Appendix 5 - Description and cost breakdown of fuelwood plantation model and indigenous woodland management

A5.1 Fuelwood Plantation Model Description

A5.1.1 Site Selection

Establishment techniques and silvicultural treatments for this model are designed for the hardveld of eastern Botswana. The sites chosen should ideally be flat or gently sloping with well drained soils of a depth exceeding one metre. Shallow or stony soils should be avoided, as should pans and frost hollows. However, if small areas of these are unavoidable, they should be left unplanted and colonisation by indigenous species encouraged. Sites should, if possible, be within 8 km of the town or urban centre they are intended to supply.

A5.1.2 Species

From observation of the existing plantations in eastern Botswana, the most promising plantation species, in terms of survival and volume production, are Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus tereticornis. This is also borne out by the performance of these two species in other arid and semi-arid African countries. Recommended provenances of these two species are those from the Northern Territory and northern Queensland of Australia. This is in preference to material of southern Australian or South African origin.

Eucalyptus sider-oxylon was also seen to have potential as a plantation species, while E. grandis, although growing well in some restricted areas is not recommended as the rainfall is generally too low for this species and it has little frost resistance.

Several other species of Eucalyptus were observed, including E. maculata, E. maideni and E. paniculata, but none was comparable with E. camaldulensis and E. tereticornis in terms of production volume.

In addition to the Eucalypts, other species would appear to have potential as fuelwood producers and should be planted experimentally. These species are:

Acacia saligna
Albizia lebbek
Azadiracta indica
Casuarina cunninghamiana
Prosopis spp.

A5.1.3 Mean Annual Increment (MAI)

The mean annual increment (MAI) of any species is influenced by many factors. Apart from the obvious factors of site conditions and climate, the rotation length and stocking density of plantations have considerable effects. With the species of Eucalyptus proposed in the plantation model, the annual rate of growth rises to a peak after approximately 5 years and then falls off in arid areas; hence the longer the rotation length the lower the MAI. The rotation lengths proposed in the plantation model (see section 5.1.4) will ensure that the maximum mean annual increment will be achieved - 7 m³/ha/year should be expected from this model.

It should also be noted that the plantation model is for the production of fuelwood, thus some branchwood as well as the stem should be included in the estimation of MAI.

In arid areas throughout the world, mean annual increments of between 1 m³/ha and 20 m³/ha have been recorded for Eucalyptus camaldulensis. The figure of 7 m³/ha/year used in the plantation model is considered to be appropriate to the general conditions in Eastern Botswana and takes into account the factors mentioned above plus the proposed irrigation in the first year; it also assumes the intelligent selection of suitable planting sites (see Section A5.1.1).

A faster rate of growth can be expected from coppice regeneration after a harvest than from the initial seedling rotation, due to the existence of a well developed root system. However, this benefit is reduced due to the death of a proportion of root stocks every rotation and by a gradual decline in vigour with successive coppice rotations. Table A5.1 (a) indicates the effect this would have on the fuelwood plantation model.

A5.1.4 Rotation length

For Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. tereticornis an initial seedling rotation of 6 years is recommended. Subsequently the coppice regeneration should be felled every 5 years. Replanting should take place after the fourth rotation.

Longer rotations than those recommended are not suitable for fuel-wood plantations, as stem diameter is then in excess of fuelwood requirements, and competition for soil moisture becomes a limiting factor.

A5.1.5 Fencing

It is essential that plantations should be protected from livestock for the first 3 years of the seedling rotation, and for the first 2 years of coppice rotations. Although temporary fencing or traditional thorn fencing could be used during these periods, the short rotations and annual harvesting (once the plantation has matured) proposed, suggests that a permanent perimeter fence would be more efficient. The fencing proposed in these models is of veldspan netting with one top and one bottom strand of barbed wire. When fencing a plantation, fence posts and droppers should be used between straining posts. Further specifications of the proposed fences are included in the first year costs of the model.

A5.1.6 Site preparation

The chosen site should be cleared by hand of all woody vegetation. Initially, all trees and shrubs should be felled, except those occurring on areas unsuitable for planting, and the resulting wood crosscut and stacked for subsequent sale of fuelwood. All stumps should then be uprooted and piled for burning when sufficiently dry. Termite mounds should be broken open and liberally soaked with an 0.5% solution of a suitable insecticide (e.g. 'Shelldrite').

TABLE A5.1 (a) - Wood Volume per Surviving Root Stock, Labour and Tool Requirements for each Year of Harvesting (500 ha Plantation Model)

Year of Harvesting	Surviving Root Stocks per ha	MAI (m3/ha/yr)	Volume per root stock (m3)	No. of Stumps Harvested per man days	Man days per ha	Labour Force required for 100 ha	Tool Cost per ha (P)
7	1,200	7	0.0350	24	50	50	P 6.85
12	1,080	7.70	0.0356	23	47	47	P 6.44
17	972	6.55	0.0337	25	39	39	P 5.35
22	875	5.24	0.0299	28	31	31	P 4.22

The labour requirement for site clearing will depend on the density of existing vegetation. For the purpose of this model, it is assumed that the vegetation consists of open savanna woodland or scrub regrowth on abandoned farmland requiring a labour input of 70 man days/ha to clear.

A5.1.7 Roads and rides

For the 500 ha model, the suggested networks of roads and rides have been laid out (see Figure A5.1 a) in such a way that, during harvesting, the maximum distance which wood will have to be carried to a roadside, or to the external fire trace, is 100 m. Roads should be 10 m wide and levelled, either by tractor mounted grader or by hand, to facilitate access by tractor, small lorries and pick-ups.

Unplanted rides should be 7.5 m wide and may be left unlevelled, as their function is to act as fire breaks. The 50 ha model network is also shown (Figure A5.1 (b)).

A5.1.8 Pre-planting cultivation

Complete disc ploughing should be undertaken after the first rains to encourage maximum absorption of rainfall and to reduce weed cover. On gently sloping sites, ploughing should be parallel to the ground contours and, if available, a reversible plough should be used so that soil is always turned up the slope.

Ploughing should be followed by a sub-soiling to a depth of 60 cm, using a single tyne sub-soiler, along planting lines to shatter compacted soil. This will have the double effect of marking planting lines and of encouraging rapid downward root development.

Sub-soiling is considered to be essential for good survival and growth of plantations or woodlots; thus if it is not possible to undertake both ploughing and sub-soil operations, it is recommended that sub-soiling be given precedence.

Ploughs are manufactured in the UK and other countries which can combine the surface cultivation and the sub-soiling in a single operation. The savings which could be achieved by using them would justify a special purchase.

A5.1.9 Planting operations

The recommended stocking density for fuelwood plantations is 1,333 stems/ha planted at a spacing of 3.0 m x 2.5 m.

