Community Forestry Field Manual 1: GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING, MONITORING AND EVALUATING COOKSTOVE PROGRAMMES
prepared by Stephen Joseph, edited and designed by Carla R.S. Koppell
FAO, Rome 1990
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a) number of groups formed to help implement the programme |
b) number of meetings, data gathering exercises, group production activities that take place over a certain period of time |
c) amount of money/time that the stove group has spent to assist families who do not have the resources to get a stove |
d) number of promotion /demonstration meetings held by a stove group |
e) amount of stove group's time spent communicating with project staff |
f) time/money spent helping to organise training programmes |
g) time and number of visits of extension workers to households |
h) number of maintenance or repair operations carried out by householders after they have received training |
i) the number of people who have heard about the stove from extension workers |
j) amount of money spent on fuel |
k) the amount of fuel sold by fuel sellers before and after the introduction of the stove |
l) the amount of time and/or money spent on kitchen improvements before and after the introduction of the stove |
m) the number of times people visited the health clinic for treatment of burns, eye and/or lung infection before and after the introduction of the stove |
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Certain questions need to be asked to provide the basis for this monitoring and evaluation. During the programme's implementation, participants have to examine and discuss a range of issues related to the energy, health employment and housing needs, the design of the stove, its acceptability and its dissemination. They need baseline information, before the initiation of a project, as a basis for comparison . Questions that need to be asked are:
To answer all of these questions in some depth it is necessary to collect the information that is listed below. The answers to question 1 will indicate who wants to be involved in stove programmes and why. The answers to questions 2, 3 and 4 will help to establish design criteria and the answers to question 5 will assist in the development of the plan of action to carry out the field test programme.
a) Environmental, Demographic, and Geographical | weather patterns, altitude, land use patterns, extent and type of forest, population density, family size distribution, transport system, local government facilities, range of skills and level of education, patterns of eye and lung disease. |
b) Economic | patterns of employment and land ownership, type and extent of cash cropping, distribution of income, nature of exploitation, methods for marketing locally, type, size and number of local businesses and their link with the larger market, type and extent of management skills, priority of economic needs, fuel and stove costs in relation to income. |
c) Social | ethnic/ religious composition of the area/community, type and interaction of local government and non government organizations, type and nature of informal groupings, cultural and religious activities/practices, methods of communication/decision making and resolution of disputes, gender roles and relationships, assessment of patterns of innovation, priority of social needs. |
d) Kitchens, Management and Stoves | fuel types and size, amount used, who collects, time spent collecting, amount spent purchasing, how much and where stored, variations in patterns and costs throughout the year, kitchen size and layout, ventilation/pollution, position of kitchen in house and stove, kitchen and stove needs, ritual significance of kitchen stove, type and size of stoves, cooking functions performed by stoves, type and size of pots, type of food cooked. |
e) Resources | availability and quality of local clay, sand, metal, cement; who owns materials and what is their price, what are the transport problems, number and type of local businesses that can make stoves, social and financial organization of these enterprises. |
These different types of information needs can be broken down more specifically to form the Initial Needs Identification Survey.
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The information that is gathered through the Initial Needs Identification Survey is used at different times throughout the life of the programme. Different types of information can be used in a variety of ways.
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Name of household ..................................... | Date of installation .................... |
Location ................................................... | Type of stove .................... |
Income earning activities ................................ | Type of kitchen .................... |
No. people installing/building stove .................... | |
Time taken for the meeting | |
Problems encountered | |
Food provided | |
Time spent by household in preparation | |
Money contributed by household | |
Where was the stove placed? | |
Who made the decision to install/build stove? | |
Why was this household chosen? | |
Description of kitchen | |
Follow-up visit Data ................................................ |
Name of interviewer ............................................ |
Observations | |
Is the stove hot? | |
Is the stove cracked? Where? | |
Are the passages blocked? | |
What changes have been made to the stove (diagram if necessary) | |
Users comments | |
Bad features | |
Good features | |
Any comment on the fuel savings? | |
By whom? | |
General comments made on needs related to domestic tasks - to ascertain relative priorities | |
1. Fuel | |
2. Health | |
3. Water | |
4. Shelter | |
5. Employment | |
Observers' comments |
Date | Recorder |
Place where meeting held | |
Names of attendees | |
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Reasons for non-members attending | |
Check list: actions decided at last meeting | |
Action | Carried out -- Yes -- No -- by whom? |
1. 2. 3. |
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Matters discussed 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |
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Actions to be undertaken | by whom |
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |
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Money spent |
(Division of Community Forestry, Nepal 1984)
The numbers correlate with the questions.
