricultural situation is characterized by a strengthening and establishment of the social institutions and infrastructure necessary for the take-off for a self-sustaining and "dynamic agricultural growth and development. To achieve this, a two-fold objective is being pursued:

1. The acceleration of the production of the priority crops, namely rice, tree-crops, livestock, and forestry - towards achieving a level of national sufficiency in our staple food, and to develop the commercial value of our forestry products;

2. To provide assistance to the subsistence farmers so as to re-direct their objectives and improve their productivity, through the application of more scientific farming methods, from a subsistence level to highly productive cash crops for the local and export markets.

The low level of capital for investment remains the major constraint. Additionally, like most other developing countries, Liberia continues to rely very heavily on the export of agricultural primary products to world markets at prices which are controlled by the same developed countries that control the prices of the manufactured goods which the developing countries need for agricultural development. The only solution which seems to hold any hope is the establishment of a New International Economic Order, which the United Nations General Assembly has already called for.

In our assessment of FAO's past and present activities, we hold the view that FAO's Programmes are delimited too much to agricultural activities and not to rural development in its totality. We. feel that the new policy of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development which directs increasing amounts into the agricultural sector through integrated rural development programmes is commendable and should be emulated by FAO.


For many years, developing countries, through the FAO, relied on technical assistance from the United Nations Development Programme for major agricultural programmes. This source which today is at a level too low to be meaningful has resulted in the termination of projects in these countries before the true impact could be felt. In view of this, we who have attended FAO biennal meetings over the years and have participated in the various discussions as to what FAO could do with regards to the international agricultural adjustment must here admit that unfortunately this Organization has failed to achieve any success in this area.

Another area of concern to my delegation - again this is one which has been debated in this Conference over the past two biennia, and also at two regional meetings is the very low level of representation of the African Region in the FAO staff structure, both here at the Headquarters and in the fields. We again call on the Director-General to take some urgent and very positive action to correct this most unsatisfactory situation.

We have reviewed the Programme of Work and Budget as proposed by the Director-General for the 1978-79 biennium and we support both his proposals and action programmes in the following areas:

1. The prevention of food losses - We are particularly interested in the sound proposals for reducing pre- and post-harvest losses.

2. The creation of the Technical Co-operation Programme.

3. The decentralization of the activities of the Organization to the country level.

4. The appointment of more FAO Country Representatives.

On the proposal for a World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development, which will discuss principles with wide differences among countries, we call on the Director-General to take note of the mediocre level of actual achievement from the World Population Conference and the World Food Conference when the over-all cost of organizing such forums is considered and should therefore use these experiences as guidelines for expenditure on this Conference.

We join the many other countries who have extended words of welcome to all of the new member countries that have just been admitted into the Organization. We are especially pleased to see amongst us our sister countries Angola and Mozambique. Your struggle for freedom has been long and difficult as you have waited for more than five hundred years for freedom from the cruel colonial domination to which you were subjected. We hold great hope that our other brothers and sisters who unfortunately still suffer from this oppression will very shortly achieve their freedom.

On the whole, my delegation joins me in congratulating you Dr. Saouma for the manner in which you have ably directed the affairs of the Organization, which has resulted in the meaningful reorientation of the Organizational activities since your encumbency.

Though we belong to that part of the world where by reason of fate we find ourselves living at substandard levels with all of the attaining disadvantages, we maintain the hope that if difficulties lie in our path to progress, if obstructions clutter our way, if responsibilities burden our shoulders, let them be neither insurmountable, irremovable nor discouraging. But let them be regarded as tests of our faith, challenges to our courage, defiance to our strength and scrutiny of our purpose.

Our duty as agriculturists and members of the World's Food and Agriculture Organization should continue to be that of delineating the path and taking the lead for continous development of the sector. On this way, my country reaffirms its determination to loose itself in the cause of agricultural and over-all national development and I can assure you that we are determined in this resolution.

M. A. CADENAS MADARIAGA (Argentina): Uniéndome a las demás delegaciones, en primer lugar quiero expresar nuestra felicitación al Sr. Presidente por su designación, la cual, en mérito a sus antecedentes, estamos convencidos de que hará honor a la confianza depositada en su persona.


Asimismo nos congratulamos de la incorporación de nuevos Miembros a la Organización, en la esperanza de que contribuyan a fortalecerla en su objetivo específico de desarrollo agrícola y mejoramiento de las condiciones de alimentación del mundo. En cuanto al desenvolvimiento de la propia Organización, destacamos que ha realizado importantes contribuciones dentro de las finalidades de su creación, pero estimamte que puede perfeccionarse más su cometido. Al finalizar nuestra exposición sugeriremos algunas ideas en tal sentido, seguros de interpretar la intención de sus autoridades.

CONTRIBUCIONES DE LA REPUBLICA ARGENTINA A LA SOLUCION DE LOS PROBLEMAS DE LA PRODUCCIÓN AGRÍCOLA Y LA ALIMENTACIÓN EN EL MUNDO

Si se analiza la evolución registrada por la producción agrícola entre los países de zona templada en las últimas decadas, en particular de Australia, Nueva Zelandia, Canadá, Estados Unidos y la República Argentina, entre otros, se percibe que hay un atraso relativo manifiesto de nuestro país con relación a la producción de los mencionados países. Esta dispar evolución no ha obedecido a diferentes oportunidades que el mercado mundial pudo ofrecer a unos y a otros, pues se dieron las mismas oportunidades, particularmente en el campo de la agricultura, aunque también, en general, para la exportación de los productos de la ganadería.

Tampoco puede responsabilizarse del atraso comparativo registrado por la República Argentina, a las limitaciones de su área geográfica, porque poseía y aún posee inmensas extensiones sin cultivar o con un grado de aprovechamiento muy bajo.

Por lo tanto, las razones por las que no ha crecido - en ese período - suficientemente la producción argentina se encuentran en factores internos. Ellos han consistido básicamente en una equivocada estrategia de desarrollo, conforme a la cual deliberadamente se restringieron las posibilidades de crecimiento que tenía el sector agrícola, sustrayéndole ingentes recursos a través de diferentes sistemas de subsidios en beneficio del sector público, los sectores urbanos y el sector industrial.

Al error de concebir el crecimiento económico en forma sectorizada se agregaron otros, los que en definitiva determinaron que la República Argentina, contra todas sus posibilidades potenciales, y de oportunidad, derivadas de las circunstancias mundiales, tuviera un desarrollo económico insatiefac-torio en el período de la posguerra.

Sobre este diagnóstico se funda y origina, en marzo de 1976, una nueva estrategia económica, la que dentro de una conoepción de desarrollo global y muítisectorial, reserva al sector agrícola un importante papel, en ajustada ponderación de las posibilidades que le ofrecen la geografía y los recursos humanos y de organización que tiene la República Argentina.

En forma muy sucinta describiré los grandes instrumentos de la nueva política agrícola: (a) Vigencia de los precios internacionales en el mercado interno: En primer término se eliminó la sobre evaluación monetaria que inspiró la política cambiarla argentina durante décadas, haciendo que los tipos de cambio progresivamente se unificaran para finalizar en un tipo de cambio único que refleja, efectivamente, el valor de la moneda argentina respecto de las monedas extranjeras. En segundo término y con el mismo propósito, se eliminaron progresivamente los impuestos a las exportaciones hasta su desaparición total para la mayor parte de los productos. En este aspecto se hace notar que el nivel de los impuestos a las exportaciones para los cereales y los oleaginosos en marzo de 1976 se encontraban en el orden del 50 por ciento del valor de exportación de tales productos; (b) Eliminación del monopolio estatal en el comercio de granos: En el orden comercial se eliminó el monopolio estatal en la comer-cialización de los granos y también la preferente intervención del Estado en la comercialización externa de las carnes. También en esta materia se eliminaron todos los regímenes vigentes de subsidios a los productos alimenticios y los precios máximos, excepto para el caso de la leche, que aún persiste con carácter excepcional, y solamente para el gran Buenos Aires; (c) Extensión de la frontera agropecuaria: La República Argentina tiene un área muy extensa de tierras de gran valor que no se han incorporado a la producción o que mantienen niveles de productividad muy bajos. Para lograr este resultado, en primer término se inició un proceso de privatización o venta de la tierra fiscal en manos de los Estados provinciales, previas las tareas de mensura y parcelamiento; se continuó con la incorporación de tierras de baja productividad, en partioular de tierras cubiertas de bosques de poco valor maderero y de tierras áridas, semiáridas o anegadizas. Este programa se desarrollará con la participación del Banco Mundial, hallándose otros proyectos, muy importantes, con la misma finalidad, en etapa de elaboración. Finalmente la reforma de la legislación en materia de arrendamientos se conceptúa que contribuirá significativamente a la expansión del área agrícola y al mejoramiento de la eficiencia, por la incorporación que dará lugar, de los elementos humanos más capaces, a la producción rural. (d) El perfeccionamiento del sistema de comercialización y almacenaje de granos: No obstante que en 1976/1977 se obtuvo una cosecha excepcional de 33 millonee de Tn de cereales y oleaginosos, que parecía imposible poder comercializar con las limitaciones derivadas de la capacidad


de almacenaje de la Argentina, se logró concretar dicha comercialización sin mayores problemas, mediante el perfeccionamiento de los sistemas de almacenaje, lo que posibilitó el aprovechamiento óptimo de la capacidad instalada, al mismo tiempo que amplió la red privada de elevadores; (e) EL desarrollo teonológico: El perfeccionamiento de la tecnología, tanto en el campo de la investiga-ción como en el de la extensión, contribuyó al resultado logrado La República Argentina invierte a través del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, aproximadamente 60 millones de dólares anuales en esta materia, además de los demás gastos que a través del sistema educacional y de institutos y organismos oficiales y privados se gastan con el mismo objetivo. EL tema del desarrollo tecnológico se conceptúa fundamental en la política agrícola argentina y esperamos tener uno de los mejores institutos de investigaciones y extensión para un futuro próximo; (f) La política sanitaria: Las enfermedades y las plagas causan ingentes daños a la agricultura y a la ganadería argentinas, por lo que a este tema se ha resuelto darle una clara prioridad en la política agrícola. Se creará un instituto y organismo autárquico que será responsable en el orden nacional de la organización de todas las luchas sanitarias, dotándolo de recursos financieros adecuados de aproximadamente 30 millones de dólares anuales. Al mismo tiempo se han incrementado las exigencias de control, y valor inmunológico para algunas vacunas, en particular la de la aftosa; (g) La contribución de otros sectores de la política eoónómica: Al desarrollo agrícola contribuyen poderosamente también las reformas que se han introducido a partir de marzo de 1976 en la política fiscal, mediante la imposición preferente de la tierra, las tasas positivas de interés que han impedido la formación de stocks y terminado con la inversión especulativa en tierras y ganados, y la racionalización de la política arancelaria, haciendo que la producción interna tenga la competencia de las importaciones, para facilitar - entre otras finalidades - el equipamiento agrario en condiciones progresivamente más favorables.

EL RESULTADO OBTENIDO

Para ser muy breves nos limitaremos a reproducir un cuadro que indica la evolución de la producción en el período 1976/1977 respecto de los anos anteriores.

INDICE DE VOLUMEN FÍSICO DE LA OFERTA AGRO PECUARIA
(base 1965/69 - 100)

PERIODO

SECTOR AGRÍCOLA

SECTOR PECUARIO

SECTOR AGROPECUARIO

1959/60

84, 3

82, 6

83, 6

1960/61

80, 5

88, 0

84, 0

1961/62

89, 5

91, 1

90, 2

1962/63

84, 5

96, 4

90, 0

1963/64

96, 9

85, 6

91, 6

1964/65

107, 4

97, 7

98, 9

1965/66

94, 1

101, 4

95, 8

1966/67

103, 8

101, 4

102, 7

1967/68

96, 7

102, 7

99, 5

1968/69

97, 9

109, 1

103, 1

1969/70

112, 8

104, 8

109, 0

1970/71

108, 0

95, 5

102, 1

1971/72

86, 5

99, 5

92, 5

1972/73

120, 2

99, 3

113, 9

1973/74

120, 9

103, 0

115, 0

1974/75

109, 3

109, 6

111, 2

1975/76

131, 5

117, 8

125, 1

1976/77

154, 8

117, 0

137, 0

Como puede observarse, se ha logrado un incremento sustancial en el volumen físico de la producción agrícola alcanzándose el nivel más alto de la historia argentina. También puede apreciarse que es mucho mayor la reacción del sector agrícola que la del ganadero, porque la elasticiad de la oferta de los productos agrícolas respecto del precio es mayor en este sector que en el ganadero, y además porque los precios de la agricultura fueron en abril de 1976 sensiblemente mejores que los de la ganadería, en términos relativos.