Polypot seedlings are recommended, each pot containing approximately one liter of soil. The use of "Chibuku" cartons in place of polypots is quite acceptable if drainage holes are provided. Seedlings should be well formed, vigorous and approximately 30 cm in height. Malformed or overgrown seedlings should be rejected. About one week before planting, the seedlings should be soaked with a 0.2% solution of a suitable insecticide (e.g. 'Shelldrite') as protection against termites.

Figure A5.1 (a) Eastern Botswana: 500 ha Plantation Model Suggested Road Network for Level Site of ha ⁽¹⁾ (Scale 1:5000)

⁽¹⁾ Plantation to be built up using five such, 100 ha sites.

Figure A5.1 (b) EASTERN BOTSWANA: 50 ha COMMUNITY WOODLOT MODEL SHOWING SUGGESTED ROAD NETWORK

Planting should normally be undertaken in December but timing will depend on rainfall. At least one good rain (>25 mm) would be necessary before planting.

Each seedling should be planted in the centre of an 80 cm diameter 'dish' which should be slightly lower than ground level to retain water in the vicinity of each seedling. The polypot or carton should first be removed from the root ball and the seedling then planted so that the root collar is level with the soil surface of the 'dish'.

A5.1.10 Watering

Each seedling should be watered immediately after planting and thereafter every three weeks in the absence of rain, until the end of May. Watering may also be required during the growing season in the year after planting.

For fuelwood plantations, a tractor towed 5,000 litre bowser may be used to carry water along planted rows and from this water can be delivered into each 'dish' using a flexible hose. By attaching a 'T' junction to the bowser outlet, two hoses can be used enabling two rows of trees to be watered simultaneously. A valve situated at the delivery end of each hose and operated by the labourer responsible for watering would prevent wastage of water when moving from tree to tree. Ten litres of water should be delivered to each tree at each watering.

A5.1.11 Fertiliser

Boronated superphosphate and 2:3:2 fertilisers should be applied as a top dressing at the rate of 50 kg/ha each. At least two weeks should elapse between planting and fertiliser application. For large scale plantations, the fertilisers may be applied by a fertiliser spreader, while for community woodlots the fertilisers should be applied by hand around each tree, taking care to avoid direct contact.

A5.1.12 Weeding

For large scale plantations inter-row disc harrowing followed by manual line weeding should be undertaken twice in the year of planting, twice in the following year and one disc harrowing in the third year. The timing of these operations will largely be dictated by weed growth, but the second weeding should leave the plantation clean at the end of the rainy season so that available soil moisture is retained for the benefit of the tree crop. Any damage to planting 'dishes' caused by harrowing should be repaired during manual line weeding and the dishes mulched with the weeds as they are removed.

Because of the narrower inter-row spacing suggested for community woodlots and because it is desirable to minimise mechanical operations, clear weeding by hand is recommended. The frequency of weedings will be the same as for large scale plantations.

A5.1.15 Beating-up (blanking)

This operation should be undertaken two months after planting if seedling mortality within the plantation or woodlot exceeds 10%. 15% is assumed for the first year and 10% overall during the first rotation. It is possible for beating-up to be delayed until the start of the following year but this is not ideal in view of the short rotations proposed here.

If localised high mortality occurs, the cause should be identified before beating-up or replanting is considered as this may be due to adverse local site factors (e.g. shallow soil), in which case beating-up is pointless.

The same size of seedling as used in the original planting should be used for beating-up. Overgrown seedlings should not be used.

A5.1.14 Termite control

All termite mounds should have been destroyed during the site clearing operation. Plantations should be periodically checked for termite attack and any damage treated at once by applying 2.5 l of 0.2% 'Shelldrite' solution to every tree in and around the area (s) of damage. For the purpose of this model it is assumed that one application of 'Shelldrite' solution will be required while a contingency figure is included in the annual costs in case of further attacks.

A5.1.15 Fire protection

An external fire trace at least five metres wide should be maintained around each plantation. In addition, road margins and rides should be kept clean to act as internal fire breaks. Fire traces and fire breaks may be cleared annually or by disc harrowing.

A5.1.16 Harvesting

Plantations will he harvested initially after six growing seasons, and thereafter coppiced on a 5-year rotation. They will be clear felled using bow saws and the produce cross-cut to length, carried and stacked at the roadside. (The felling cuts should be angled to promote water runoff and the resulting stumps should be no more than 10 cm high.) For labour requirements etc., see Table A5.1 (b). For community woodlots, wood should be sold standing, with the buyer responsible for felling, which will be under supervision.

A5.1.17 Replanting

After four rotations (1 seedling and 3 coppice), it will be necessary to replant due to stump mortality loss of vigour in surviving root-stocks. Replacement seedlings should be planted between existing stumps. With the exception of site cultivation and mechanical weeding, all operations will be the same as detailed for initial planting.

Table A5.1 (b) Direct Costs Summary: 500 ha Plantation Model

year	labour	tractor	materials	seedlings	total	foreign	for ex %
1	57678.57	74890.82	20341.63	35844.12	188755	113706.84	62.89
2	70009.19	56383.92	11777.7	35844.12	174015	91657.25	52.67
3	73292.85	58016.36	12387.7	35844.12	179541	93226.96	51.93
4	73028.88	31567.86	12997.7	35844.12	153439	67040.01	43.69
5	73967.74	32108.33	13607.7	35844.12	155528	67845.34	43.62
6	19062.25	39177.12	5501.3		63741	39374.89	61.77
7	25584.45	3794.32	4431.3		33810	5757.93	17.03
a	22849.44	2757.5	4431.3		30038	5032.16	16.75
9	22849.44	2757.5	4431.3		30038	5032.16	16.75
10	22849.44	2757.5	4431.3		30038	5032.16	16.75
11	22849.44	29757.5	4431.3		57038	32032.16	56.16
12	21410.65	2757.5	4383.3		28551	4998.56	17.51
13	21410,65	2757.5	4383.3		28551	4998.56	17.51
14	21410.65	2757.5	4383.3		28551	4998.56	17.51
15	21410.65	2757.5	4383.3		28551	4998.56	17.51
16	21410.65	29757.5	4383.3		55551	31998.56	57.60
17	18220.48	2757.5	4255.3		25233	4908.96	19.45
18	18220.48	2757.5	4255.3		25233	4908.96	19.45
19	18220.48	2757.5	4255.3		25233	4908.96	19.45
20	18220.48	2757.5	4255.3		25233	4908.96	19.45
21	18220.48	29757.5	4255.3		52233	31908.96	61.09
22	36614.02	39695.53	8803.2	35844.12	120957	77893.23	64.40
Financial Costs	718791.36	455239.26	150766.43	215064.72	1539862	712168.70	46.25

Economic Shadow Price Factor

0.5

1.1 (1)

1.1 (2)

1.1

(1) Estimated as 100% of tractor costs, 65% of tractor running and material costs
(2) In fact, the foreign element of these costs varies from 65-95% but no adjustment has been to the 1.1 shadow price factor since the change is well within the limits of accuracy anyway.