First visit after installation | ||
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Name of household | Village | Date |
Name of installer | Date of installation | |
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If any of the dimensions or the installation was incorrect,when were the errors corrected? | ||
Three months after first monitoring | ||
Date of return | Time | |
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(Sri Lanka 1982)
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(Division of Community Forestry, Nepal 1984)
V | Name | Value/Code | ||
1. | Household name.............................Ward No......... Village name............................... Household Characteristics:................................. |
01 | HH | _ _ _ _ _ |
2. | District............................. | 02 | DIST | _ _* |
3. | Panchayat.......................... Surveyor............................. Date (Roman)................................. Main Cook's name............................... |
03 | PAN | _ _ _+ |
4. | New stove type: (1) Insert (2) Double wall (3) Modified Magan Chulo (4) Other................ | 04 | NETO | _ |
5. | Months installed..................... | 05 | AGE | _ |
6. | Floor installed: (1) Ground (2) 1st Floor (3) 2nd Floor (4) 3rd Floor |
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7. | Installer........................... | 07 | INST | _ _+ |
8. | Ethnic/group/caste (see code) | 08 | ETH | _ _* |
9. | Regular number of household members............................. | 09 | HPOP | _ _ |
10. | Number of children less than 10 yrs old.............................. | 10 | CPOP | _ _ |
Stove Use | ||||
11. | Present use of new stove: (0) Used at present......... (1) not used........... |
11 | STOU | _ |
12. | (If not used at present ) Number of months previously used.................. | 12 | MUSE | _ _ |
13. | (If not used at present) why is stove not being used?......................................................................Skip to question No. 25 | 13 | NOTU | _+ |
14-18 | Number of times new stove used for the following purposes in last week: | |||
14. | Main meals per week | 14 | MEAL | _ _ |
15. | Snacks and tea per week | 15 | STEA | _ _ |
16. | Livestock feed per week | 16 | FEED | _ _ |
17. | Room heating | 17 | HEAT | _ _ |
18. | Other (specify) | 18 | OTH | _ _ |
19. | Type of traditional stove previously used by household (1) mud stove (2) tripod (3) both (4) other | 19 | TYPE | _ |
20-24 | Number of times old stove used for the following purposes last week: | |||
20. | Main meals per week | 20 | TMEA | _ _ |
21. | Snacks and tea per week | 21 | TSTE | _ _ |
22. | Livestock feed per week | 22 | TPEE | _ _ |
23. | Room heating | 23 | THEA | _ _ |
24. | Other (specify) | 24 | TOTH | _ _ |
Condition of Improved Stove | ||||
25. | Firebox: (0) not cracked (1) cracked (2) broken | 25 | FIRE | _ |
26. | Front arch: (0) not cracked (1) cracked (2) broken | 26 | ARCH | _ |
27. | Baffle: (0) not cracked (1) cracked (2) broken | 27 | BAF | _ |
28. | Chimney: (0) not cracked (1) cracked (2) broken | 28 | CHIM | _ |
29. | Repaired: (0) not required (1) not repaired (2) partially (3) completely | 26 | REP | _ |
30. | Inside chimney: (0) clean (1) soot accum. (2) ash (3) both ash & soot | 28 | ASHC | _ |
31. | Is there ash in firebox or connecting pipe: (0) no (1) yes |
28 | ASBP | _ |
32. | Number of times chimney cleaned by installer | 32 | CLNI | _ |