LA INFLUENCIA NEGATIVA DE LAS FLUCTUACIONES DE LOS PRECIOS DE LAS MATERIAS PRIMAS AGRÍCOLAS

En los dos últimos anos se han registrado variaciones sumamente importantes en los precios de los cereales y muy recientemente en el de las oleaginosas, ademas de otros productos agrícolas Estas fluctuaciones, que no fueron neutralizadas total ni parcialmente por ningún mecanismo de compensación interno, salvo la reducción progresiva de los impuestos a las exportaciones y el mejoramiento del tipo de cambio, tuvieron un efecto negativo en la siembra de cereales del ano 1977· Esto es perfectamente comprensible porque la caída de los precios de los cereales, los redujo al nivel más bajo conocido a partir de la última posguerra, en valores constantes.

En base a esta experiencia, que reitera y repite una larga experiencia en el comercio mundial, el Gobierno argentino considera que el tema más importante para mantener una oferta apropiada respecto. de la demanda mundial de alimentos, es reducir estas fluctuaciones de precios, mediante diversos mecanismos de regulación.

La República Argentina considera igualmente grave y perjudicial para los países exportadores que para los importadores, mantener un sistema comercial que deje librada a las solas tendencias del mercado la correlación entre la oferta y la demanda.

Ello es así porque, cuando un exceso en la oferta produce una caída en los precios internacionales, se opera inmediatamente una contracción en la producción que lleva a un insatisfactorio abastecimiento de la demanda y a un correlativo incremento de los precios. Este comportamiento errático es perjudicial, tanto para los exportadores como para los importadores.

Por esa razón, la República Argentina participa en los esfuerzos que se realizan para regular el co-mercio internacional; del trigo y los cereales en general; está dispuesta a hacer esfuerzos parecidos en el campo de los productos oleaginosos, y ha dado pasos positivos en el mismo sentido en Australia, Nueva Zelandia, y el Uruguay, en materia de carnes.

Deseamos dejar sentado que esta política no responde en absoluto a la denominada teoría del deterioro de los términos de intercambio, la cual se conceptúa equivocada por no fundarse en un análisis suficientemente cuidadoso de la evolución de los precios de los productos industriales y primarios, realizándose una incorrecta comparación del valor medio de las importaciones y exportaciones de los países en desarrollo, sin tener en cuenta los progresos tecnológicos introducidos en los productos industriales, ni la disminución operada en los costos del transporte.

Por el contrario, se funda la política del Gobierno argentino en el hecho empírico e incontestable de las fuertes fluctuaciones que sufren los precios de las materias primas respecto de los productos industrializados, ló que generalmente se origina en su oferta atomizada por oposición a una oferta concentrada, característica de la producción industrial.

LA COOPERACION CON LOS PAÍSES EN DESARROLLO

La Repúblioa Argentina conceptúa un deber fundamental cooperar con los países de menor desarrollo relativo, tanto para ayudarle a resolver los problemas de la producción como de la alimentación.

Sin embargo, conceptúa que la solidaridad en esta materia debe estar sujeta a determinadas reglas y condiciones a fin de que la misma sea más eficaz y se halle compartida equitativamente por todos los países en condiciones de suministrarla.

Con relación a la contribución por parte de los países que se encuentran en condiciones de aportar una cooperación activa, aprecia la Repúblia Argentina que, una vez determinadas las necesidades de ayuda, las mismas deben solicitarse o resolverse en función de la capacidad económica de cada país, y que ésta debe medirse en proporción al producto bruto global y al producto bruto per capita de loe países más desarrollados, interpretando que las obligaciones al respecto le alcanzan también a la República Argentina.

En el mismo sentido, pero examinando el problema de la cooperación con la preocupación de preservar la independencia y la soberanía de los países en desarrollo, se entiende que la misma debe estar dirigida fundamentalmente a resolver las limitaciones derivadas de factores o causas tecnológicas, defectos de infraestructura en los servicios esenciales o en los sistemas de comercialización.

En el plano institucional, particularmente de las instituciones fundamentales de cada país, la cooperación no puede ser causa o motivo para la introducción de reformas porque ello limitaría el principio de autodeterminación en cuestiones esenciales que hacen a la capacidad y el derecho de autonomía que cada país tiene.


En este orden, una cuestión que nos parece de fundamental importancia es el tema relativo a la reforma agraria, porque él generalmente permite que, so pretexto de cooperar en el desarrollo agrícola, se tiende a imponer al país receptor de la ayuda condiciones que atentan contra principios de su organización económica y política tradicional.

La República Argentina Conceptúa que ningún programa de desarrollo agrícola puede fundarse en el desconocimiento de la propiedad privada. En primer término, porque ello crea un factor de inseguridad que afecta y destruye toda la estructura productiva, y, en segundo término, porque los programes de reformas agrarias, en su concepto más generalizado, ponen el acento sobre una cuestión que a los efectos del mejoramiento de la productividad, ya no es esencial, pues comparando los resultados que pueden obtenerse con los programas de expropiación y subdivisión de la tierra, en cuanto a su rentabilidad, resultan menores que los aplicados al mejoramiento tecnológico de las explotaciones.

Esta cuestión que plantea el tema de la reforma agraria, pero que también puede plantearse en otros temas, debe resolverse por el respeto de las instituciones políticas y jurídicas de cada país, como premisa básica de la acción de la FAO en la materia.

También nos parece fundamental diferenciar la capacidad para comer del derecho a la alimentación Lo primero tiende a la satisfacción de los sentidos y simultáneamente también a la satisfacción de las necesidades del organismo humano. Lo segundo es esencialmente la satisfacción de las necesidades en proteínas, hidratos de carbono y grasas que tiene todo ser humano. A esto último deben estar dirigidos los esfuerzos de los países con relación a los que tienen problemas de alimentación.

Con relación a este último objetivo se deberían desarrollar productos de valor alimentioio integral que fueran de bajo preoio, y no requiriesen frió para su conservación. La República Argentina está desarrollando tecnologías dentro de esta finalidad y está dispuesta a asociarse a otros países para llevar a cabo programas más ambiciosos en esta materia. A la brevedad haremos llegar al Director General detalles de los progresos alcanzados en esta materia.

Para cerrar esta exposición, consideramos necesario referirnos a la forma que entendemos que esta gran institución que es la FAO puede y debe contribuir al desarrollo agrícola y a resolver los problemas de la alimentación en el mundo. Al respecto nuestro pensamiento puede concretarse en la siguiente forma:

a) El cometido de la FAO debe estar dirigido a superar los factores limitantes de carácter tecnológico, de infraestructura y de servicios que registran los países en desarrollo en el campo de la producción y la comercialización de los productos agropecuarios.

b) Debe desarrollar programas y planes concretos dirigidos a las finalidades expresadas, científica y tecnológicamente concebidos, a los efectos de requerir el menor esfuerzo por parte de los países dosantes y los mayores resultados por parte de los países receptores.

c) Al respecto debe coordinar los esfuerzos individuales, públicos y privados, que realizan los países, sin pretender que los países o instituciones pierdan la personalidad ni la autonomía propia de cada uno, orientándolas en la forma más inteligente, para lograr el objetivo del mejoramiento de la productividad.

d) En el mismo sentido, debe tender a coordinar, respetando la autonomía de las instituciones públicas y privadas de todos los países del mundo que estén dirigidas a cooperar en los problemas del hambre y la desnutrición.

e) Debe abstenerse de propiciar reformas en las estructuras políticas de cada pals. Al mismo tiempo debe tratar que su estructura administrativa y el comportamiento de las delegaciones acreditadas ante la misma no impliquen afectar las estructuras institucionales de los demás palees.

Señor Presidente, permítame expresar el reconocimiento de mi país al importante apoyo que la FAO prestará a la Conferencia sobre Cooperación Técnica entre Palees en Desarrollo que tendrá lugar en Buenos Aires el próximo año.

Conocemos la valiosa experiencia acumulada por esta Organización en el campo de la cooperación técnica sobre agricultura y alimentación. Por ello, desde ya, estimamos de alto valor la participación activa que se ha previsto para la FAO en dicho evento internacional.


E. L. SENANAYAKE (Sri Lanka): Mr. Chairman, let me congratulate you on your appointment to the high office of Chairman of this Conference.

May I, at the outset, convey to the Nineteenth Session of the Food and Agriculture Organization the most cordial greetings and food wishes of my Prime Minister and of the Government and the people of Sri Lanka. To me, as Minister of Agriculture and Lands, it is a matter of personal honour and satisfaction to be able to address this gathering of distinguished delegates. As delegates are no doubt aware, the present Government of my country assumed office just over three months ago after a resounding and unparalleled victory at the polls conducted in a free. and democratic manner.

On the food and agriculture front, clear policies were laid before the people and my Government obtained an unequivocal mandate to implement those policies. Although I do not wish to belabour the conference with details- of those policies in the field of agriculture and food, I shall, during the course of my short statement, endeavour to sort out some of those items that I consider might be of interest to the delegates as well as to the FAO.

My Government has been in office for just over three months. During this short period its attention has been devoted mainly to the immediate problems of the switch-over and I will not be able to present to this august body very much in terms of actual achievement. It is my fervent hope that at the Twentieth Session commencing two years hence I shall be able to present before this body a creditable account of what my Government has been doing in this sphere. We had hardly begun to settle down and start implementing our programmes of work when communal disturbances erupted in the Island and set back the pace of development. However. I am glad to report that the situation has returned to normalcy and we look forward to at least a six-year period of fruitful development and constructive collaboration in this task of national development with World Organizations like the FAO. We note, Mr. Director-General, that this is the first conference to be held after you assumed the duties of this exalted office in November 1975. We look forward to considering your proposals for the Programme of Work and the Budget for 1978/1979 and to listen to the steps you have already taken to give a 'new look' to the FAO by re-orienting its strategies and re-structuring its organisation to enable it to better cope with the new demands made of it.

The guiding principle of the policies in regard to food and agriculture of my Government is to make Sri Lanka self-sufficient in all items of food that can be grown in the country. We propose to achieve this goal not on narrow considerations of mere import substitution but by developing rational and pragmatic systems of crop and livestock development based on reasonable margins of costs and returns. In achieving this goal, we will have to contend with several adverse factors such as the weather patterns which have never been helpful towards a systematic cultivation programme. Price escalations of the basic agricultural inputs, coupled with an acute world-wide shortage of inputs such as fertilizer, have had a crippling influence on our agricultural development programmes. These two fundamental setbacks, accentuated during the last few years by the inability of those in power to manage effectively, and to the common advantage, the available resources, have deprived the poorer segments of our society of the basic food needs.

We propose to give our farmers adquate incentives so that farming will be attractive. In our view it is not sufficient merely to offer the farmers material incentives. We have to raise his status in society so that he can be properly motivated. It is not sufficient, Mr. Chairman, for us to pay lip-service to the need to give the farmer his place in society. With this in view, it was only about three weeks ago that my Prime Minister together with other Members of the Cabinet and the Members of Parliament inaugurated a National Food Production Drive in accordance with the hallowed traditions and customs of our ancient rulers. At this ceremony all of us including the Prime Minister entered the muddy paddy fields and took part in the ploughing operations. The days are no more when we can be content with merely exhorting our farmers to produce more.

Coupled with such intangible incentives we have taken steps to see that the package of inputs that a farmer requires is made available to him in time, at the place that he requires it. After all, there cannot be any controversy that the basic task in agricultural development is to make available the whole range of inputs, including marketing facilities, to a properly motivated set of farmers, at the times they need it most.

When we assumed office we found that not more than about ten percent of the farmers were eligible to obtain credit for agricultural purposes due to the high incidence of default - defaulters being not eligible for fresh loans. As we felt that this constraint could have serious repercussions on the production of food crops, during the first main cultivation season after we assumed office, we have taken steps to issue fresh loans to all cultivators and tie them down to a crop bond under which it becomes mandatory on them to repay the loans in kind. Adequate steps are also being concurrently taken to re-schedule the outstanding debts and recover them either in kind or cash over a few seasons.


In the extremely vital task of providing a package of inputs, we have to harness all the resources, skills, and facilities available in the country. We propose - and have already taken meaningful steps in certain areas such as fertilizer distribution, paddy milling etc - to bring in the private sector which has been excluded completely during the last few years from participation in national development especially in the agriculture, land and food sector. My Government proposes to marshall the skills and experience of the private sector and use them to supplement those of the public sector in the common task of nation building. We propose, in these matters, to follow a practical and pragmatic approach and give up the sterile theoretical and conceptual postures that have been assumed during the past few years.