A5.1.18 Protection

Large-scale plantations will require protection against fire, livestock, unauthorised felling and other hazards. Locally recruited forest guards should be employed (at a salary equivalent to the government minimum wage), each protecting 200 ha.

A5.1.19 Supervision

Plantations will require a level of supervisory input necessary to utilise the services of technical assistants (Forestry Diplomates). Each 100 ha block will require 7 man-months of supervision during the year of establishment and 2, 1 and 0.5 man-months for maintenance operations in years 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Harvesting will require 3 man-months supervision and replanting a further 4 man-months. In addition, there will be an annual requirement of 5 man-days of supervision of each block to ensure adequate protection against the previously detailed hazards.

Experience in Botswana has shown that each major 500 ha plantation requires full-time supervision if it is to develop successfully. After 8-10 years the level of supervision can be reduced to 2-3 man-months, except in harvesting years. It is possible that as second 500 ha units are added in the same area, these can also be supervised by the same technical assistants.

The present salary of a Forest Supervisor is in the region of P4,500 per annum. In addition, each supervisor will require a motor cycle costing approximately P3,000. Supervisors will be entitled to suitable accommodation for which a maintenance cost of P900 per annum is included in Table A5.1 (c). An office and store will be required for each 500 ha of plantation and annual maintenance costs of P900 are also included.

A5.1.20 Management

It is assumed that management will be the responsibility of a professional Forest Officer through a District Office. The salaries of the Forest Officer and his supporting staff are estimated as follows:

1 Forest Officer	P 6,500 per year
1 Accounts Clerk	P 3,500 per year
1 Clerk/Typist	P 4,500 per year
1 Driver	P 2,150 per year
	P 16,650 per year

In addition, one 4x4 vehicle will be required, for which the annual costs are estimated at P7,380. Maintenance of office buildings is further estimated at P2,500 per year.

It is assumed that a Forest Officer will be able to manage four such plantations as outlined in these models. Thus, the costs used in Table A5.1 (c) are a quarter of those shown above.

Table A5.1 (c). INDIRECT COSTS, DIRECT COSTS AND YIELDS: 500 ha PLANTATION MODEL

Year	protection wages	supervision			management			direct costs	total costs	foreign costs	% foreign exchange (1)	yield (m3)
		salaries	vehicles	buildings	salaries	vehicles	buildings
1	1916	5750	1807	1142	4163	1845	625	188755	206003	121991	59.22	2500
2	1916	5750	2364	1309	4163	1845	625	174015	191987	95445	49.71	2500
3	3832	5750	2670	1401	4163	1845	625	179541	199827	97290	48.69	2500
4	3832	5750	2852	1456	4163	1845	625	153439	173962	71267	40.97	2500
5	3832	5750	2909	1473	4163	1845	625	155528	176125	72124	40.95	2500
6	3832	5750	1159	948	4163	1845	625	63741	82063	42078	51.28	-
7	3832	5750	1409	1023	4163	1845	625	33810	52457	8687	16.56	3926
8	3832	5750	1159	948	4163	1845	625	30038	48360	7736	16.00	3926
9	3832	1723	1034	910	4163	1845	625	30038	44170	7623	17.26	3926
10	3832	1723	1034	910	4163	1845	625	30038	44170	7623	17.26	3926
11	3832	1723	1034	910	4163	1845	625	57038	71170	34623	48.65	3926
12	3832	5750	1034	910	4163	1845	625	28551	46710	7590	16.25	3601
13	3832	1723	1034	910	4163	1845	625	28551	42683	7590	17.78	3601
14	3832	1723	1034	910	4163	1845	625	28551	42683	7590	17.78	3601
15	3832	1723	1034	910	4163	1845	625	28551	42683	7590	17.78	3601
16	3832	1723	1034	910	4163	1845	625	55551	69683	34590	49.64	3601
17	3832	5750	1034	910	4163	1845	625	25233	43392	7500	17.28	3063
18	3832	1723	1034	910	4163	1845	625	25233	39365	7500	19.05	3063
19	3832	1723	1034	910	4163	1845	625	25233	39365	7500	19.05	3063
20	3832	1723	1034	910	4163	1845	625	25233	39365	7500	19.05	3063
21	3832	1723	1034	910	4163	1845	625	52233	66365	34500	51.99	3063
22	3832	5750	2034	1210	4163	1845	625	120957	140416	81384	57.96	2450
Financial Costs	80472	82203	31805	22740	91586	40590	13750	1539862	1903008	777324	40.85	67900

Economic Shadow Price Factor

0.5

1.6

1.1

1.6

1.1

(1) Combining foreign figure for direct costs with foreign exchange element in indirect costs (estimated as 90% of vehicle costs).

A5.2 500 ha Fuelwood Plantation Model - Resource Requirements and Costs

In this section we describe the detailed resource requirements, output and costs for a large (500 ha) plantation. The yield from such a plantation would, by year 7, approximately meet the needs of a town/major village of 7,000-10,000.

Species:	Eucalyptus camaldulensis - N Australian provenance Eucalyptus tereticornis - N Australian provenance Eucalyptus sider-oxylon
Rotation Lengths:	1st rotation 6 years, followed by three coppice rotations of 5 years.
Stocking Density:	1,333 stems/ha at 3.0 x 2.5 m spacing
MAI:	7 m3/ha/yr

Year 1

a) Preliminary works

Fencing of 500 ha site: veldspan netting with 1 top and 1 bottom strand of barbed wire. Creosoted straining post every 100 m and at every angle plus creosoted fence posts every 10 m and droppers every 2.5 m. Two gates 3.6 m wide of tubular metal. Total length 9,000 m.