33. | Number of times chimney cleaned by household | 33 | CLNH | _ |
Stove installation | ||||
34. | Measurements: (0) within tolerance limits (1) slightly exceeds limits (2) greatly exceeds limits | 34 | MEAS | _ |
35. | Chimney installation: (0) good (1) minor problems (2) major problems | 35 | CHIM | _ |
36. | Stove and chimney location: (0) good (1) bad | 36 | LOCA | _ |
37. | Frequently used pots fit holes: (0) good (1) fair (2) poor | 37 | PFIT | _ |
38. | Has user modified stove? (0) No (1) Yes if yes describe under comments | 38 | MOD | _ |
Fuel use per week (in kg) | ||||
39. | Estimated percentage fuelwood saving | 38 | FUEL | _ _ |
40. | Amount of fuelwood used per week before new stove | 40 | FUF | _ _ _ |
41. | Amount of fuelwood used per week | 41 | FUP | _ _ _ |
42. | Present price of wood per kg | 42 | FURS | _ _ _ |
43. | Average amount purchased per week before new stove | 43 | FUFR | _ _ _ |
44. | Average amount presently purchased per week | 44 | FUPR | _ _ _ |
45. | Straw/Agriculture residue used per week before | 45 | AGRS | _ _ _ |
46. | Straw/Agriculture residue presently used per week | 46 | AGRP | _ _ _ |
47. | Dung burned per week before | 47 | DUB | _ _ _ |
48. | Dung presently burned per week | 48 | DUP | _ _ _ |
User's attitudes | ||||
49. | Meal cooking time: (0) decreased (1) same (2) increased | 49 | TIME | _ |
50. | Comparative convenience: (0) better (1) same or worse (2) worse | 50 | COMC | _ |
51. | Reduction in smoke: (0) like (1) mixed opinion (2) dislike | 51 | SMOK | |
52. | Heat in second pot hole: (0) sufficient (1) not sufficient | 52 | POT2 | _ |
53. | Size of wood inlet: (0) ok (1) too small (2) too big | 53 | SIZE | _ |
54. | How did you know about the new stove: (1) neighbours (2) promoter/installer (3) village leader (4) saw demo model (5) extension booklet (6) poster (7) other (8) extension agent. (9) other (specify) |
54 | KNOW | _ |
55. | Would you be willing to purchase replacement part for stove? (0) yes (1) yes if cheap (2) no (3) don't know | 55 | PURC | _ |
56. | Number of visits by promoter since installation | 56 | VIST | _ |
57. | Estimated economic status of household (1) high (2) average (3) low | 57 | ECON | _ |
Comments/Remarks
If the new stove is not frequently being used for some purpose, why isn't it being used?
What suggestion for improving the stove design or installation does the respondent have?
Other comments:
Question notes
3. Main cook's name usually refers to the woman of the household who does most of the actual cooking and uses the stove most. She is the one to whom the questions should be addressed.
5. Months installed refers to the total time elapsed since the new stove was installed, e.g. 1.6 years = 18 months.
9. "Regular number of household members" refers to the total number of people for whom food is regularly cooked in the household including servants.
11. "Present use of new stoves" refers to whether the new stove is being used at all. If it is presently being used, even if very little, then code (0) should be answered. Later questions will determine the amount of use.
12 and 13.These questions should only be asked of households in which the new stove is not currently being used, i.e. where the answers to Q. 11 was (1). After answering these questions, skip to Q. 25 and continue the questionnaire from there. If the new stove has been totally removed, write "IMPROVED STOVE REMOVED" near Q.25 and skip to Q. 49.