We have already taken steps to guarantee minimum prices for the produce of farmers. Guaranteeing minimum prices presupposes the existence of an adequate and efficient machinery for the purchase of farmers' produce by the State at those prices. We are taking steps to expand the Paddy Marketing Board into an Agricultural Produce Marketing Board, so that it can handle all crops produced by the farmers. While ensuring minimum prices to the farmer, we are not unmindful of the needs of the consumer, especially the urban consumer. We have already taken measures to ensure that when prices of essential food items that are produced locally go up during off seasons, above particular limits which we feel will entail hardships to the consumers, such items are imported in sufficient quantities to enable prices to be stabilized at satisfactory levels,

I mentioned earlier that land is our basic resource. During the last few years Land Reform Laws have been passed and over one million acres of lands have been taken over by the State from land owners and companies. We endorse this action and do not propose to vary the ceilings imposed on land holdings. However, my Government has been concerned with the mismanagement of the lands that have been taken over and the consequent drop in production and productivity. A vigorous programme has been launched to resuscitate those lands that have been badly mismanaged. These programmes include the introduction of better management systems, better agronomic practices and more diversified systems of agriculture where they can be economically introduced.

We are re-examining the policies and programmes in respect of the institutional structure that was devised by the former Government to manage lands acquired under Land Reform, with the specific intention of re-ordering the structure so as to promote greater social harmony and integration between the estate sector and the villages. In matching land and human resources, emphasis will be given to the right of every individual to improve his productivity and income without in any way interfering with his ownership rights. While group action will be encouraged and fostered, we will not impose on any individual an ideology to which he is not committed. We are aware of the tragedy that has occurred in the area of collective farming that was introduced by the previous Government. It is not the intention of my Government to impose on the people a system of farm organization to which they are neither committed nor familiar with. The right to own, to possess and farm the land within the broad policies and programmes outlined by the Government, in our view, should ultimately be left to the individual in order that the full benefit of his enterprise accrues to him. Our policy is to foster a prosperous land-owning peasantry. With this end in view, we propose to sell to the allottees, on concessionary terms, all the allotments of State land which are now being cultivated by them as lessees of the State. All the collective farms which have shown, to our great dismay, a serious drop in productivity would now be managed in viable units under adequate State supervision and management. The question of whether these collective farms should ultimately be divided up into small units and distributed among deserving youths or should be managed as estates will be determined at a later stage. Our primary aim now is to ensure that productivity is increased in these units and that the youth working in these farms are assured of a fair return.

What I have done so far has been to give you, Mr. Chairman, and Distinguished Delegates, a brief overview of the general policies that we propose to follow and have, in several areas, started to implement. It would be inappropriate for me to conclude this statement without reference to the work of the FAO and its food-aid programmes. We endorse the reorganization proposals that have already been approved and look forward to an increased decentralisation of the work of the Organization. This will, no doubt, make its impact more effective on individual countries of a given region. We appreciate and acknowledge the services rendered to Sri Lanka by the FAO, We have a large number of on-going programmes related to critical areas such as agricultural research and extension, forestry, livestock and dairy development and fisheries, which are being assisted by the FAO and UNDP. I have already referred to the Crop Diversification Programme, which, in terms of the new priorities of my Government, is going to play a vital role in the development of the uneconomic tea and rubber lands in the mid-country upland areas of the country. Special mention has to be made of the direct assistance provided by the FAO for the dairy husbandry programme which is a key area in the development of our country. In the context of my country, the production of milk is necessary not only for the purposes of import substitution and the nutritional requirements of the nation, but also for generating rapid employment in the rural areas where small and medium scale dairy units supported by high quality fodder and pasture grasses and a reasonably good collection network are proving to be one of the important factors of change.


We are grateful to the World Food Programme for the generous assistance it has continued to give over the years to Sri Lanka. Special mention has to be made of the food aid received for the restoration of village tanks, for colonization schemes and for the development of the poultry industry and pasture production.

My Government would like to welcome the steps taken by the FAO to convene in 1979 an International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development. I earnestly hope that it might be possible for the forthcoming Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development to give concentrated attention to the investment needs of the small farmer.

I would also like to take this opportunity of placing on record the appreciation of the Government of Sri Lanka for the work done by the Food and Agriculture Organization through the Committee on Commodity Problems in its work on an international programme for tea. I am aware that at the sessions of the Inter-Governmental Group on Tea and particularly through the efforts of the Working Party of Tea Exporting Countries which met under the aegis of the FAO in Rome in October this year, it has been possible to achieve a broad consensus among the tea exporting countries on a multidimensional package of proposals which would provide the basis for negotiation for importers and exporters on an International Tea Agreement.

We are concerned that the International Fund for Agricultural Development is not yet operational, in spite of over three years of hard work in preparing for its establishment. The resources of the Fund will only be one billion US dollars for the next two to three years, but it would however act as a tremendous catalyst for greater forms of external investment. I fervently hope that the Fund will be operational at the beginning of 1978 and that it will be possible for the Fund to develop new perspectives in the financing of food production.

In the fisheries sector Sri Lanka has established an exclusive economic zone of two hundred miles at the beginning of 1977 and appreciates the attendant responsibility for exploitation and management of fish resources in the zone and is anxious to utilize the opportunities offered by this action for improving her economy by the development of her marine fisheries. We wish to have the assistance of FAO for conducting a comprehensive resources survey of the zone with a suitably equipped survey vessel.

Mr. Chairman and Distinguished Delegates, I thank you warmly for your patient hearing. Sri Lanka and its delegation will extend its fullest cooperation to the FAO as it moves along to face the challenges of the final quarter of the twentieth century.

In conclusion, I sincerely wish that the deliberations of this Assembly and the implementation of its decisions thereafter, will bring some degree of prosperity to all agricultural communities that are in need of it.

P. ΑΚΡΟ: (Bénin): Je voudrais tout d'abord, au nom de mon pays, la République populaire du Bénin, vous féliciter, Monsieur le Président de la 19ème session de la Conférence générale de notre Organisation internationale, l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture, pour votre très brillante élection. Nul doute que la confiance totale qui vous est ainsi témoignée par notre auguste Assemblée, jointe à vos parfaites connaissances des rouages de notre Organisation, â votre sens aigu du devoir et de l'équité, à vos remarquables qualités humaines, sont le gage de l'heureux aboutissement des travaux de notre conférence.

Qu'il me soit également permis, au nom du Comité central du Parti de la Révolution populaire du Benin et de son prestigieux Chef, le Président Kerekou, au nom du Gouvernement de la République populaire du Bénin et en mon- nom personnel, de remercier sincèrement et chaleureusement le peuple et le Gouvernement italiens pour l'hospitalité qu'ils ont toujours accordée à nos délégations et pour les efforts qu'ils déploient en faveur de l'entente et de la coopération entre les pays.

Je voudrais enfin remercier le Secrétariat général de la FAO pour la qualité des documents de travail mis à notre disposition.

La dix-neuviême session de la Conférence générale de la FAO revêt à nos yeux, et à plus d'un titre, une importance toute particulière.

C'est en effet la première session de l'instance suprême de notre institution internationale au cours du mandat de son nouveau Directeur général, Monsieur Edouard Saouma, qui, investi de la confiance de nos nations en novembre 1975, tente de donner une orientation nouvelle et plus dynamique à la FAO, en entreprenant, sur nos recommandations et en accord avec nous: de mettre davantage l'accent sur les


investissements consacres à l'Alimentation et à l'Agriculture; d'instituer un programme de cooperation technique en faveur des pays en développement; de tisser des liens plus étroits avec les Etats membres par une décentralisation plus poussée au niveau des pays; d'engager davantage les travaux de l'Organisation sur des programmes plus pratiques et des activités concrètes et non plus sur des études théoriques à long terme.

Un bilan, ne serait-ce que provisoire, de cette nouvelle politique de la FAO conforme à tous égards à l'intérêt des pays en développement, sera fait par notre auguste Assemblée.

La présente session de la Conférence générale de la FAO est aussi la première qui se tient depuis la mise en route de certaines institutions spécialisées, en application des recommandations de la Conférence mondiale de l'Alimentation qui s'est tenue à Rome en novembre 1974. Nous faisons ainsi allusion au Conseil mondial de l'Alimentation, au Groupe consultatif pour la Production alimentaire et les Investissements (GCPAI) et surtout au Fonds international pour le Développement agricole (FIDA).

Notre session se tient également au lendemain de la Conférence sur la Coopération économique internationale, dont l'ambition louable était l'instauration d'un nouvel ordre économique mondial. Les résultats du dialogue Nord-Sud, qui laissent planer beaucoup de points de désaccord entre pays industrialisés et pays en développement, quand bien même tous ont une claire conscience de l'interdépendance, doivent nous guider au cours de nos travaux.

La présente session de la Conférence générale de la FAO se tient enfin et surtout au moment où les pays dits du Tiers Monde, ces pays qui abritent les trois quarts de l'humanité et dont les peuples souffrent atrocement de la crise économique engendrée par le capitalisme, se dotent de plus en plus d'une conscience de classe, et s'efforcent de retrouver le controle de leurs richesses naturelles. En effet, les peuples opprimés d'Afrique, d'Asieet d'Amérique latine développent victorieusement une lutte de libération nationale, secouent partout le joug de la domination impérialiste pour plus de justice entre les hommes et entre les nations. Ils représentent une force politique qui compte désormais sur la scène internationale.

Mon pays, la République populaire du Bénin qui fait partie de ce que l'on est convenu d'appeler le Tiers Monde, s'est engagé, avec courage et fermeté, dans un processus continu et nécessairement victorieux de lutte de libération nationale depuis la date historique du 26 octobre 1972.

Il s'est engagé dans un processus révolutionnaire dont la finalité est la création d'une société où il fera bon vivre.

Cette option fondamentale sous-tendue par l'idéologie marxiste-léniniste appelle inéluctablement la construction d'une économie nationale indépendante, d'une économie autocentrée et non extravertie, pour le peuple et en comptant d'abord sur nos propres forces.

La première composante de cette économie est la production alimentaire et agricole; parce que, à l'étape actuelle de notre développement, 90 pour cent de nos populations tirent directement leurs revenus du secteur rural; parce que, aussi et surtout, nous avons pris conscience de ce que l'arme alimentaire est une arme redoutable.

Ainsi, pas à pas, toutes les structures que mettent en place notre Parti d'avant-garde, le Parti de la Révolution populaire du Bénin, notre Etat, l'Etat révolutionnaire du Bénin, et notre peuple, le peuple militant du Bénin, concourent à renforcer ce fer de lance de notre économie nationale qu'est l'agriculture dans le but de: satisfaire prioritairement aux besoins alimentaires locaux, aussi bien en quantité qu'en qualité; approvisionner les industries locales de transformation existantes ou à créer; constituer des stocks de sécurité alimentaire pour prévenir d'éventuels aléas climatiques; dégager des surplus pour l'exportation dans le cadre des échanges économiques indispensables entre les nations du monde.

C'est ce que nous traduisons, en République populaire du Bénin, par le mot d'ordre ''Prendre l'agriculture pour base et l'industrie pour moteur de notre économie''.

La maximisation des résultats de nos efforts passe nécessairement par la libération et la mobilisation des forces productives de nos campagnes et de nos villes en vue de les soustraire aux méfaits de l'ignorance, de la féodalité, de l'oppression politique et économique, de tout ce qui avilit le peuple et constitue le fondemant de l'exploitation de l'homme par l'homme, afin de permettre à ces forces productives de s'organiser en toute indépendance.

Telle est l'une des significations profondes de notre campagne nationale pour la production agricole, déclenchée par le Comité central de notre parti d'avant-garde, le parti de la revolution populaire


du Béniii, en décembre 1975, campagne qui a davantage conscientisé, galvanisé, mobilisé au sein des structures appropriées que sont les Unions villageoises populaires de Production, les Groupements révolutionnaires à vocation coopérative, les coopératives, les fermes d'Etat, tout le peuple travailleur du Bénin rendu ainsi plus disponible pour l'accomplissement diligent, soutenu et continu, des multiples tâches d'édification d'une économie nationale indépendante, en application conséquente de l'historique discours-programme de politique nouvelle d'indépendance nationale du 30 novembre 1972, conscients que nous sommes qu'il n'y a pas de "'sauveur suprême" pour les peuples opprimés du monde.

Ces efforts, joints à la volonté ferme de l'Etat révolutionnaire du Bénin de maîtriser toutes nos richesses, de contrôler et d'exploiter toutes nos ressources naturelles au profit exclusif du peuple béninois, ont vite fait de déclencher la hargne et la grogne des ennemis de notre peuple et de sa révolution.