Materials:		(Pula)
	2 rolls binding wire at P 7.50	15.00
	90 rolls veldspan 10-47 at P 69.00	6,210.00
	36 rolls barbed wire at P 47.00	1,692.00
	60 kg staples at P 1.50	90.00
	92 No. straining posts 3 m x 100 m creosoted at P 5.00	460.00
	810 No. creosoted fence posts 1.8 m x 75 mm at P 2.40	1,944.00
	2,430 No. creosoted droppers at P 0.50	1,215.00
Transport: 1 tractor hour per 700 m at P 11.03/hr		141.50
Labour: 6 man days per 100 m at P 4.50/man day		2,430.00
Total		14,198.00

b) Establishment: Compartment I (100 ha total area, 93.53 ha planted)

		(Pula)
Site clearing (100 ha): felling, uprooting, cross-cutting, stacking, destructions of termite mounds.
	Assuming site is scrub regrowth or open savanna: 70 man day/ha	31,500.00
	Insecticide (0.5% solution) 2 litres/ha at P 5.00/litre	1,000.00
Ground cultivation (93.53 ha) complete disc ploughing at 4 tractor hours/ha at P 11.03		4,126.54
	Subsoiling to depth of 60 cm along planting lines 3.0 m apart: 2 tractor hrs/ha	2,063.27
Pre-planting: preparation of circular planting dish 80 cm in diameter, slightly below ground level at 8 man days/ha		3,367.08
Planting: 3.00 x 2.5 m spacing = 1,333 stems/ha
	Seedings at 25 thebe each*	31,168.87
	Transport: 2 tractor hrs/ha	2,063.27
	Labour: 150 seedlings/man days	3,740.26
Fertiliser: 50 kg/ha of 2:3:3 plus 50 kg/ha of boronated superphosphate at P 15/50-kg bag		2,805.90
	Tractor houses: 1/ha	1,033.64
Beating-up (Blanking): January-February
	Assuming 15% mortality:
	Seedlings: 13,701 at 25 thebe each*	4,675.25
	Transport: 0.5 tractor hrs/ha	515.80
	Labour: 130 seedlings/man day	647.35
Road construction: 3,620 m of 10 m wide road levelled by tractor-mounted grader at 1,000 m2/tractor hour 1,000 m of unplanted ride		399.29
Total		89,104.00

* Cost of seedlings is broken down into: Labour 20 thebe each, Materials 5 thebe each.

c) Maintenance: Compartment I

		(Pula)
Watering: 10 litres per tree immediately after planting and thereafter 10 litres every 3 weeks, in the absence of rain until May. Water distribution by tractor towed bowser.
	Av. 30 l/tree
	Water: 3,740 m3 at P 0.50/m3	1,870.00
	Transport: 2 tractor hrs/ha x 3	6,321.66
	Labour: 6 man days/ha x 3	7,576.16
Weeding:
	2 line weedings by hand, including repair and mulching of planting dishes at 8 man days/ha x 2	6,734.16
	2 mechanical inter-row weedings at 1 tractor hr/ha x 2	2,063.27
Termite control: as a contingency against termite attack it is assumed that one application of 2.5 litres/tree of 0.2% Shelldrite solution will be required:
	Insecticide: 6.5 litres/ha at P 5.00/litre	3,039.73
	Transport: 2 tractor hrs/ha	2,063.27
	Labour: 4 man days/ha	1,683.54
Fire tracing:
	disc harrowing of 5 m wide external trace: 2.1 ha at 2 tractor hrs/ha	46.33
	Harrowing of road margins and rides: 2.56 ha at 2 tractor hrs/ha	56.47
Total		31,454.00
Tractor purchase: 2 tractors at P 27,000 each		54,000.00
Total for Year 1		P 188,755.00

Year 2

		(Pula)
Establishment: Compartment II		89,104.00
Maintenance:
Watering: Compartments I and II (187.06 ha):
	Average 30 litres water per tree:
	Water: 7,481 m3 at P 0.50/m3	3,740.50
	Transport: 2 tractor hrs/ha x 3	12,379.63
	Labour: 6 man days/ha x 3	15,151.86
Weeding: Compartments I and II:
	2 line weedings by hand, including repair and mulching of planting dishes at 8 man days/ha x 2	13,468.32
	2 mechnical inter-row weedings at 1 tractor hr/ha x 2	4,126.54
Termite control: Compartment II:
	1 application of 0.2% Shelldrite solution at 2.5 litre/tree
	Compartment I: contingency allowance at 20% of Year 1 costs
	Insecticide: 730 litres at P 5.00/litre	3,650.00
	Transport: 224 tractor hours	2,466.91
	Labour: 450 man days	2,024.64
Fence maintenance: contingency at 5% Year 1 costs
	Materials	581.30
	Transport	7.08
	Labour	121.48
Road maintenance: 3,620 m of roads: contingency at 10% of Year 1 costs
	Tractor hours	39.87
Fire tracing: disc harrowing of 5 m wide external trace:
	4.2 ha at 2 tractor hrs/ha	92.51
	Harrowing of road margins and rides 5.12 ha at 2 tractor hours/ha	112.77
Total		147,015.00
Tractor Purchase: 1 tractor at P 27,000		27,000.00
Total: Year 2		174,015.00

Year 3

			(Pula)
Establishment: Compartment III			89,104.00
Maintenance:
Watering: Compartments II and III
	Average 3 applications at 10 litres/tree
	Water: 7,481 m3 x P 0.50/m3		3,740.50
	Transport: 2 tractor hrs/ha x 3		12,379.63
	Labour: 6 man days/ha x 3		15,151.86
Weeding:
	Compartment I:
		1 line weeding by hand at 7 man days/ha	2,946.20
		1 mechanical inter-row weeding at 1 tractor hr/ha	1,031.64
	Compartments II and III:
		2 line weedings by hand, including repair and mulching of dishes at 8 man days/ha x 2	13,468.32
		2 mechanical inter-row weedings at 1 tractor hr/ha x 2	4,126.54
Termite control:
	Compartment III:
		1 application of 0.2% Shelldrite solution at 2.5 litre/tree
	Compartments I and II:
		Contingency at 20% of Year 1 costs
		Insecticide: 852 litres at P 5.00/litre	4,260.00
		Transport: 251 tractor hrs	2,879.09
		Labour: 525 man days	2,362.11
Fence maintenance: 5% contingency
	Materials		58.30
	Transport		7.06
	Labour		121.48
Road maintenance: 7,240 m of roads at 10% contingency cost:
	Tractor hours		79.86
Fire tracing: Disc harrowing of 5 m wide external trace plus road margins and rides:
	13.98 ha at 2 tractor hrs/ha		308.43
Total			152,541.00
Tractor Purchase: 1 tractor at P 27,000			27,000.00
Total: Year 3			179,541.00

Year 4

			(Pula)
Establishment: Compartment IV			89,104.00
Maintenance
Watering: Compartments III and IV:
	average of 3 applications at 10 litres/tree
	Water: 7,481 m3 at P 0.50/m3		3,740.50
	Transport: 2 tractor hrs/ha x 3		12,579.63
	Labour: 6 man days/ha x 5		15,151.86
Weeding:
	Compartment II:
		1 line weeding by hand at 7 man days/ha	2,946.20
		1 mechanical inter-row weeding at 1 tractor hr/ha	1,031.64
	Compartments III and IV:
		2 line weedings by hand including repair and mulching of dishes at 8 man days/ha x 2	13,468.32
		2 mechanical inter-row weedings at 1 tractor hr/ha x 2	4,126.54
Termite control:
	Compartment IV:
		1 application of 0.2% Shelldrite solution at 2.5 litres/tree
	Compartments I, II and III:
		contingency at 20% of Year 1 costs
		Insecticide: 974 litres at P 5.00/litre	4,870.00
		Transport; 298 tractor hrs	3,286.94
		Labour: 600 man days	2,700.00
Fence maintenance: 5% contingency costs
	Materials		581.50
	Transport		7.08
	Labour		121.48
Road maintenance: 10,860 m of roads at 10% contingency cost
	Tractor hours		119.80
Fire tracing: Disc harrowing of 5 m wide external trace plus road margins and rides:
	18.64 ha at 2 tractor hr/ha		411.20
Total: Year 4			153,439.00