14-24 These are the most important variables to be measured in the survey. The answers should be carefully obtained and, if possible, cross checked with other members of the household. If the last week was unusual (i.e. wedding, festival, etc.) then the last normal week should be used to answer this question. Note that if the traditional stove has been removed (9) code should be put in box 20-24
34 This question requires checking the measurements of the stove and comparing it to the ordered standard. For the 1983 insert stove this standard is given in the drawings in the stove installation manual. Deviations of up to 1 cm. can be considered within tolerance limits and coded in "(0) within tolerance limits". Differences of 1 to 2 cm should be coded as "(1) slightly exceeds limits". Any errors in stove dimensions (unless properly modified by the user -- see question 38) should be coded as "(2) greatly exceeds limits".
36 "Good or bad stove and chimney location" refers to both social and physical factors. Bad location (code 1) includes stoves installed in the wrong room or the wrong location within a room as well as chimney placement into the wind etc.
38 If the household has modified or rebuilt the stove, code "(19) yes" and describe what the changes were and why there was a change on the last page - with drawing if possible.
39 - 48 All the answers for these questions should be estimated in kg per week. Since these estimates are difficult to obtain and subject to considerable error, the surveyor should be careful to write down the user's best estimate. The purpose is not to measure exactly how much fuelwood is being used, but to obtain the user's perceptions of fuel use. Usually the question will have to be asked in two or three different ways using local units of measurements and then converted into percentages and kg per week. (Note 1 dharni =2.2 kg)
49-55 As with the previous questions on fuel use, all of these questions seek to find out the new stove user's attitudes towards and perceptions of the new stove - even if the surveyor may disagree. It is important that these questions be asked of the main cook/stove user.
57 The surveyor should not ask this question, but estimate the economic status of the household by the presence or absence of physical indicators such as size of house, number of cooking utensils, ownership of radio, bicycle, number of livestock, salaried employment, etc..
Note all comments that may help the programme design a better stove or have a better extension/distribution system. Especially note any ideas from the user on how to improve the stove.
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(Dian Desa Programme 1983)
Number of respondent ......................................
Name of respondent .........................................
Category of respondent :
Village :...................................
District :......................................
When interviewed : ...............................
Interviewer notes : ................................................................................................
Name of interviewer...................................
Approved by.....................................
I. Identity of respondent:
main profession | others | |
1. head of family | ||
2. wife (respondent) | ||
Codes: | 1.labourer / worker | 2.farmer | 3. skilled worker | 4.merchant |
5. teacher | 6. gov't official / army (except head of village) | |
7. village official | 8.religious leader |
II. Economic condition of family
III. Kitchen situation
diameter | |
whistling pot | ............... |
aluminium pot | ............... |
pottery pot | ............... |
wok | ............... |
copper steam rice pot | ............... |
boiling rice pot | ............... |
aluminium steam rice pot | ............... |
yes | no | |
a.heard about Sae stove. | ||
b. seen a Sae stove. | ||
c. used a Sae stove. |
III Questions for both user and non-user respondents
(If they have used both Sae and traditional stoves, all questions apply to the Sae stove)
price | |
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place .........., distance ...........m / km
place ........., distance ............m / km
Perception of the stove being used.
morning | noon | afternoon | evening | |
kind of food |
old | new | |
price | ||
durability | ||
fuel consumption | ||
smoke | ||
speed of cooking |
IV Questions for non-user respondents
V Questions for ex-users respondents
VI Questions for Sae stove user respondents
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The Kitchen Performance Test (KTP) measures the relative rate of fuelwood consumption by two stoves as they are used in the normal household environment. It is a prolonged test conducted with the willing cooperation of individual families. Compared with the previously described tests, the results of the KTP can provide the most reliable indication of stove performance under actual household conditions. However, because of the large effort involved, it is normally conducted only after the more controlled tests have been completed.
The primary objectives of the KPT are:
Variations of the Kitchen Performance Test may also be used in conjunction with a stove dissemination program (Procedural Note 2) or as part of a survey of household energy use (Procedural Note 3).
Kitchen Performance Tests should be carried out by an investigator who is trained to follow instructions, is motivated to do so, and has certain basic numeric skills.