La lâche, barbare et ignoble agression armée impérialiste du dimanche 16 janvier 1977 contre le peuple béninois et sa révolution socialiste se situe dans ce cadre. Cette sauvage agression armée impérialiste de reconquête coloniale dont le peuple militant du Bénin n'a pas encore pansé toutes les immenses plaies, visait à arrêter nos efforts de production, à anéantir notre volonté de bâtir chez nous, en République populaire du Bénin, une économie nationale indépendante, et à replacer notre pays sous la coupe du capitalisme international, synonyme de l'exploitation de l'homme par l'homme. Mais c'était compter sans la vigilance du peuple béninois et sans la détermination farouche de nos forces armées populaires.

Ayant infligé un échec cinglant à leurs agresseurs sans foi ni loi, le peuple béninois et son Etat révolutionnaire, plus que jamais mobilisés et aguerris, continuent irrésistiblement leur marche inexorable vers le progrès.

La loi fondamentale et notre premier Plan triennal d'Etat, élaborés sur la base de cinq années d'expériences révolutionnaires et de lutte pour la production, et adoptés le 26 août 1977, constituent désormais deux bornes inaltérables, solidement fixées sur la voie radieuse que nous avons librement et souverainement choisie d'emprunter pour édifier chez nous, en République populaire du Bénin, progressivement et en comptant d'abord sur nos propres forces, la société nouvelle, la société socialiste où il fera bon vivre pour chaque Béninoise et pour chaque Béninois. ''

Cette juste position de la République populaire du Bénin n'est pas la négation de la coopération internationale à laquelle mon pays croit fermement.

La situation du monde actuel, qui résulte d'un consensus, entre les pays industrialisés aux dépens des nations exploitées, si elle n'était pas radicalement modifiée à brève échéance, conduira l'humanité à la catastrophe et à la perdition dans les années 2000, époque où les ressources naturelles disponibles, la production alimentaire et même la production industrielle mondiale, si l'allure actuelle était maintenue, ne suffiraient plus à couvrir les besoins de la population sans cesse croissante de notre planète.

Déjà, alors que les pays riches se livrent à des préoccupations extra-terrestres, l'angoisse quotidienne d'un milliard d'hommes est la simple survie.

Malgré les prévisions optimistes de récoltes des deux dernières années, les réserves alimentaires mondiales ne couvrent plus les 45 jours de consommation nécessaire à une sécurité minimale.

La malnutrition chronique condamne, chaque année des millions d'hommes à une condition infrahumaine, avec ses affreuses conséquences qui ont pour noms "carences physiques et mentales''.

Alors même que l'agriculture du temps présent peut nourrir et bien nourrir la planète, les réalités sont là: implacables, absurdes et têtues.

La solution de ce grand problème réside avant tout dans la multiplication des capacités de production agricole et alimentaire. La science et la technique ont rendu disponibles les éléments d'accroissement de la productivité agricole, qu'il s'agisse de la mécanisation agricole, de l'emploi des engrais, de la généralisation de l'irrigation, de l'amélioration des plantes etc. . - Ils ont pour dénominateur commun l'investissement.

En effet l'augmentation de la production agricole ne peut se faire sans financement. Si l'on se réfère aux paramètres qui concourent aux capacités financières d'un Etat, il est prouvé que l'épargne nationale détermine pour une bonne part ces disponibilités financières.

De plus il est reconnu que dans les pays en développement, l'épargne nationale est presque inexistante et peu organiséey


Les sources financières tant nationales qu'internationales ont, jusqu'à ces dernières années, très peu intervenu dans le financement de l'agriculture du fait des incertitudes qui planent sur ce secteur où la nature et les intempéries restent les maîtres du jeu, dans beaucoup de nos pays.

Les pays en déyeloppement produisent donc peu parce qu'ils sont pauvres et ils sont pauvres parce que la faiblesse de leur capacité d'investissement ne leur permet pas de produire davantage. Il s'instaure ainsi un cercle vicieux qu'il nous revient de rompre, par des efforts nationaux d'abord, efforts d'organisation, de création de structures appropriées, de mobilisation de l'épargne interne, et par la coopération internationale ensuite.

La maîtrise de l'eau par exemple est un facteur déterminant dans la productivité agricole, mais les aménagements hydro-agricoles et hydro-pastoraux, la généralisation de l'irrigation, reviennent très cher. Il en est de même des engrais et pesticides dont l'emploi rationnel dans des conditions optimales permet de doubler, voire de quintupler la production.

Il se pose donc ici le problème de transfert et d'adaptation de la technologie entre pays industrialisés et pays en développement. L'ambition légitime de la plupart des pays en développement n'est pas tant de se voir assister tous les ans par la fourniture de produits vivriers, ce qui paraît aberrant face à leurs potentialités de production en la matière.

L'ambition légitime de nos Etats est de pouvoir nous doter de connaissances techniques et de moyens matériels nécessaires à la généralisation de l'irrigation pour mettre notre agriculture et notre élevage à l'abri des aléas climatiques, et pour une meilleure productivité. Elle est également de pouvoir fabriquer sur place les facteurs de production (engrais, pesticides, etc. ) indispensables à la modernisation de notre secteur rural.

L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture devrait, par son programme de coopération pour l'industrie, intervenir plus efficacement dans ces domaines au niveau des pays en développement.

Nul doute que la conjonction des efforts nationaux et internationaux permettra de sortir à brève échéance l'humanité des affres de la faim et de la misère.

Les pays développés devront prendre davantage conscience de cela, réajuster leur politique en fonction de la volonté majoritaire des pays du Tiers Monde, dans l'intérêt de l'humanité, y compris le leur propre, et s'efforcer d'atteindre le seuil minimum d'aide publique au développement qui est de 0, 70 pour cent du produit national brut de chacun d'eux.

C'est pourquoi nous appuyons fortement la FAO pour l'effort qu'elle déploie dans le sens de la mobilisation des investissements en faveur de l'agriculture et du développement rural, en relation avec d'autres institutions financières, régionales ou internationales, notamment le Fonds International pour le Développement Agricole (FIDA) qui est en train de devenir opérationnel.

Le renforcement du Centre d'investissement de la FAO ainsi que l'institution de son Programme d'urgence de coopération technique (PCT) procèdent de ce même souci dont il convient de se féliciter.

L'un des domaines où nous souhaitons que l'organisation fasse un effort important est la réduction des pertes alimentaires, pertes allant parfois jusqu'à quarante pour cent des récoltes. Comme chacun de nous le sait, il ne s'agit pas simplement de produire; mais encore faudrait-il pouvoir conserver et transformer la production. Dans les pays à climat humide et chaud la conservation des produits vivriers au niveau rural où vivent près de 90 pour cent de nos populations est une véritable gageure. Les efforts de notre organisation devront être intensifiés dans ce domaine.

La femme, dans le millieu rural, tient une place de choix, par l'importance que lui confère le système culturel africain, elle est à la fois l'alpha et l'omega dans le domaine de l'agriculture, en ce sens qu'elle personnifie la fécondité. L'évolution de la femme rurale conditionne aussi l'évolution du milieu rural dans la mesure où la femme est gardienne des traditions et berceau des civilisations. C'est pourquoi nous insisterons auprès de la FAO pour qu'un accent particulier soit mis sur l'éducation de la femme rurale en relation avec le développement économique et social de nos pays. La Division de l'alimentation et de la nutrition devra faire un effort accru dans le domaine de l'économie familiale rurale au service des femmes rurales.

Il nous est apparu que la campagne mondiale contre la faim, action pour le développement, figure en bonne place dans l'organigramme du département du développement de la FAO. Il nous semble cependant que depuis quelque temps son activité s'est réduite. Il nous souvient que de 1960 à 1970, c'est elle qui a tenu en éveil les pays en développement, notamment en ce qui concerne la connaissance de la FAO,


ses activités et les problèmes relatifs à la faim dans le monde, à la malnutrition et au développement. Au moment où le nouveau Directeur général de la FAO entend dynamiser les actions de l'Organisation, nous pensons que de nouvelles tâches de sensibilisation, d'information, d'éducation et de réalisation peuvent à nouveau être confiées à la Campagne mondiale contre la faim, action pour le développement. En République Populaire du Bénin, la Campagne mondiale contre la faim a eu à jouer un grand rôle dans la cónscientisation du monde rural, face à nos propres problèmes.

Nous appuyons de toute notre force la décentralisation amorcée par le Directeur général de la FAO par la création des postes de représentants FAO au niveau des pays. Nul doute que cela permettra de tisser des liens plus étroits entre les pays et l'Organisation, et offrir une meilleure connaissance mutuelle pour une grande efficacité dans les actions. Peut-être faudra-t-il alors redéfinir le rôle du Représentant régional de la FAO, sa désignation, le rôle et l'organisation des Conférences régionales. Ce sujet devrait pouvoir s'inscrire dans l'ordre du jour dés prochaines Conférences régionales.

Nous ne saurions terminer notre intervention sans adresser nos compliments au Président indépendant du Conseil sortant, Monsieur GONZALO BULA HOYOS qui, durant ses deux mandats, a dirigé les travaux de notre Conseil avec dynamisme, compétence et une grande compréhension des problèmes de développement, des problèmes de l'alimentation et de l'agriculture pour lesquels il a toujours consacré le plus clair de son temps.

Nous osons espérer qu'il se tiendra toujours à nos cotés et que nous pourrons jouir de ses conseils pour le plus grand bien de la FAO.

Vous me permettrez enfin, M. le Président, d'adresser aux nouveaux venus dans la grande famille de la FAO les chaleureuses félicitations de mon pays, la République Populaire du Bénin.

J. W. S. MALECENA (Tanzania): Mr. Chairman, I would like to associate myself with all previous speakers in congratulating you for your election to lead the progress of this Nineteenth Session of the FAO Conference. I would also like to congratulate all the new member countries and the liberation mouvements which have been admitted into the extended family of the FAO at the beginning of this Session. I wish to welcome these new members in the spirit of strengthened cooperation in all aspects of agricultural development and in our joint efforts to effectively eliminate hunger and malnutrition.

In our address to the Eighteenth Session of the FAO Conference, Tanzania endeavoured to highlight the major agricultural issues which had affected her economy during that critical period when Tanzania had to import large quantities of grain. The situation was made worse by the hostile international prices for oil and manufactured industrial and agricultural machinery which had escalted to levels which were and are still detrimental to our balance of payments. Tanzania had to postpone a number of her development projects in all sectors in order to avert the threat of starvation that was encroaching while maintaining limited supplies of oil imports to sustain our oil fuelled industry. It was not an easy task both from the planning and financing points of view; but I am pleased to say that our efforts together with the assistance of several international and bilateral agencies have started to show significant signs of economic recovery.

Mr. Chairman, before I proceed to outline Tanzania's agricultural performance in the last two years, I would like to draw your attention to the constitution under which this Organization was established. The Charter stipulates the purposes of the Organization to be raising the levels of nutrition and standard of living, securing efficient production and distribution of food and agricultural products so as to promote expanded world economy and ensure humanity's freedom from hunger. After so many years of FAO's existence there is still evidence to show that we are far from achieving these objectives.

The current international food situation is far from being satisfactory in both production and distribution despite the appreciable recovery over the 1972/74 crisis situation. While developed countries have continued to contribute the larger portion of the overall food increase, some of the developing countries and the most seriously affected have in fact been experiencing incessant declines in food production. The Africa Region, where most of the affected countries are, has thus continually persisted to be a special problem area suffering from one crisis after another and thus literally being reduced to a perpetual beggar, a very humiliating situation. The situation is however, not of Africa's own negligence, it is a consequence of a combination of the hostilities of the environment, inadequate investment in agriculture and a general lack of appropriate technology.

The 1974 Sahel experience is a situation that should serve as an example; the FAO and indeed the international community was caught unawares and many lives were lost before a concerted effort was


organized to bring the situation back to normal. This is a situation that FAO should ensure not to recur and to this effect the role of the National Food Security Programme which the FAO has been endeavouring to promote in various countries needs special emphasis during this Session so that it can be effectively implemented. Whilst we support the idea of establishing an International Food Reserve Programme, we attach a lot of priority to the establishment of National Food Reserves first, before investing in an International Reserve. It would have been a lot easier to remedy the Sahel crisis had the National Food Reserve Programme been established, but to the contrary, although there were adequate food supplies internationally, it took a lot of time and a lot of loss of rice to appreciate the problem and to organize international support for the affected areas.

To avoid such catastrophies and to effect better coordinated food supplies we require a well planned international food production and distribution system. In this context permit me to reiterate Tanzania's request to the Ninth Session of the FAO Regional Conference for Africa in Sierra Leone last year for a study programme development to ensure Africa Region's food self-sufficiency within the next decade. We believe that the FAO is capable of this undertaking and we trust that implementation to this effect has started; it is certainly the most strategic approach towards solving Africa's chronic food shortages and malnutrition.