Year 5

			(Pula)
Establishment: Compartment I			89,104.00
Maintenance
Watering: Compartments VI and V:
	average of 5 applications at 10 litres/tree
	Water: 7,481 m3 at P 0.50/m3		3,740.50
	Transport: 2 tractor hrs/ha x 3		12,379.63
	Labour: 6 man days/ha x 3		15,151.86
Weeding:
	Compartment III:
		1 line weeding by hand at 7 man days/ha	2,946.20
		1 mechanical inter-row weeding at 1 tractor hr/ha	1,031.64
	Compartments IV and V:
		2 line weedings by hand including repair and mulching of dishes at 8 man days/ha x 2	13,468.32
		2 mechanical inter-row weedings at 1 tractor hr/ha x 2	4,126.54
Termite control:
	Compartment V:
		1 application of 0.2% Shelldrite solution at 2.5 litres/tree
	Compartments I-IV:
		contingency at 20% of Year 1 costs
		Insecticide: 1,096 litres at P 5.00/litre	5,480.00
		Transport: 335 tractor hrs	3,695.05
		Labour: 675 man days	3,037.50
Fence maintenance: 5% contingency costs
	Materials		581.30
	Transport		7.08
	Labour		121.48
Road maintenance: 14,480 m of roads at 10% contingency cost
	Tractor hours		159.71
Fire tracting: Disc harrowing of 5 m wide external trace plus road margins and rides:
	23.3 ha at 2 tractor hr/ha		514.00
Total: Year 5			155,528.00

Year 6

			(Pula)
Maintenance
Watering: Compartment V:
	average of 5 applications at 10 litres/tree
	Water: 3,740 m3 at P 0.50/m3		1,870.00
	Transport: 2 tractor hrs/ha x 3		6,322.18
	Labour: 6 man days/ha x 3		7,576.18
Weeding:
	Compartment IV:
		1 line weeding by hand at 7 man days/ha	2,946.20
		1 mechanical inter-row weeding at 1 tractor hr/ha	1,031.64
	Compartment V:
		2 line weedings by hand including repair and mulching of dishes at 8 man days/ha x 2	6,733.04
		2 mechanical inter-row weedings at 1 tractor hr/ha x 2	2,063.27
Termite control: Compartments I to V:
	contingency at 20% of Year 1 costs
	Insecticide: 610 litres at P 5.00/iitre		3,050.00
	Transport: 185 tractor hrs		2,040.55
	Labour: 375 man days		1,687.22
Fence maintenance: 5% contingency costs
	Materials		581.30
	Transport		7.08
	Labour		121.48
Road maintenance: 18,100 m of roads at 10% contingency cost
	Tractor hours		199.64
Fire tracting: Disc harrowing of 5 m wide external trace plus road margins and rides:
	23.3 ha at 2 tractor hr/ha		514.00
Total			36,741.00
Tractor Purchase: 1 tractor at P 27,000			27,000.00
Total: Year 6			63,741.00

Year 7

		(Pula)
Harvesting: Compartment I
	Estimated MAI = 7 m3/ha/yr.* Assuming 1,200 stems/ha* survive, each will have a volume of 0.035 m3* 24 trees/man days* felled, crosscut and stacked at roadside = 50 man days/ha*	21,040.75
	To complete all felling in 3 months, 50 labourers* required, each with 1 bowsaw spare blades and 1 machete: cost per unit = P 16.00	800.00
Maintenance
Weeding: Compartment V:
	1 line weeding by hand at 7 man days/ha	2,945.71
	1 mechanical inter-row weeding at 1 tractor hr/ha	1,031.64
Termite control: Compartments I to V:
	contingency at 20% of Year 1 costs
	Insecticide: 610 litres at P 5.00/litre	3,050.00
	Transport: 185 tractor hrs	2,040.55
	Labour: 375 man days	1,687.22
Fence maintenance: 5% contingency costs
	Materials	581.30
	Transport	7.08
	Labour	121.48
Road maintenance: 18,100 m of roads at 10% contingency cost
	Tractor hours	199.64
Fire tracting: Disc harrowing of 5 m wide external trace plus road margins and rides:
	23.3 ha at 2 tractor hr/ha	514.00
Total: Year 7		35,810.00

* See Table A5.1 (a) for appropriate figures for harvesting from Years 12, 17 and 22.

Years 8 to 11

		(Pula)
Harvesting: One compartment should be felled each year. Coppice regeneration should be harvested on a 5-year rotation. For years 8 to 11, costs will be the same as for Year 7. For subsequent years the costs will vary with the labour requirements as shown in Table 1.2
	Labour: 50 man days/ha	21,040.75
	Tools:	800.00
Maintenance
Termite control: contingency at 20% of Year 1 costs
	Insecticide: 610 litres at P 5.00/litre	3,050.00
	Transport: 185 tractor hrs	2,040.55
	Labour: 375 man days	1,687.22
Fence maintenance: 5% contingency costs
	Materials	581.30
	Transport	7.08
	Labour	121.48
Road maintenance: 18,100 m of roads at 10% contingency cost
	Tractor hours	199.64
Fire tracting: Disc harrowing of 5 m wide external trace plus road margins and rides:
	23.3 ha at 2 tractor hr/ha	514.00
Total: Years 8-10		3,038.00
Tractor Purchase: 1 tractor at P 27,000 in Year 11		27,000.00
Total: Year 11		30,038.00

Years 12-16

		(Pula)
Harvesting: One compartment should be felled each year.
	Estimated MAI = 7.7 m3/ha/yr.* Assuming 1,080* root stocks per hectare have survived, each will carry a volume of 0.0356 m3.* 23 root stocks/man day* felled, crosscut and stacked at roadside = 47 man days/ha.*	19,778.30
	To complete the felling in 3 months, 47 labourers will be required, each with 1 bowsaw, spare blades and 1 machete, at a cost of P 16.00 per unit	752.00
Maintenance:
Termite control: Whole plantation:
	contingency at 20% of Year 1 costs
	Insecticide: 610 litres at P 5.00/litre	3,050.00
	Transport: 185 tractor hrs	2,040.55
	Labour: 375 man days	1,687.22
Fence maintenance: 5% contingency costs
	Materials	581.30
	Transport	7.08
	Labour	121.48
Road maintenance: 18,100 m of roads at 10% contingency cost
	Tractor hours	199.64
Fire tracting: Disc harrowing of 5 m wide external trace plus road margins and rides:
	23.3 ha at 2 tractor hr/ha	514.00
Total: Years 12-15		28,551.00
Tractor Purchase: 1 tractor at P 27,000 in Year 16		27,000.00
Total: Year 16		55,551.00

* See Table A5.1 (a) for appropriate figures for harvesting from Years 7, 12, 17 and 22.