Household No. ___________ Family name_____________________________________
Location ________________________________________
Household |
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Fulewood |
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Alternate Fules/Stoves |
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Total wood remaining in inventory area |
Wood added to inventory area |
Comments | |
Day 0 | ___________(none) | ||
Day 1 | kg | kg | |
Day 2 | kg | kg | |
Day 3 | kg | kg | |
Day 4 | kg | kg | |
Day 5 | kg | kg | |
Day 6 | kg | kg | |
Day 7 | kg | kg | |
Day 1 | kg | (none)_________ | |
kg |
(C) Total wood added to inventory:___kg
(D) Total wood consumed: C-B = ______kg
(E) Test duraton: _______days
Specific daily consumption: D/A/E = ________
* This is an example of a form to be used for each participating household.
Organisation conduction tests_________________________________________
Address____________________________________________________
Names of stoves compared: (1)_______________________(2)_______________________
Testing location___________________________________________________________
Testing period________(months)______________(year) Name of test supervisor_______________
Stove No. 1 | Standard adult equivalents | Specific daily consumption | Fuelwood cost / kg | |
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Arithmetic mean: | ||||
Standard deviation: | ||||
Coefficient of variation: | ||||
Standard error: | ||||
95% confidence interval: | ||||
(Total No. of tests__________ ) | ||||
Stove No. 2 | Standard adult equivalents | Specific daily consumption | Fuelwood cost / kg | |
Arithmetic mean: | ||||
Standard deviation: | ||||
Coefficient of variation: | ||||
Standard error: | ||||
95% confidence interval: | ||||
(Total No. of tests__________ ) |
Specific daily consumption: t-value =____________at __________% level of confidence and ___________ degrees of freedom.
(Attach a full description of both stove models tested)
* This is an example of a form used to summarise and report results from a series of two stoves being compared.
Later, new stoves can be built in these same households, and another KPT may be carried out after the households have had an opportunity to get acquainted with the new stoves. At that time the KPT may be accompanied by a user survey to determine how well the stoves are being received with later surveys to evaluate other parameters such as stove durability. Later KPTs may be performed to evaluate whether the fuel savings have remained the same and if other factors have had a positive or negative influence on the stove's long term acceptability.
Table 1 | |
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Minimum number of households necessary in the KPT relative to expected differences in fuel use | |
Expected percent difference in fuel use | Minimum number of households* |
10 | 54 |
20 | 14 |
30 | 7 |
40 | 5 |
*Corresponds to COV = 0.4; 10% level of significance |
Table 2 | |
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"Standard adult" defined in terms of sex and age | |
Sex and age | Fraction of standard adult |
Child, 0-14 years | 0.5 |
Female, over 14 years | 0.8 |
Male, 15-59 years | 1.0 |
Male, over 59 years | 0.8 |
The KPT is the most complicated test described in these guidelines in a logistic sense. The Procedural Notes indicate several types of factors that influence the per capita fuel consumption for cooking in a community. At this moment the extent of influences is unclear we therefore can do no more than urge the user of this test procedure to exercise a great deal of caution. A long term programme of stove introduction is a prerequisite for undertaking the Kitchen Performance Test.
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The following is excerpted from a consultant report on the Community Forestry Development Project in Nepal. It provides an example of a training programme and the rationale behind its development.
The organizational structure called for a comprehensive training and extension programme which would standardize production, installation and maintenance of the ceramic insert stoves throughout Nepal.
Separate courses and programmes have been developed for all the four parties involved in the production, dissemination and use of the stoves. They are the
The training and extension programmes developed so far follow to a large extent some of the basic premises on field level training used in the forestry component of the project. They are:
Separate training courses had to be designed so as to suit each group's particular task and relation to HMG. They are described in Field Document No.9, "Training Course for Stove Promoters, Stove Installers and Stove Producers of Ceramic Insert Stoves in Nepal." Their positions are as follows:
The main objective in the training of the stove producers is to make them completely familiar with the special requirements of ceramic insert stoves. Depending on which location the stoves are being made in this may be relatively easy or very difficult. For example, in many parts of Nepal the pottery wheel is not in use and training in its use may be needed before the actual training in stove production starts. Particular attention has to be given to the quality of the clay and how to make it suitable for the production of thermal resistant stoves.