My delegation is pleased to note that the FAO, and the world at large, has started to recognize that the prevention of food losses is of utmost importance and requires urgent attention. Even modest estimates indicate that pre-harvest losses and losses due to lack of or poor storage facilities are responsible for more than 30 percent of the potential food harvests annually. Certainly such losses should not be allowed to continue particularly during this critical period of food storage. Tanzania wishes to support the Prevention of Food Losses Programme and my delegation wishes to stress that, among the several aspects of storage and distribution, the Programme should endeavour to look into more effective types of storage from village to national levels.

It is the feeling of my delegation that the Economic Commission for Africa should not only collect and amass statistical information for its own sake but also deliberate efforts should be made to see that the data so collected is effectively used in programme development geared towards solving the problems I have outlined. The ECA could for example help in devising and supervising the implementation of an early warning system for food supply and distribution. It could also help African Governments in setting up efficient data or statistical collection systems.

Tanzania supports decentralization of FAO aimed at bringing services closer to the people requiring them. We do hope that in doing so the Country Representatives will be given adequate autonomy and authority to enable quicker implementation of country programmes by reducing Headquarters bureaucracy in considering such country requests.

Related to this concept of shortening decision-making, we welcome and strongly support the Director General's Technical Cooperation Programme; we see-this programme as providing short-cut answers to problems requiring immediate attention in programmes under implementation. It is our sincere hope that this forum would be able to support the programme as well as to endorse its continuation and expansion. We have heard the wild accusation that such a system would give too many powers to the Director-General; but we would like to remind this Conference that bureaucracy has always been a dangerous stumbling block when dealing with man's basic needs. We therefore welcome moves that cut down such bureaucracy.

I am pleased to Inform this Conference that in Tanzania the establishment of a strategic grain reserve is well in advance and we hope that the reserve will become operational by early next year. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those member countries and institutions which are in one way or another contributing to the success of this understanding. These countries and institutions are the U. S. A., the United Kingdom, Canada, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, the Federal Republic of Germany, Australia, the EEC and the World Food Programme. One of our stumbling blocks in this programme is the question of storage facilities. It is our hope that FAO and the World Food Programme will continue to marshal assistance for us for this well-deserved project.

These precautionary measures are further strengthened in our Third Five-Year Plan which has recently been reviewed. The remaining three years of the Plan are intended to be a period of economic recovery. The Plan defines self-sufficiency in food production from the nutritional point of view and sets up cash crop production targets. It is our intention to split and allocate these targets to Regions, districts and eventually to villages.

While the 3rd Five-Year Plan was being reviewed, major projects were continuing to be implemented. The National Maize Project has reached its third year and its ef fect in increasing maize production in Tanzania has already been felt. At the same time efforts to expand sorghum and millet production in the drier central parts in Tanzania, have registered great success in both increased production and as


a demonstration to the peasants of these areas that these drought-resistant crops were the most economic choice for their agricultural investment. This achievement has consequently called upon expansion of better seed production and distribution.

We are aware that such intensive production measures do not exclude the use of fertilizers. It is in this context that we welcome and support the International Fertilizer Scheme and the institutionalization of the Fertilizer Commission. We believe that the International Fertilizer Scheme has an important role in increasing production and bridging the balance of payments in developing countries. The International Fertilizer Scheme has also been demonstrated as a very useful tool in developing area-specific fertilizer recommendations. Our 3rd Five-Year Plan has seriously viewed this issue in the light of a better fertilizer distribution and pricing system and has embarked on country-wide agronomic and farm management studies aimed at establishing correct fertilizer rates and farming systems. In this respect, we anticipate assistance from the International Fertilizer Scheme which we hope will be continued and expanded.

Coupled with these research and production efforts is the establishment of an internal marketing infrastructure aimed at facilitating the collection of the farmer's marketable crop, transporting and storing it efficiently. A construction programme of food storage facilities at national, regional, district and village levels has already started.

Tanzania puts as much emphasis on cash crops as she does on food crop production. Our economic development, and indeed of any developing country, will continue to rely on agricultural exports for her foreign exchange. Consequently programmes are under way to increase production of a whole range of cash crops. Particular attention is also being attached to increasing the value added on our agricultural exports by increasing both the quantities and quality through better handling, grading and quality control and, more important, processing. Thus in Tanzania the processing of tobacco, cashew nuts, coffee and sisal are being expanded.

Our present plan has laid down better strategies for improving the livestock sector. These strategies include various means of improving the traditional herd improved pasture, provisions of watering facilities-, stock routes, tsetse fly eradication and general disease control. The farmers are being encouraged to sell off their unproductive and surplus livestock.

The 3rd Five-Year Plan policy is to expand milk production in Tanzania based on smallholders and cooperative farm units. The larger public dairy farms so far formed are aimed at commercial production of buffer supplies for urban area consumption while providing the necessary technical and logistic services to the small dairy producers in the villages. Smallholder production is viewed in the context of both income distribution and a most efficient means of ensuring availability of essential nutritional requirements to our peasants. Distribution of better milking cows to individual smallholders and village projects is linked with an established milk collecting system to central processing plants in order to cater for future milk surpluses. The success of the dairy industry in Tanzania would certainly depend upon the immediate introduction of better progeny from the dairying world.

We, in Tanzania, believe that development, especially rural development, can only be efficiently achieved if it is brought about by the people themselves. Therefore the kind of development we are talking about is one which is directed to the rural people as the target receiving the project benefits. To this effect we welcome the idea of convening a World Conference on Agrarian Reform. We hope this will be properly done, so that the effort will not be dissipated.

With the formation of about 8000 villages covering over 80 percent of the entire rural population, the target is to make each village a technically efficient production unit. Consequently, most of our projects are centred around the villages as basic units of production. Of course such production ambition would have to be backed up by an intensive technical device dissemination as well as a general provision of the necessary social services. I am pleased to say that the political side of villagiza-tion in Tanzania which was indeed a difficult task, is now complete; what remains is a challenge to our technicians in assisting the villages in becoming the country's principal centres of production.

We in Tanzania do not pretend to have found the answers to all the problems of rural development, but we would like to say with confidence and pride that the concept of Ujamaa villages is certainly a major answer to rural development problems, Under this concept all the land of the village belongs to the villagers themselves. They own the land and determine its use, thereby eliminating completely the possibility of absentee landlords. It is a concept that stirs the enthusiams of the rural people and makes them work hard because they believe and they know that all the fruits of such efforts will be for the villages themselves.

With the coming in of the Ujamaa concept in Tanzania we feel confident that we have broken the chains of old concepts of rural development which up to now have proved ineffective in stimulating rural


development, thanks to our President Mwalimu Julius Nyerere who formulated this concept of Ujamaa villages. We invite you all to come to Tanzania and see this exciting concept being implemented.

But our production potential is far from being exhausted, in fact most of it is yet to be exploited. To enable us to utilize the potentials of the land efficiently we need to import technologies currently non-existent in the country. Such technologies range from machinery and equipment to the expertise that goes with it. These requirements are available in the developed countries for procurement but I would like to reflect here that the present state of affairs in the world has tended to have terms of trade more in favour of the industrialized countries to the extent that the developing countries can hardly manage to import even the bare requirements for exploiting their natural wealth. In this regard, therefore, bilateral aid and soft long-term credit arrangements from rich and developed countries remain the most feasible mechanism of transferring technologies to the developing world.

We in Tanzania have already established the organizational structure for development-orientated production; what we now require are the tools for production. We are determined to succeed and with the assistance of the more advanced countries the process of our development should be effectively hastened.

In this context Tanzania wishes to confirm its support for the establishment of the International Fund for Agricultural Development. My Government has already endorsed our membership to the Fund and the necessary Instruments of Ratification have already been submitted.

Allow me now to turn to a very sensitive issue where, as the old saying goes ''Angels would fear to tread''. This is the question of the funds accumulated as a result of the devaluation of the Italian Lira. I know for sure that this amount of money does not appear in any of our national budgets as some kind of income from the FAO.

To be honest with this Conference, there are very few countries that insist on this issue. There are those that advance constitutional arguments; there are those that argue that giving money to any international institution is a voluntary matter, yet there are those who argue on purely good faith, "Give us back the money, and do believe us, we will give it back to the Secretary-General". These arguments are ad infinitum. My delegation sympathises with all these arguments.

The money is with FAO. The Director-General, as is expected of him by us, at least by Tanzania, has budgeted for this money to be effectively used to finance the prevention of post harvest losses, a programme on which all of us are agreed.

But now we are told that FAO must hand back this money to us all. I say to us all, because even Tanzania and all members here will be entitled to some share. To some of us such shares will be very small and yet the delays in giving it back will mean a delay in implementing a programme to which we have all agreed.

Tanzania and indeed the majority of all of us in this hall are saying to the Director-General "Now that you have the money keep it". We are obeying the old English saying that "a bird in hand is worth two in the bush". It is not the custom of Tanzania to distrust those whose generosity we have for years enjoyed.

Let us pause for a moment to think which are these countries that insist that the money be given back. To be honest with you, all these countries are few - very few indeed. They are all countries which belong to the highly-developed world. They are countries whose citizens die more from over-feeding rather than malnutrition. They are countries which are spending much more money than we are talking about on the manufacture of slimming pills.

Forgive me for these undiplomatic words in the halls of a conference that calls for diplomacy.

We earnestly appeal to all delegates here to support the view that the money remains with the Director-General, who must get the job done immediately.

I hope we can have a common stand on this. instead of a confrontation and indeed evolve an acceptable formula which would satisfy the envisaged accounting problems.

The task of enabling mankind to feed the starving millions is still tremendous.

I can imagine that as we make numerous speeches including my speech in this hall, this same day millions of people will go to bed without food. Thousands will die in the next twenty-four hours due to malnutrition and hunger. Thus human suffering still continues.


We can speak in demographical terms that population still outstrips food resources. We can speak of the inadequacies of family planning or population control, or even the lack of modern methods of farming in many of the developing countries. We can speak of the oppressive conditions that prevail in the tropical countries such as drought in some areas and torrential rains in others. The prevalence of pests and all kinds of diseases - all these lead to one and only one conclusion, that our enemy - hunger and malnutrition - is still at large causing a lot of miseries to millions of people of the starving world. Our task is still great. We cannot afford any more delays in vigorous attemps to fight hunger and malnutrition.

Let us all, therefore, rededicate ourselves to our humble goal so that together we can give to all men, irrespective of country or colour, the most basic need of mankind, which is food.

E. BERROUET (Haiti): Vos Pairs vous ont choisis. A le faire, ils ont du certainement déceler en vous toutes les grandes qualités qui avaient distingué vos éminents prédécesseurs à cette même place.

La délégation d'Haïti vous présente ses plus chaleureuses félicitations.

Hommage en soit aussi rendu à vos pays respectifs,

Que le maillet symbolique que vous tenez, Excellence, Monsieur le Président, indique sérénité et compétence durant tout le temps de votre mission parmi nous.

Ma délégation veut aussi rendre témoignage à l'actuelle Direction de la FAO pour son réel souci de conserver les nobles traditions de courage et d'indépendance de l'Institution, dans ses relations avec les Etats Membres.

En cet univers troublé, dominé par l'angoisse, il est vraiment réconfortant de retrouver ici une telle conjonction de courants de pensées, tant de conceptions diverses qui viennent se reprofiler chaque fois au creuset de ces Assises de la FAO oà en même temps nos délégués peuvent s'interroger sur une méthodologie d'action à rechercher pour la sauvegarde de notre civilisation confrontée à l'épineux problème de la faim.