Years 17 to 21

		(Pula)
Harvesting: One compartment should be felled each year.
	Estimated MAI = 6.55 m/ha/yr* Assuming 972 root stocks/ha* have survived, each will carry a volume of 0.0337 m3.* 25 root stocks/man days* felled, crosscut and stacked at roadside = 30 man days/ha*	16,411.78
	To complete the felling in 3 months, 39 labourers* will be required, each with 1 bowsaw, spare blades and 1 machete, at a unit cost of P 16.00	624.00
Maintenance:
Termite control: Whole plantation:
	contingency at 20% of Year 1 costs
	Insecticide: 610 litres at P 5.00/litre	3,050.00
	Transport: 185 tractor hrs	2,040.55
	Labour: 375 man days	1,687.22
Fence maintenance: 5% contingency costs
	Materials	581.30
	Transport	7.08
	Labour	121.48
Road maintenance: 18,100 m of roads at 10% contingency cost
	Tractor hours	199.64
Fire tracting: Disc harrowing of 5 m wide external trace plus road margins and rides:
	23.3 ha at 2 tractor hr/ha	514.00
Total: Years 17-20		25,233.00
Tractor Purchase: 1 tractor at P 27,000 in Year 21		27,000.00
Total: Year 21		52,233.00

* See Table A5.1 (a) for appropriate figures for harvesting from Years 7, 12, 17 and 22.

Year 22

			(Pula)
Harvesting: One compartment should be felled each year.
	Estimated MAI = 5.24 m/ha/yr* Assuming 875 root stocks/ha* have survived, each will carry a volume of 0.0299 m3.* 28 root stocks/man days* felled, crosscut and stacked at roadside = 31 man days/ha* To complete the felling in 5 months, 31 labourers* will be required, each with 1 bowsaw, spare blades and 1 machete, at a unit cost of P 16.00		13,045.26
Replanting:
Pre-planting: preparation of planting dishes 80 cm in diameter between rows of stumps:
	8 man days/ha		3,366.52
Planting: 1,335 seedlings/ha
	Seedlings at 25 thebe each		31,368.87
	Transport: 2 tractor hours/ha		2,028.67
	Labour: 150 seedlings/man day		3,739.64
Fertiliser: 50 kg/ha of 2:3:2 plus 50 kg/ha of boronated superphosphate at P 15/50 kg bag			2,805.90
	Transport: 1 tractor hour/ha		1,014.33
Beating-up (Blanking): undertaken in January-February
	Assuming 15% mortality:
		Seedlings: 18,701 at 25 thebe each	4,675.25
		Transport: 0.5 tractor hrs/ha	515.82
		Labour: 130 seedlings/man day	647.24
Maintenance
Watering: 10 litres/tree immediately after planting and thereafter 10 litres/tree every 3 weeks in the absence of rain, until May. Average of 3 applications
	Water: 3,740 m34 at P 0.50/m3		1,870.00
	Transport: 2 tractor hrs/ha x 3		6,322½18
	Labour: 6 man days/ha x 3		7,574.92
Weeding: 2 line weedings by hand including repair and mulching of dishes at 8 man days/ha x 2			6,733.04
Termite control: Whole plantation: contingency at 20% of Year 1 costs
	Insecticide: 610 litres at P 5.00/litre		3,050.00
	Transport: 185 tractor hrs		2,040.55
	Labour: 373 man days		1,687.22
Fence maintenance: 5% contingency costs
	Materials		581.30
	Transport		7.08
	Labour		121.48
Road maintenance: 18,100 m of roads at 10% contingency cost
	Tractor hours		199.64
Fire tracting: Disc harrowing of 5 m wide external trace plus road margins and rides:
	23.3 ha at 2 tractor hr/ha		514.00
Total			93,957.00
Tractor Purchase: 1 tractor at P 27,000			27,000.00
Total: Year 22			120,957.00

* See Table A5.1 (a) for appropriate figures for harvesting from Years 7, 12, 17 and 22.

Yield (m³) from a 500 ha Fuelwood Plantation

Year	Compartment					Cumulative
	I	II	III	IV	V	TOTAL
1	*2500					2500
2		*2500				5000
3			*2500			7500
4				*2500		10000
5					*2500	12500
6						12500
7	3928					16428
8		3928				20356
9			3928			24284
10				3928		28212
11					3928	32140
12	3601					35741
13		3601				39342
14			3601			42943
15				3601		46544
16					3601	50145
17	3063					53208
18		3063				56271
19			3063			59334
20				3063		62397
21					3063	65460
22	2450					67910

*Obtained from clearing of the indigenous woodland

Tractor Requirements: 500 ha Plantation Model

Year of Operation	Tractor Hours Required	Tractor Purchasing Requirements	Capital Cost (P.)	Annual Running Cost (Pula)*
1	1,894	2	54,000	20,890.82
2	2,664	1	27,000	29,383.92
3	2,812	1	27,000	31,016.36
4	2,862			31,567.86
5	2,911			32,108.33
6	1,104	1	27,000	12,177.12
7	344			3,794.32
8	250			2,757.50
9	250			2,757.50
10	250			2,757.50
11	250	1	27,000	2,757.50
12	250			2,757.50
15	250			2,757.50
14	250			2,757.50
15	250			2,757.50
16	250	1	27,000	2,757.50
17	250			2,757.50
18	250			2,757.50
19	250			2,757.50
20	250			2,757.50
21	250	1	27,000	2,757.50
22	1,151	1	27,000	12,695.53
Totals	19,242	9	243,000	212,239.30

*Annual running costs have been calculated at the rate of P 11.03 per vehicle hour.

This comprises the costs of fuel, lubricants, repairs and operator's wages, but excludes vehicle depreciation.

A5.3 50 ha Community Woodlot Model-Resource Requirements and Costs

PLANTED OVER 5 YEARS

Species:

Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Eucalyptus tereticornis
Eucalyptus sider-oxylon

Rotation length: 5 years - replanting after 4 rotations.

Year 1

a) Preliminary Works:

Fencing of 50 ha site: veldspan netting with 1 top and 1 bottom strand of barbed wire. Creosoted straining posts every 100 m with bush poles (bases soaked in sump oil) every 3 m. 1 gate 3.6 m tubular metal. Total length 2850 m.