The great advantage of the Nepal stove design is that the efficiency of the stove is determined by the degree of accuracy with which they are made by the potters. If all the components are properly made, even a mediocre stove installer cannot affect the efficiency of the stove unless the chimney is incorrectly installed. However, if the baffle is placed with the wrong slope or the chimney pipes are of too small a diameter, even the best stove installer cannot make the stove work properly. A five-day training course for stove producers has been developed, which consists of at least 75% practical work.
The lessons follow a certain sequence. They begin by explaining why the new type of stove can be more efficient and how it works. The participants then examine stoves that are well built and well installed and stoves that are poorly built and poorly installed. This is to emphasize the need for quality control. They are then taught how stoves are developed and tested at RECAST.
The emphasis of the practical work is placed on "learning by doing". No certificate should be issued until the potters makes accurate stoves. They should also be encouraged to examine how they can improve the quality of the clay mixes as well as ensuring quality control.
The course ends with information on administrative issues, e.g., ordering, payment, etc. The basic features of the training course are shown below.
Day | Subject |
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1 | Examination of stove features. Visit to RECAST. field trip to village to see installed stoves. |
2 | Clay mixing, throwing of main pots, drying, dimensional accuracy. |
3 | Cutting holes, connecting pipes, throwing of chimneys. |
4 | Each trainee constructs two stoves. Firing and dimensional accuracy are checked. |
5 | Administrative issues, certificate distribution. |
Stove installers are usually recruited from the panchayats where the stoves are being installed. This ensures that local knowledge about the stoves is retained in the panchayat for future support with repairs, replacement and maintenance. The training of the stove installers should therefore also be relevant to the on-going post-installation activities of the installer. So far three training courses have been held. The principle objectives of the stove installers training are to ensure that the installers can:
Secondary objectives are to teach the installers about:
A five-day training course has been designed, which consists of at least 50% practical work.
The lessons begin with an explanation of the factors that affect the design and acceptance of a new stove. This is followed by a careful examination of the good and bad features of the existing stoves/fire places and the new stoves.
To help understand why a new stove is more fuel-efficient, an elementary theory of wood burning and heat transfer is introduced. This is followed by a discussion of the reasons why a new stove does not work if not properly installed. During this time the participants will learn how to use the stove.
Participants then learn how to install the stoves. Emphasis is placed on chimney construction. Once they are proficient in this skill they will visit houses where stoves have already been installed. They will evaluate how well they have been installed. Houses will then be visited that want a new stove. The participants will explain the good and bad features of the stoves to the users, determine where they want the stove to be installed and explain why the stove should not be installed on the windward side of the house.
Having installed the stoves the participants will demonstrate how to use and maintain the stove.
This programme emphasizes "learning by doing". Participants are encouraged to determine what problems they may encounter in their own panchayat. The participants should be continuously asked:
"what happens if you don't install a stove correctly;"
"what happens if you or users don't regularly clean the stove;"
"what makes a stove work properly?"
These questions are used to re-emphasize the need to correctly install the stove and carry out regular maintenance.
All practicals are carried out under the supervision of either the stove promoter or a member of the RECAST/CFDP stove improvement unit.
The basic features of this training course are shown below.
Day | Subject |
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1 | Review of kitchen and stove types, cooking practices in Nepal. Good and bad features of traditional and improved stoves. |
2 | Theory of wood burning and heat transfer. Stove installation techniques. |
3 | Field visit to learn how to determine where the stove is to be built. |
4 | Installation of 2 stoves per installer. Evaluation of stoves installed. |
5 | Maintenance of stoves. Job description of stove installers. Administrative procedures. Test certificate distribution. |
Of the three groups being trained, the stove promoters are the only staff employed by HMG. They are the permanent link between the stoves and the HMG administration; both with the District Forest Office on administrative issues and with the central CFAD office on the technical and socio-economic issues.