Une fois déjà, avec l'écroulement de la Société des Nations, s'effondrait, du même coup, l'espoir de millions d'hommes dont les espérances légitimes se sont renouvelées au sein du système des Nations Unies, Tous les responsables du bien-être des peuples pour le présent et pour l'avenir se doivent de relever un défi affligeant: la détérioration de la condition des trois quarts de la population du globe en proie à la sous-alimentation et à la malnutrition. De tous les droits de l'homme, le droit à la nourriture, en effet, demeure essentiellement un droit fondamental,

Rourtant à cette époque de notre civilisation où la technologie n'a jamais été aussi développée, où l'accroissement et la concentration des capitaux ont atteint, en certains points du globe, des niveaux surprenants et insoupçonnés, où la conscience de la valeur transcendante de l'homme par rapport à son univers physique se précise de plus en plus, combien de millions d'êtres humains souffrent encore de la malnutrition ! Et la mortalité par la faim et par les faims spécifiques a dépassé les seuils les plus critiques. L'avertissement est déjà lancé: "Le chantage alimentaire menace la paix, " Somme toute, selon l'ordre économique international traditionnel, ne devrions-nous pas considérer les trois quarts de la population du globe comme condamnés, si leur aliénation séculaire, leurs frustations de tous genres devaient se perpétuer comme un corollaire obligé de la richesse des nantis ? Et je ferai alors tout mon profit, pour cette analyse sommaire, des propos mêmes de l'Ancien Président du Conseil de la FAO: "Aux prix auxquels les denrées alimentaires se vendent sur les marchés mondiaux, les pays du Tiers Monde s'épuisent un peu plus chaque fois qu'ils en vendent à des pays riches. . . et l'accès au marché, que leurs gouvernements réclament ne débouche très souvent que sur l'exploitation aggravée de leurs populations productrices et de leurs richesses nationales par íeurs acheteurs, " En dépit d'une stabilité apparente, le bien-être généralisé contemplé pour chaque peuple et pour toutes les nations ne peut se réaliser que dans la mesure où s'effacent les disparités criantes pour faire place à la fraternité humaine authentique, A cette croisée de chemins où les perspectives de l'avenir s'estompent de nuages sombres, quandles mythes séculaires vacillent sous l'action d'idées forces, génératrices de mutations, il n'y a pas de temps à perdre; l'urgence appelle l'intervention décisive. Si l'on ne procède pas sans délai à un véritable reconditionnement de l'environnement des pays en retard le processus deviendra demain irréversible et le désespoir de certains peuples ne sera rien moins que la rançon de l'irresponsabilité des détenteurs de la richesse et de ses privilèges. La solution dépend objectivement de la prise de conscience et du vouloir des pays développés parallèlement à une promotion de l'esprit de concertation des pays démunis: là résident les germes ultimes de l'espoir.


Représentant d'un pays du quart monde aux prises avec toutes les contraintes du sous-développement, j'éprouve un réel plaisir à participer à ces importantes délibérations et saisis cette opportunité pour informer, une fois de plus, de la volonté du Gouvernement et du peuple haïtiens de collaborer étroitement aux efforts déployés par la FAO en vue d'accomplir valablement la mission qui lui est dévolue. A cette détermination, le Gouvernement de la République d'Haïti ajoute ses plus vifs remerciements pour la coopération dont il a bénéficié, de la part de cette Organisation spécialisée, au cours des dernières années. Aussi fait-il confiance aux objectifs de la FAO et l'assure-c-il de sa volonté de continuer la lutte pour le plein épanouissement de l'homme grâce à l'établissement d'une société plus juste et plus libérée. Il plaît aussi à la délégation d'Haïti de souligner combien excellentes et assorties d'un haut esprit de compréhension ont toujours été les relations de la FAO avec le secteur agriculture, malgré certaines anomalies égocentriques qui surgissent parfois dans les rapports humains et qui s'expliquent par le fait que la coopération technique émerge à peine de sa période pionnière.

Je ne me lancerai pas dans une présentation exhaustive des nombreux projets développés conjointement par Haïti avec les Nations Unies. La promotion de l'agriculture demeure le principal volet de notre stratégie de développement et s'inscrit en toute priorité dans notre plan quinquennal. Le secteur primaire constitue, en effet, le grand pourvoyeur du reste de l'économie en biens de consommation, en matières premières et en main-d'oeuvre, La participation de l'Organisation à notre effort de développement a donc toujours été intense et ses différents domaines de compétence seront de plus en plus mis à contribution.

Un effort appréciable a porté sur le chiffre indicatif de planification qui est passé de quelque six à dix-huit millions de dollars. Nous estimons cependant que ces investissements n'ont pas encore atteint le seuil désirable.

En ce qui concerne la FAO, il importe que l'unique projet de mise en défens que nous conduisons avec cette Organisation serve de catalyseur pour la prise en considération d'un programme conjoint d'aménagement de bassins versants, à l'échelle nationale, selon un ordre de priorité à établir. J'ai, en outre, instruit mes collaborateurs d'inclure dans ce programme la création d'une Ecole Forestière de niveau moyen et d'un service renforcé d'extension forestière.

Durant son séjour à Rome, la délégation d'Haïti s'efforcera d'obtenir une assistance élargie dans le domaine de la pêche, de la pisciculture et de l'élevage.

Puisque le temps des ostracismes aberrants a pris fin et que se développe un regain de faveur pour le Tiers Monde, notre délégation renouvelle les vifs sentiments de gratitude du peuple haïtien à tous ceux qui déjà coopèrent ou qui viendront s'associer. à la promotion de ses ressources naturelles.

Le Gouvernement de la République d'Haïti suit avec intérêt l'évolution de l'Organisation, ses nouvelles orientations. Il a également retenu la décision prise par le Conseil de la FAO, en sa session de juillet 1976, de créer le Programme de coopération technique (PCT) qui sera entièrement financé par un budget spécial de l'Organisation. Il apprécie en outre, comme une action efficace et positive, la libération de fonds consacrés en priorité aux pays les moins favorisés pour la mise en oeuvre de projets de production vivrière et de toutes autres interventions susceptibles d'améliorer le revenu et le niveau nutritionnel des petits agriculteurs. C'est dans cette perspective et selon l'optique même du Directeur général de la FAO que le Gouvernement d'Haiti a basé sa stratégie pour augmenter la productivité des grands facteurs de développement, à partir du trypti-que: l'homme, la terre et l'eau.

Déjà le Gouvernement s'est penché avec intérêt sur la finalisation de l'Accord de principe signé avec la FAO en vue d'élever le rang de la représentation de cette organisme en Haiti, à l'effet de rendre ce nouveau statut fonctionnel dès le présent exercice fiscal.

A la lumière de ces considérations, le renforcement de l'assistance des organismes compétents des Nations Unies est vivement sollicité dans les domaines suivants:

a) Irrigation

La réhabilitation et l'extension de notre infrastructure d'irrigation à l'échelle nationale s'avèrent urgentes pour réduire notre servitude vis-à-vis de notre agriculture pluviale et augmenter la productivité et la production agricole. A cet égard toutes nos ressources hydrauliques seront exploitées au bénéfice de cette production et de l'alimentation en eau potable des populations. En effet sur une superficie irrigable de 200 000 hectares seulement 75 000 sont irrigués. Seuls le capital et la technologie limitent notre action, puisque nombreuses sont nos rivières et nos sources qui se perdent. Avec la coopération de l'Agence Canadienne de Développement International (ACDI) le Gouvernement a pris en mains l'inventaire des ressources hydrauliques de notre pays. En divers endroits, la nappe phréatique accuse une capacité intéressante, mais la terre continue à subir les caprices d'un climat de plus en plus perturbé.


b) Exploitation des terres de montagne

L'aménagement et une mise en valeur plus rationnelle de nos bassins versants sont l'objet de pressantes démarches pour la protection des infrastructures d'aval et pour la promotion d'une agriculture de montagne combinant ainsi harmonieusement les activités agro-sylvo-pastorales de la vallée et des hauteurs. L'appropriation des terres de plaines par quelques familles et leur affectation aux cultures industrielles a provoqué une emprise inquiétante de la majorité des petits exploitants de cultures saisonnières sur nos terres déclives. En fait, une grande partie du volume de notre production vivrière provient des zones montagneuses. Cette exploitation intense des terres déclives a engendré un déboisement continu et une érosion accélérée des sols mettant de plus en péril notre programme d'infrastructure routière, notre réseau d'irrigation, de même que la vie et les biens des communautés.

c) Encadrement technique et animation

La nécessité d'un renforcement de l'encadrement technique de nos petits exploitants s'avère de plus en plus contraignante. Il s'agit, à long terme, de transformer nos communautés respectives par une intervention continue dans le contexte des conditions réelles et changeantes, des forces productrices et des rapports sociaux: telle a été d'ailleurs exprimée, dans le cadre du développement global, la transcendance du nouvel humanisme technique en vue d'une prise en charge de leur devenir par les populations elles-mêmes selon un libre choix de la voie qui leur convient.

d) Transfert de technologie

La recherche d'un niveau technologique adapté aux besoins de nos petits fermiers organisés en groupements agricoles, sociétés pré-coopératives et coopératives, conseils d'action communautaire, etc. constitue un thème fondamental de notre éducation de base. Souffrez que je vous dise combien je serai exigeant quant à la qualité et à l'importance de tous les niveaux d'expertise fournie par la FAO à mon secteur.

Le Plan agricole 1976-1981 témoigne de la volonté du Gouvernement d'intensifier son action dans l'agriculture en particulier et d'une façon générale sur l'économie nationale. Ce plan prend en considération les volets fondamentaux de la promotion économique d'un Etat moderne:

- une production suffisante et équilibrée de biens pour l'alimentation de la population, dans le cadre d'une politique nationale d'autosuffisance,

- La production de notables surplus pour approvisionner les entreprises agro-industrielles aux fins de rechercher une incidence bienfaisante sur les termes de l'échange.

- Un nouvel excédent de production en vue de rendre favorable notre balance commerciale, par l'exportation.

Avec la détermination d'améliorer notre capacité d'absorption de cette coopération internationale et d'atteindre les objectifs du Plan national, il convenait de créer des structures d'accueil au sein de notre Département. C'est ainsi qu'il a été constitué:

- un Service de Semences Améliorées (SENANSA);

- un Service National de Commercialisation Agricole (SENACA);

- un Conseil de Coordination de Projets qui fait office de cabinet ministériel composé uniquement d'experts nationaux;

- un Comité Sectoriel de Politique Agricole (COSEPA), la plus haute instance de planification intégrée du Secteur.

Tous ces nouveaux Organes appelaient une restructuration de notre réseau d'appui sur le terrain au niveau de nos traditionnels districts agricoles en vue de transiter la mise en route du nouveau concept de régionalisation tel que défini dans le Plan. Ces mesures sont déjà opérationnelles.

Consécutivement à la triple, crise de l'énergie, de l'eau et de l'alimentation que le pays a connue à la jonction des années 1976-1977, le Gouvernement a institué au sein du Département de l'Agriculture, des Ressources Naturelles et du Développement Rural une entité responsable de la production alimentaire. Ses premières activités ont porté sur un programme d'urgence qui a couvert environ 30 000 hectares en grande partie irrigués. Ce programme d'urgence sera transformé en activité permanente pour les prochaines campagnes agricoles. Toujours dans le souci de pouvoir à l'occasion apporter des solutions rationnelles aux problèmes nationaux de l'alimentation, de l'énergie et de l'eau potable, il est apparu


opportun au Gouvernement de considérer et d'associer les aspects de la qualité de la vie aux activités portant sur le développement des programmes sectoriels conventionnels. C'est ainsi qu'il a été mis sur pied selon décret présidentiel du 9 avril 1977 le Conseil National de l'Environnement et de Lutte contre l'Erosion, le CONAELE, dont l'une des tâches essentielles consiste à définir de nouvelles formes d'intervention pour la sauvegarde de l'environnement et la restauration des équilibres écologiques.

Nous ne manquerons pas de faire un simple rappel, pour l'édification de l'assemblée, des divers projets régionaux de développement intégré conçus et exécutés par le Gouvernement en coopération avec les Institutions multinationales, bilatérales et financières. Nous prenons occasion de cette communication pour leur exprimer les sentiments de gratitude de la communauté haïtienne.

Au terme de cet exposé, nous lancerons à nouveau le cri d'alarme dénonçant la permanence du danger de la situation alimentaire défavorable du monde sous-développé, en réaffirmant la confiance d'Haïti dans l'Organisation et dans les efforts qu'elle déploie pour maximiser l'efficacité de la coopération internationale. Membre à part entière de la Communauté, la République d'Haïti nourrit l'espoir que les revendications fondées du Tiers Monde inciteront les privilégiés de l'heure à changer leur comportement dans le sens d'un renforcement de la capacité de négociation des éternels démunis. En effet, que vaudraient ces réunions si elles ne devaient répondre qu'à un simple formalisme et manquaient d'être un point d'êpanchement de la sincérité entre les Etats ou de favoriser une remise en question des termes de leurs relations ? A ce compte, nous partageons une responsabilité commune qui nous interdit de rester sourds aux appels pressants de tous les peuples défavorisés pour une coopération moins académique dans la lutte contre la pauvreté et la faim.

J'avoue que personnellement je ne suis pas un familier de ces assises; cependant rien ne m'y paraît étranger. C'est peut-être d'avoir emporté de mon cher pays d'Haiti un peu de cette chaleur entretenue par les contacts permanents de mon département ministériel avec les différentes représentations des Nations Unies qui ont su capter pour nous le cri alarmant de la terre d'Haiti, la volonté d'un peuple de prendre l'initiative de son développement et la détermination de son chef de réaliser sa révolution économique.

Je vous exprime mon appréciation personnelle et les sentiments relevés de la délégation d'Haiti pour la tenue remarquable de ces assises.

Je vous remercie bien vivement pour la bienveillante attention que vous avez accordée à cette communication. La délégation d'Haiti vous félicite de votre participation active à cette 19ème session de la Conférence de la FAO.