Materials:

29 rolls veldspan 10-47 @ P69.00	2,001.00
12 rolls Barbed wire @ P47.00	564.00
20 Kg Staples @ P1. 50	30.00
30 No. Straining posts 3 m x 100 mm creosoted @ P5.00	150.00
880 No. Bush Poles @ P0.50	440.00
1 No. Gate: 3.6 m Tubuler metal @ P85.00	85.00
	3,270.00
Transport: 1 tractor hour @ P18.00 per 700 m	73.29
Labour: 6 man days/100 m	897.75
	P4,241.04

b) Establishment: Compartment I (10 ha total area, 9.36 ha planted)

Site Clearing (10 ha): felling, uprooting, crosscutting.
	Stacking, destruction of termite mounds: Assuming site is scrub regrowth or open savanna: 70 man days/ha	3,675.00
	Insecticide (0.5% solution) 2 litres/ha @ P5.00/litre	100.00
Ground Cultivation (9.68 ha):
	complete disc ploughing @ 4 tractor hrs/ha @ hired rate of P18/hr.	696.96
	Subsoiling to depth of 60 cm along planting lines 2.5 m apart @ 2.5 tractor hrs/ha	435.60
Pre-planting (9.36 ha): preparation of circular planting dish 80 cm wide, slightly below ground level, @ 9.5 man days/ha		466.83
Planting (9.36 ha): at 2.5 m x 2.5 m spacing = 1600 stems/ha
	Seedlings @ 25 t each*	3,744.00
	Transport: 2.5 tractor hrs/ha	421.20
	Labour @ 150 seedlings/man day	524.16
Fertilizer: 50 kg/ha of 2:3:2 plus 50 kg/ha of boronated superphosphate applied as top dressing by hand.
	100 Kg/ha fertilizer @ P15/50 Kg bag	300.00
	Labour 5 man days/ha	245.70
Beating-up (Blanking): Jan.-February. Assuming 15% mortality:
	Seedlings: 2247 @ 25t each*	561.75
	Transport: 0.5 tractor hrs/ha	84.24
	Labour: 1.6 man days/ha	78.62
Road Construction: 642 m of 10 m wide road levelled by hand at 1 man day/250 m2		134.82
Total		P11,468.88

* N, B. Cost of seedlings is broken down as follows:

Labour 20 t each;
materials 5 t each.

c) Maintenance: Compartment I

Watering: 8 litres/tree applied by watering can immediately after planting and thereafter 8 litres every 3 weeks until May, in the absence of rain. Assuming 3 applications, water is delivered to site by tractor and 5,000 litre bowser and stored in 1,000 litre galvanised tanks distributed along road lines. Tanks may be moved as necessary.
	Water 360 m3 @ P0.50/m3	180.00
	Transport: 3 tractor hr./ha x 3	1,516.32
	Labour: 10 man day/ha x 3	1,474.20
Weeding: 2 complete clear weedings by hand, including repairs and mulching of planting dishes, @ 10 man day/ha x 2		1,572.48
Termite Control: 1 application of 2.5 litres per tree of 0.2% Shelldrite solution.
	Insecticide: 8 litres/ha = 75 litres @ P5.00/litre	375.00
	Transport: 1 tractor hr/ha	168.48
	Labour: 6 man days/ha	294.84
Fire Tracing: clear weeding by hand of 5 m wide external trace plus road margins: 0.482 ha @ 14 man days/ha		35.43
Total		P5.616.75

Total Year 1= P21,326.67

YEAR 2

Establishment: Compartment II (9.36 ha):		111,468.88
Maintenance:
Watering: Comp. I and II (18.72 ha):
	Av. 24 litres/tree
	Water: 720 m3 @ P5.00/m3	360.00
	Transport: 3 tractor hrs/ha x 3	3,032.64
	Labour: 10 man days/ha x 3	2,948.40
Weeding: Comps. I and II (18.72 ha)
	2 complete clear weedings by hand, including repair and mulching of dishes, @ 16 man days/ha x 2	3,144.96
Termite Control: Comp. II - application of 0.2% Shelldrite solution @ 2.5 litre/tree.
	Comp. I - contingency allowance of 20% of Year 1 costs
	Insecticide: 90 litres @ P5.00/litre	450.00
	Transport: 11 tractor hrs	198.00
	Labour: 67 man days	351.75
Fence maintenance: contingency @ 5% of year 1 costs:
	Materials	163.50
	Transport	3.66
	Labour	44.89
Road Maintenance: for 642 m of road:
	Contingency at 10% of Year 1 costs
	Labour	13.48
Fire Tracing: clear weeding by hand of 909 m of 5 m wide external trace plus 1284 m of road margins: 0.87 ha @ 14 man days/ha		63.95
Total year 2		P22,244.11

YEAR 3

Establishment: Compartment III (9.36 ha planted area) and excluding road construction			11,334.06
Road Construction: 266 m of 10 m wide road levelled by hand @ 1 man day/250 m2			55.86
Maintenance:
Watering: Comps II and III (18.72 ha): Av. 24 litres/tree
	Water: 720 m3 @ P0.50/m3		360.00
	Transport: 3 tractor hrs/ha x 3		3,032.64
	Labour: 10 man days/ha x 3		2,948.40
Weeding: Comp. I: 1 clear weeding by hand @ 14 man day/ha			687.96
	Comps II and III (18.72 ha): 2 clear weedings by hand, including repairs and mulching of dishes @ 16 man days/ha x 2		3,144.96
Termite Control:
	Comp. III: 1 application of 2.5 litres per tree of 0.2% shelldrite solution.
	Comps. I and II: contingency allowance of 20% of year 1 costs.
		Insecticide 105 l at P5.00/litre	525.00
		Transport 13 tractor hours	234.00
		Labour 79 man days	414.75
Fence Maintenance: 5% contingency:
	Materials		163.50
	Transport		3.66
	Labour		44.89
Road Maintenance: 1284 m of road @ 10% contingency cost;
Labour			26.96
Fire Tracing: clear weeding by hand of 1550 m external trace plus 1550 m road margins.
	1.35 ha @ 14 man days/ha		99.25
Total Year 3.			£23,075.89