As the stove promoters are locally recruited, their training will have a continuing effect in their district and will facilitate local administration. The key to the success of the stove improvement programme will be its decentralized implementation and the stove promoter will play an important role in that. The training of stove promoters should therefore be comprehensive and be repeated every year. To provide the stove promoter with all the practical aspects of stove installation, he/she should first follow the stove installation training course.
The principle objectives of the additional training course for district stove promoters are that they will be capable to:
The lessons follow a certain sequence.
It begins with a thorough review of the job description of the stove promoters and their role in relation to the community forestry programme. This is followed by a discussion of the whole range of factors affecting the design and acceptability of improved stoves.
To make the promoter familiar with the advantages of the new stoves and to increase his/her ability to talk knowledgeably about the stove, a full day is devoted to stove testing. Participants then learn how to plan and implement a district level programme of stove promotion and dissemination. Particular attention will be paid to monitoring the installation and to provide assistance to users if there are complaints.
With a relatively new programme such as the stove improvement programme it is extremely important that the stove promoter is familiar with the basic concepts of surveying and in particular how to conduct an improved stove use survey. One and a half days are devoted to this subject. This is to allow the promoter to understand the different needs of different groups and help improve his/her problem solving ability.
At the end of the course the administration of the programme is taught, with particular emphasis on budget accounting and procurement procedures. The promoters are also taught how to work with the potters, installers and the other field staff of the community forestry project, in particular the CFAs, Panchayat Forest Foremen and Panchayat Forest Watchers.
The basic features of the training course are shown in Figure 8.
Day | Subject |
---|---|
1 | Job description. CFDP and role of stoves. Range of factors affecting design and acceptability of stoves. |
2 | Stove design and testing. |
3 | Planning, Promotion, Dissemination, Monitoring. |
4 | Art and Science of surveying. Improved stove use survey. |
5 | Survey results. |
Administration of local programme, working with other forestry personnel, potters, installers. Test. Certificate distribution. |
Stove Users
Despite a shortage of trained manpower at the professional level, HMG has established a system through which substantial numbers of stoves can be distributed and installed. Attempts have been made to organize follow-up inspection and advice to stove users by stove promoters. Even with the present number of stove promoters, the percentage of houses visited remains rather low. While the training of stove promoters and stove installers may improve this level to some extent in the near future, in the long term the transfer of knowledge about repairs and maintenance should not be organized solely by continuing and individual support from the stove promoter. At present each recipient of an improved stove also receives a wall chart, which indicates the major problems which can occur with a stove and the necessary action to be taken. A reduced version of this wallchart is shown in Figure 9.
As indicated in Chapter 2.4, the best system for stove users may well be to have commercial access to spare parts and to professional installation advice from an installer. If the latter is not available and/or people start buying stoves on the open market it may well be necessary to provide do-it-yourself guidelines for installing or repairing stoves. Other communication techniques, e.g. through filmstrips (which reach large numbers of people in a short time) may be an additional method for bringing knowledge directly to the users.
For a long period the types of training extension described earlier will be necessary. Eventually there will be a need to develop local innovations and design changes to suit local pots, fuel and cooking habits. This will require additional training and follow-up of all the parties involved, in particular the stove promoter.
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Campbell J.G. and Bhattarai T.N. 1984. Introduction of improved stoves for domestic cooking in Nepal HMG/UNDP/FAO Community Forestry Development Project, Nepal.
Joseph S. and Shanahan Y. 1985. Stove Project Manual Planning and Implementation. IT Publications, London, Great Britain.
Smith K.R., Agarwal A.C., Dave R.M. 1983. Air pollution and rural biomass fuel in developing countries: a pilot study in India and implications for research and policy, Atmosphere and Environment 17(11): 2343-2362.
VITA, 1982. Testing the efficiency of wood burning cookstoves: provisional international standards. VITA, Mt Rainier, Maryland, USA.