A vous tous, et tout particulièrement aux pays frères nouvellement reçus membres de l'Institution, je transmets le salut fraternel et pacifique du peuple haïtien,

P. ROMANY (Hungary) (interpretation from Hungarian): I would like to join the previous speakers in congratulating you upon your election as Chairman of the Nineteenth Session of the Conference. Please accept may best wishes for your important work. I avail myself also of the opportunity to greet- through their delegations - the people and governments of all new member countries of FAO. I would like the delegates of these countries to know about Hungary's firm wish to deepen her cooperation with them alike with all member countries.

Since the last session the world food situation has considerably improved. May I express the sincere appreciation of my Government to the Director-General for the work he has done in the past two years in improving the agricultural production and food supply in the world in general and in the most affected countries in particular.

My Government feels that in spite of the progress made we have neither the reason nor right to be over-optimistic. Although the world food situation did move from the bottom it had touched in 1973-74, the results have been brought about rather by the favourable climatic condictions than by measures affecting the bases and the structure of agricultural production. I wish to reiterate our point of view we have declared together with other socialist countries at many international fora, that is we consider co operation with developing countries as necessary and we are taking our share in this co-operation in accordance with our capacity. The co-operation must help the governments of the countries concerned in overcoming their difficulties themselves in the medium and long run. This is why we are in agreement with the Programme of Work submitted to us, giving priority to action-oriented programmes on the assistance to food production in developing countries.


Every member of the United Nations family is expected to spare no efforts in endeavouring for the improvement of the world food situation where FAO is playing a major role. I have to point out that my Government does not find the success of these efforts promising unless the arms race is limite|d, and world peace and security strengthened. May I remind you of the resolution the USSR submitted to the 28th Session of the United Nations General Assembly on the 10 percent reduction in the military expenditures of all permanent members of the Security Council and on the allocation of the funds made consequently available to the assistance to developing countries including their agriculture and food production. It is my great honour to welcome the new proposals of the Government of the USSR on. the simultaneous stop to the production of nuclear weapons and on the discontinuation of every kind of nuclear experiment.

I feel that FAO in pointing out in its medium-term objectives the establishment of new, more just and equitable economic relations, sets a fair course to contribute to the strengthening of the peaceful coexistence of countries with different social structures and attached to different alliances, thus • contributing to the widening of security and detente all over the world. It is my Government's desire to develop further its cooperation with FAO, which has proved to be fruitful so far, expanding also in this way its involvement in assisting the agriculture of developing countries. Suggestions have been sent to the Director-General some months ago, in which we touched upon how my country might impart her experiences gathered in the field of agriculture to the developing countries also in the framework of FAO. A special timeliness is being given to our suggestions by several statements included in various Conference materials about increasing the practical content of training courses organized by FAO and about stregnthening the adaptation of agricultural experiences and skill in developing countries.

Hungary's participation - in accordance with her possibilities - is well known in various aid programmes. Taking into consideration the world food situation as well as the financial strength of my own country and feeling the significance of food problems of developing countries it is my government's intention to raise the value of its contribution to the World Food Programme by 20 percent as from 1st January 1979 and to join the International Undertaking on World Food Security.

My delegation concurs with FAO concentrating its available funds at a greater extent than before on carrying out practical and action-oriented programmes in those countries who request this assistance. I would, however, like to call your attention to the fact that the Conference materials seem to tone rather down the cooperation among the countries of the European region, albeit the cooperation in the scientific networks of these countries have actually achieved promising results, on one hand, and these results may well be of assistance to the developing countries on the other. I should like to refer to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe of Helsinki and its follow-up meeting in session just now in Belgrade.

The final Pact of Helsinki is construed as an action programme by its signatories, among them Hungary. It is my belief that the European cooperation in agricultural and food issues to be pursued within the framework of FAO outgrows the boundaries of Europe and may add to the global nature of FAO's activities.

I am only happy to oblige the request of the 71st session of the FAO Council by elaborating on our agricultural investments and on their implications. Hungary has become an economically medium developed industrial-agrarian country with a socialist large scale industry and a large scale agriculture. A good number of factors can be credited with playing a major role in this progress, such as the industrious work of our farmers. The many sided cooperation and integration activities carried out within the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance should also be mentioned here.

The focal point of the Hungarian investment policy is the large scale production, i. e. the development of the production cooperatives and the state farms. 15 percent of our arable land amounting to 7 million hectares is farmed by state farms and combinâtes, the avarege size of which is 7600 hectares. Agricultural production cooperatives own and manage 74 percent of the total arable land, the average farm size being 3500 hectares. From the mid-sixties onwards our investment policy has been planned and formulated to meet the following primary objective; the equipment and the fixed assets of the large farms should match their production structure and their development should serve a flexible up-dating of their production pattern to be able to meet the requirements of the domestic and world markets. Investments in agriculture and food industries have always had and they actually have a decisive role to play in the industrialization of agriculture and in the implementation of integrated production systems. Plant production, chiefly cereals, were recently a major success. Results have also been recorded in some branches of animal husbandry. In the years to come we have the intention of proliferat- ing up-to-date production methods into other branches as well, by a planned orientation in the motivation of the farmers.


One of our most important tasks is the further development of the results we have so far achieved in cattle husbandry and in milk production. Quick return investments in machinery and more economic building constructions were given priority in the development of the large farms in order to offset the rising prices in the world markets. Major attention is going to be given to an early establishment of a balance between agricultural production and food processing, to a possible improvement in the geographical distribution of production and to the support to be given to the investments serving these objectives.

More funds will have to be allocated to facilities preserving the value of agricultural produce such as silos, dryers, fertilizers and pesticides Stores as well as to facilities for the protection of the evironment. Commercial food stores and outlets will also be given higher priority. The importance of these goes beyond that of domestic supply, since a quarter of our agricultural production is being exported. Therefore, the planning and implementation of investments into agriculture and food industry is carried out with increased attention to the international market and to the food production in in developed and developing countries.

I consider the submitted programme of Work and Budget in totality well balanced and practicable. The Programme of Work underlines the assistance to be given to the integrated rural development and agrarian reform. Compared with other development actions in agriculture, the programmes supporting rural development and agrarian reform are less capital intensive, at the same time their impact on medium and long run has enormous advantages. Therefore I suggest that the allocation of large materials and theoretical resources be considered for this purpose. I am in agreement with the efforts of the Director-General to lower the cost increase of FAO, and to maintain the level of FAO staff numbers together with the regrouping of staff members in favour of field programmes.

As I have elaborated before, my Government intends to enlarge and develop further its cooperation with FAO, in order to support in a more effective way efforts of the Organization directed to solving the world food problems and in the interest of progress of people.

H. E. SIGURDSSON (Iceland) (interpretation from Icelandic): In their opening statements, both the Director-General of FAO, Dr. Saouma, and the Chairman of the Conference, Mr. Hadiwijaya, drew attention to the fact that the World food situation at the present moment is considerably better than when the last FAO Conference was held in the fall of 1975.

The successful efforts of FAO throughout the world as well as favourable weather conditions, are undoubtedly major causes of this happy state of affairs.

Other factors have helped to bring us closer during these two years to our goal of reaching sufficient levels of food production: At the time of the last FAO Conference in the fall of 1975, the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference had just begun to discuss the division the ocean and the rights of coastal states. Iceland had then just declared a 200-mile fishing zone around the coast. Our decision was based on the finding by marine scientists that the most important fish-stocks in the sea around Iceland were rapidly deteriorating. This was a development that had to be reversed immediately because Icelandic economic existence depends almost wholly on fishing. Icelanders had already learned an expensive lesson from overfishing the herring stocks which resulted in almost complete disappearance of herring from the North Atlantic.

Subsequent protection measures have since partially restored the herring stock, and herring fishing now provides us with an increasing source of income.

In our judgement, this is proof that scientific control of fishing can guarantee sustained high yields from ocean fishing.

The Icelandic Government was of course fully aware that when it limited our own fishing effort in order to protect the cod stock and, at the same time, extended the exclusive fishing zone to 2 00 miles, this would result in considerable economic hardship for the Icelanders and at the same time cause temporary difficulties in our relations with friendly neighbours who had a long tradition in fishing around our coastline.

But this was unavoidable in order to secure the economic survival of the Icelandic Nation.

It is therefore a source of great satisfaction to us that this dispute has ended and that our neighbours now respect our jurisdiction over the fishing zone around the country. Although the Law of the Sea Conference has not yet been concluded, a general consensus seems to have been reached for coastal states to have control over a 200-mile zone off their coasts.


We believe that the measures we took for protection of fish stocks will lead to a better appreciation of the need for fish stock conservation throughout the world and that this will in turn lead to increased food harvests from the ocean.

A well-known British scientific journal recently suggested that the timely action by the Icelandic Government may indeed have saved the cod stock of the North Atlantic.

We want to put special emphasis on the responsibility that those countries now carry, which have assumed full control over the 200-mile fishing zone.

It is now their responsibility to protect the fish banks, especially the coastal breeding grounds and thereby to help increase the fish catch generally.

We Icelanders are used to wrestle our food from our harsh and difficult natural surroundings both on land and at sea. We also know that man's greed in exploiting the natural resources can do more harm to our environment than natural catastrophies.

We must be on our guard. Our eyes are opening to the fact that we must not overtax nature and to see the short distance between a fertile soil and the creep of the desert.

The deterioration of the soil is not only taking place in the Sahel of Africa or the drylands of North America, Asia and Australia. Soil erosion is also taking place in northern latitudes and in mountain regions. We are often so busy worrying about the problems of the South, of the Tropics and the dry plains, that we forget the problems of the small farmer in steep mountain regions and in the harsh North. Because of the current industrial wealth of the North, we forget the difficulties encountered in farming many northern and mountain areas. Nevertheless, it is much more difficult to restore fertility to lands in the cold North than in more favourable climates, if the "soil has been eroded by overexpíoitation.

Those who live in Iceland know these difficulties which in earlier times caused repeated famines in the country. I would therefore urge FAO to help establish effective international cooperation in order to put mountain and northern farming on a sounder basis and to improve the agricultural technology of the North.

Two things are of prime importance: Increased investment in this sector by the countries concerned and the leadership of FAO in coordinating research and development on an international or regional basis. I fully support the resolution which has been placed for this Conference to strengthen FAO's activities in Europe and in this connection want to stress the problems of the mountain farmer.

We must realize that a rapid increase in world population calls for an increased demand for arable land to grow cereals, fruits and vegetables for human consumption. In the competition for fertile lands, the livestock must give way to the edible crops. Nevertheless, one expects an even more rapidly rising demand for meat and other livestock products in the future. It is thus clear that we must use the mountains, the large areas of the cold North and other marginal lands for production of roughages for livestock.

This matter is not only of interest to us living in the far north but it also concerns a number of farmers in large areas in most of the developing countries.

When we discuss the need for greater investments in agriculture, we should not only focus our vision on maize, wheat, soybeans etc. The forage grasses, the main food of livestock and the management of grasslands have been neglected. The development of this type of agriculture is in great need for increased research on grassland soils, hay and pasture species, and on the technology of the use of mountain grasslands. There is great need for increased investments in fences, animal housing, implements, fertilizer, better seeds and last but not least in the training and education of the farm workers deriving a living in these areas.

It is of special interest to us, Icelanders, that FAO strengthen its activities in the livestock sector and we are, as are many of the developing countries, most interested in sheep production.

Although our land is not easy to farm, we have achieved remarkable success in lamb production and are able to export considerable quantities.

It is a paradox that in spite of food scarcity in many places of the world, it is not easy for a small country to find markets for its food products, even though this food is nourishing and could alleviate hunger among


the needy It is the task of FAO to promote the move of wholesome foods to the tables of the needy. Although we Icelanders cannot contribute large foodstocks towards World Food Security, we are prepared to discuss with FAO in what way we can use a part of our meat production as a contribution towards attaining freedom from hunger in the world.

One of the changes in the program and activities of FAO with which we are very happy, is the fact that FAO has now been given the opportunity to give direct assistance with its own resources to the development of agriculture and food production.

Although FAO has an important role to play in executing development projects funded by UNDP and from bilateral sources, the Organization must have its own financial resources to be able to carry out a number of priority projects which cannot wait for a cumbersome machinery to function.

A good example of such priority projects is the plan for action to prevent Post Harvest Losses of food both from land and from the sea.

Mr. Chairman,

At the outset, I drew attention to the pioneering work done by my small country in taking measures to prevent destruction of valuable fish stocks and to exercise caution in our dealings with Mother Nature. The view of the grower in contrast to the view of the exploiter, must prevail in our dealings with our land and sea resources and not the least in how we apply our modern advanced technology.

The proper and sensible processing and utilization of the food we produce is also one of the main contributing factors securing adequate nutrition for a growing population.

We who inhabit a difficult terrain near the polar region seek to harness modern technology in such a way that our food production - the fish from the sea and the lambs from the mountains - can contribute to attaining the goal which FAO is aiming for - to banish hunger from the world.

My concluding words are to wish FAO continued success in its noble efforts to improve the lot of the rural poor and to feed the hungry of the world.

N-DANG (Viet Nam): Veuillez me permettre tout d'abord d'apporter, au nom de la Délégation de. la République Socialiste du Viet Nam, nos chaleureuses salutations à tous les distingués Délégués et Observateurs, et particulièrement aux Représentants des nouveaux Pays Membres de la FAO.

Il y a deux ans, de cette même tribune, durant la 18ème session de la Conférence, j'ai eu l'honneur de faire entendre la voix d'un peuple qui venait de sortir victorieux d'une guerre patriotique de plus d'un quart de siècle. A cette 19ème session, l'honneur m'échoit à nouveau de représenter un Viet Nam réunifié, tout engagé dans son oeuvre d'édification du socialisme et à qui la Communauté Internationale a tout récemment donné confirmation de la place qui lui revient à l'Organisation des Nations Unies.

Les séquelles d'une guerre d'agression longues de trente années de destruction dans tous les aspects de la vie du peuple vietnamien, et en particulier dans le domaine de la production alimentaire, dépassent toute estimation, et leur liquidation radicale exige d'immenses efforts continus.

Dans le Nord, les bombardements ont causé de lourds ravages aux digues, aux ouvrages d'hydraulique agricole, aux stations de tracteurs, aux usines électriques et de mécanique agricole, aux fabriques d'engrais et d'insecticides, aux constructions navales, aux ports, aux embarcations, aux dépôts, etc. bref, à notre infrastructure encore trop limitée.

Dans le Sud, en conséquence de la guerre, des millions d'hectares de forets et de terres cultivées ont été dévastés, l'équilibre écologique a été romou, trois millions de chômeurs nous ont été laissés et dix millions de paysans se sont entassés dans les villes après avoir quitté les campagnes.

L'étude et l'application des progrès scientifiques et techniques dans le domaine de la production ont connu un sérieux retard et la mise en valeur de grandes potentialités de notre pays en matière de main-d'oeuvre et de ressources naturelles a été entravée.

C'est pourquoi, dans son oeuvre de reconstruction d'après-guerre, le peuple vietnamien doit résoudre de nombreux problèmes de première urgence et de grande envergure tant dans le domaine économique que social, et jeter en même temps les bases pour un développement planifié, stable et de longue échéance.

Durant ces deux dernières années, avec une détermination inébranlable, en vue de reconstruire le pays, nous avons remis en valeur une partie importante des terres en friche, procédé au reboisement d'une


superficie de plus de 100 000 hectares, remis en état de fonctionnement et construit un certain nombre d'ouvrages d'hydraulique agricole. Nous avons édifié et élargi de nouvelles zones économiques dans le Sud du pays, développé la pêche et la pisciculture, intensifié nos efforts pour faire de l'élevage une branche principale de notre agriculture. Des centaines de milliers de chômeurs ont retrouvé du travail. Un certain nombre d'usines qui desservaient l'agriculture, la sylviculture, la pêche et la pisciculture a été restaure, l'emploi de variétés de céréales à rendement élevé a été élargi.

Ces résultats ont été obtenus non seulement au terme d'intenses et pénibles efforts mais aussi au prix du sacrifice de milliers de vies durant les opérations de déminage des champs.

Nous tenons à souligner un point important: Ces résultats ont été acquis non seulement de par nos propres forces mais aussi grâce au soutien dé pays frères et amis, grâce aussi à l'aide importante de la FAO, du PAM et d'autres Organisations internationales.

Au nom du peuple et du gouvernement de la République Socialiste du Viet Nam, je tiens à exprimer à cette occasion nos sincères remerciements.

Mais ce ne sont là que des résultats initiaux.

La production agricole progresse lentement, d'une manière instable, dépendant en grande mesure des conditions naturelles. En 1976, la production du riz a connu un progrès sensible, mais cette année-ci, le froid rigoureux et prolongé au nord, la sécheresse grave dans tout le pays, les typhons et les inondations consécutifs ont causé de graves dommages aux récoltes de riz et de plantes alimentaires subsidiaires. Cette année, nous nous attendons à une diminution notable dans la production des céréales.

Pour affronter le futur, notre gouvernement a défini comme tâche primordiale sur le front économique d'assurer un puissant développement à l'agriculture en vue de résoudre coûte que coûte le problème alimentaire, d'assurer les besoins essentiels en vivres de toute la société et de constituer des réserves. Il nous faut déployer de grands efforts pour atteindre en 1980, dernière année du Plan quinquennal 1976-1980, les grands objectifs suivants: 21 millions de tonnes de produits alimentaires, 16 millions et demi de porcs, 1 million d'hectares de terre nouvellement mise en culture, 1 million deux cent mille hectares reboisés, 1 million huit cent mille travailleurs mobilisés pour la mise en valeur des nouvelles zones économiques.

Plus de 30 pour cent des investissements dans le quinquennat sont réservés à l'agriculture.

Notre peuple s'efforce d'obtenir ces objectifs afin de parvenir au stade d'autosuffisance alimentaire.

Mais les séquelles de la guerre et les calamités naturelles nous portent à considérer comme toujours nécessaire l'assistance internationale pour la reconstruction de notre pays.

C'est avec joie que nous constatons que les relations entre le Viet Nam et la FAO d'une part, et le PAM d'autre part, ont été bonnes.

Le programme d'aide au Viet Nam pour les années 1976-1977 est en bonne voie d'exécution. Dans l'avenir, nous sommes certains que le Viet Nam, l'un des pays les plus sévèrement affectés comme l'a recommandé l'Assemblée générale de l'ONU récemment, continue à recevoir une aide accrue de la part de la FAO, du PAM et du FIDA, qui sera opérationnel sous peu de temps ainsi que de la part d'autres Organisations internationales.

La 19ème session de la Conférence de la FAO se tient à un moment où, en ligne générale, la production mondiale des céréales connaît de bons résultats.

Mais, dans les pays en voie de développement, la croissance de la production agricole se trouve encore à des niveaux bien bas, elle est incertaine et ne dépasse pas encore l'accroissement démographique.

A long terme, le problème alimentaire, la production agricole constituent, pour ces pays, une grave hypothèque.

Actuellement, la situation est devenue plus préoccupante dans le Sahel, au Viet Nam et au Laos, comme l'a bien mentionné M. le Directeur exécutif du PAM, lors de L'ouverture de la 4ème séance du Comité des Politiques et Programme d'aide alimentaire.

La faim reste une menace constante pour des millions d'êtres humains en Asie comme en Afrique.

Cette situation troublante pose de lourdes responsabilités aux peuples du monde entier et à notre Organisation dont le noble objectif est de libérer l'humanité de la faim.


La situation exige des. choix opportuns et fondamentaux.

Certes, le premier devoir qui incombe aux gouvernements des pays en voie de développement est d'appliquer une politique agricole et d'adapter des mesures efficaces en vue d'assurer l'approvisionnement alimentaire à leurs populations.

Mais, en ce qui concerne notre Organisation, tenant compte des expériences des déconnies passées, nous pensons que la FAO devrait adopter une nouvelle stratégie: C'est une nécessité des plus impérieuses que d'orienter d'une façon encore plus efficace les activités de notre Organisation, en faveur des pays en voie de développement.

Nul n'ignore qu'au lendemain d'une longue période de domination intégrale de la part des impérialistes et des colonialistes, les pays retardés abordent de leur propre chef leur redressement et leur développement à partir d'une infrastructure embryonnaire.

Il leur manque les fonds nécessaires pour les investissements dans l'agriculture comme dans l'industrie, il leur manque les techniques nécessaires.

Si la FAO n'a pu et ne pourrait aider ces pays à se procurer les capitaux nécessaires aux investissements, il est souhaitable qu'elle leur accorde une assitance technique des plus efficaces.

C'est en ce sens que nous apprécions et soutenons pleinement l'initiative du Directeur général en vue d'orienter la majeure partie du travail de la FAO sur le terrain et de réduire le nombre des réunions; des publications et des documents ainsi que l'effectif du siège.

Nous nous réjouissons de l'établissement du programme de coopération technique qui répond directement aux besoins urgents à court terme des pays moins avancés pour porter au maximum leurs efforts de développement.

Nous pensons que cela constitue une orientation juste.

Nous donnons tout notre appui au programme de travail et au budget à court terme présenté par M. le Directeur général.

En réalité, c'est un budget trop limité pour une organisation ayant une tâche aussi grandiose et à la fois aussi difficile que la nôtre. Mais nous voudrions souligner que le budget pour le programme de coopération technique est encore trop restreint.

Nous donnons aussi notre plein appui au projet de résolution en ce qui concerne les fonds pour la prévention des pertes alimentaires.

Notre Conférence devrait se procurer les différentes sources d'approvisionnement pour que le Fonds puisse fonctionner le plus tôt possible.

Nous accurillons avec satisfaction l'objectif de contribution aux ressources du PAM pour les années 1979-1980.

Notre Délégation fera tout son possible pour se joindre aux efforts communs de la Conférence et réaffirme que, dans les conditions bien difficiles de la période de reconstruction d'après-guerre, le Gouvernement et le peuple vietnamiens sauront s'acquitter de leur responsabilité en tant que Membre de la FAO en résolvant au mieux notre problème alimentaire, en continuant à bien utiliser le soutien et l'aide internationale pour contribuer dans un proche avenir à la solution des problèmes des denrées alimentaires dans le monde entier.

Au nom de ma Délégation, je forme les voeux de bon succès pour la Conférence et je vous remercie, Monsieur le Président et distingués Délégués, de votre attention.

CHAIRMAN: I wish to inform you that I have received a request from the representative of the World Meteorological Organization to have his short statement included in the record of this meeting.

M. J. CONNAUGHTON (World Meteorological Organization): I should like to express my appreciation for having been given this opportunity of addressing the Conference on behalf of WMO.


Since weather is a most important factor in all facets of agriculture, it is obviously essential that there should be the closest collaboration between agriculturalists and meteorologists at both national and international levels. The importance of this collaboration was recognized by the World Food Conference which in a number of its resolutions called for close liaison between meteorologists and agriculturalists at the national level and joint efforts by FAO and WMO in various aspects of agriculture. While such collaboration existed before the World Food Conference, it is true to say that the need to establish closer ties and develop closer co-operation between our two agencies has received fresh impetus as a result of the Conference. For its part, the Congress of WMO has approved extended agrometeorological activities in aid of food production which are mainly oriented towards developing countries and of which close liaison and full co-operation with FAO is an important component.

Conference Document C 77/25 refers to some examples of the increasing collaboration between FAO and WMO in agriculture and meteorology: joint agroclimatological surveys (with UNESCO) in Africa, the Near East and South America, joint FAO/WMO Technical Conferences in Agriculture Meteorology in Ibadan and Rome, the provisions by WMO to FAO of rainfall data from some African Countries as meteorological input to the GIEWS, and the participation of FAO representatives on WMO working groups on agricultural meteorology. Another important development has been that working arrangements have been concluded between the Secretariats of FAO and WMO which formalize the co-operation between the two bodies in the field of agricultural meteorology.

The Twenty-Ninth Session of the Executive Committee of WMO (May/June 1977) strongly favoured the initiative taken by the Secretary-General of WMO in promoting increased collaboration between WMO and FAO, by inviting FAO to join in the organization of certain seminars, symposia, technical conferences and projects and expressed the hope that FAO would take similar initiatives regarding the participation of WMO in selected FAO projects requiring a substantial agrometeorological input. I should like to assure the Conference that any requests from FAO regarding such participation would receive the sympathetic consideration of WMO and that all efforts would be made to meet them - subject of course to budgetary considerations.

Two fields which offer much scope for WMO/FAO collaboration are, I believe, those of Integrated Rural Development in developing countries and of Combating Desertification; in the latter field where both climate and land management practices play vital roles, the plan of action drawn up by the recent United Nations Conference on Desertification envisages that both our agencies will play important parts.

In summary, therefore, WMO, being strongly of the belief that close collaboration between our two agencies in the field of agricultural meteorology is highly desirable, welcomes the ties that have been established over the years and suggests that the Conference may wish to consider ways and means by which agriculturalists and meteorologists at national and international levels may be able to co-operate even more closely in the planning and implementation of joint projects. 1/

The meeting rose at 19. 00 hours
La seance est levee à 19 heures
Se levanta la sêsion a las 19. 00 horas

1/ Statement inserted in the verbatim records oh request.



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