YEAR 4

Establishment: Compartment IV (9.36 ha) excluding road construction		P11,334.06
Road Construction: 250 m of 10 m wide road levelled by hand @ 1 man day/250 m2		52.50
Maintenance:
Watering: Comps III and IV
	Water: 720 m3 @ P0.50/m3	360.00
	Transport: 3 tractor hours/ha x 3	3,032.64
	Labour: 10 man days/ha x 3	2,948.40
Weeding:
	Comp. II: 1 clear weeding @ 14 man days/ha	687.96
	Comps III and IV: 2 clear weedings @ 16 man days/ha	3,144.96
Termite Control: Comp IV - 1 application
	Comps I, II and III - 20% contingency
	Insecticide: 120 litres @ P5.00/litre	600.00
	Transport 15 tractor hours	270.00
	Labour 90 man days	472.50
Fence Maintenance: 5% contingency
	Materials	163.50
	Transport	3.66
	Labour	44.89
Road Maintenance: 1550 m.@ 10% contingency:
	Labour	32.55
Fire Tracing; 2200 m of external trace plus 1800 m of road margins:		142.59
	1.94 ha @ 14 man days/ha
Total Year 4		P23,290.21

YEAR 5

Establishment: Compartment V (9.36 ha) excluding road constructions		11,334.06
Road Construction: Nil		-
Maintenance:
Watering: Comps IV and V
	Water: 720 m3 @ P0.50/m3	360.00
	Transport: 3 tractor hrs/ha x 3	3,032.64
	Labour: 10 man days/ha x 3	2,948.40
Weeding:
	Comp. III: 1. clear weeding @ 14 man days/ha	687.96
	Comps IV and V: 2 clear weedings @ 16 man days/ha	3,144.96
Termite Control:
	Comp. V: 1 application.
	Comps I to IV - 20% contingency:
	Insecticide: 135 litres @ P5.00/litre	675.00
	Transport 17 tractor hours	306.00
	Labour 101 man days	530.25
Fence Maintenance: 5% contingency:
	Materials	163.50
	Transport	3.66
	Labour	44.89
Road Maintenance: 1800 m @ 10% contingency
	Labour	37.80
Fire Tracing: 2850 m of external trace plus 1800 m of road margins = 2.33 ha @ 14 man days/ha		171.26
Total Year 5		P23,440.38

Year 6

Maintenance.
Watering: Compartment V
	Water: 360 m3 @ P0.50/m3	180.00
	Transport 3 tractor hours/ha x 3	1,516.32
	Labour: 10 man days/ha x 3	1,474.20
Weeding: Comp IV: 1 clear weeding @ 14 man days/ha		687.96
	Comp V: 2 clear weedings @ 16 man days/ha x 2	1,572.48
Termite Control: Comps I to V - 20% contingency
	Insecticide 75 litres @ P5.00	375.00
	Transport 9.5 tractor hours	171.00
	Labour 56 man days	294.00
Fence Maintenance: 5% contingency
	Materials	163.50
	Transport	3.66
	Labour	44.89
Road Maintenance: 1800 m @ 10% contingency
	Labour	37.80
Fire Tracing: 2850 m external trace plus 1800 m road margins = 2.33 ha @ 14 man days/ha.		171.26
Total Year 6		P6,692.07

Year 7

Harvesting: Compartment I: trees should be sold standing to the local community who will fell and remove produce. Felling should be undertaken during the period October to December. Paid labour will be necessary to clean the compartment after exploitation by felling any remaining trees and cutting back any high stumps.
Labour: 5 man days/ha		245.70
Maintenance:
Weeding: Comp. V: 1 clear weeding @ 14 man days/ha		687.96
Termite Control: whole plantation - 20% contingency
	Insecticide: 75 litres @ P5.00/litre	375.00
	Transport: 9.5 tractor hours	171.00
	Labour: 56 man days	294.00
Fence Maintenance: 5% contingency
	Materials	163.50
	Transport	3.66
	Labour	44.89
Road Maintenance: 1800 m @ 10% contingency
	Labour	37.80
Fire tracing: 2850 m external trace plus 1800 m road margins = 2.33 ha @ 14 man days/ha		171.26
Total year 7		P2,194.77

YEARS 8 to 21

		Costs per Year
Harvesting:
	One compartment should be clear felled each year starting with Compartment II in Year 8, Compartment III in year 9, etc, on a five year rotation. Costs as for Year 7:
	Labour: 5 man days/ha	245.70
Maintenance:
Termite Control: whole plantation 20% contingency
	Insecticide: 75 litres @ P5.00/litre	375.00
	Transport: 9.5 tractor hours	171.00
	Labour: 56 man days	294.00
Fence Maintenance: 5% contingency
	Materials	163.50
	Transport	3.66
	Labour	44.89
Road Maintenance: 1800 m @ 10% contingency
	Labour	37.80
Fire Tracing: 2850 m external trace plus
	1800 m road margins = 2.33 ha @ 14 man days/ha	171.26
Total year 8		P1,506.81

Year 22

Harvesting: Final felling of Compartment I
	Costs as for Yr. 7:
	Labour: 5 man days/ha	245.70
Replanting:
Pre-planting; preparation of planting dishes in rows between rows of stumps 9.5 man days/ha		416.83
Planting: 1600 seedlings per hectare:
	Seedlings @ 25 t each	3,744.00
	Transport: 2.5 tractor hrs/ha	421.20
	Labour @ 150 seedlings/man day	524.16
Fertilizer: for Yr 1.
	100 Kg/ha @ P.15.00/50 Kg bag	300.00
	Labour: 5 man days/ha	245.70
Beating-up (Blanking): as in Yr. 1
	Seedlings: 2247 @ 25 t each	561.75
	Transport; 0.5 transport hours/ha	84.24
	Labour: 1.6 man days/ha	78.62
Maintenance:
Watering: as in Yr 1.
	Water: 360 m3 @ P.0.50/m3	180.00
	Transport: 3 tractor hrs/ha x 3	1,516.32
	Labour: 10 man days/ha x 3	1,474.20
Weeding: as in Yr 1:
	Labour 10 man days/ha	1,572.48
Termite Control: whole plantation: contingency at 20% Yr 1 costs
	Insecticide: 75 litres @ P.5.00/litre	375.00
	Transport: 9.5 tractor hours	171.00
	Labour: 56 man days	294.00
Fence Maintenance: contingency cost of 5% Yr 1 costs:
	Materials	163.50
	Transport	3.66
	Labour	44.89
Road Maintenance: 1800 m of roads at 10% contingency cost:
	Labour	37.80
Fire Tracing: 2850 m of external trace plus road margins: 2.33 ha @ 14 man days/ha		171.26
Total: Year 22		P.12,676.31

COST SUMMARY

Year	Labour	Tractor	Materials	Seedlings	Total
1	9399.83	3396.09	4225.00	4305.75	21326.67
2	11692.56	4872.30	1373.50	4305.75	22244.11
3	12413.34	4909.30	1448.50	4305.75	32075.89
4	12516.66	4944.30	1523.50	4305.75	23290.21
5	12555.83	4980.30	1598.50	4305.75	23440.38
6	4282.59	1600.98	718.50	-	6692.07
7	1481.61	174.66	538.50	-	2194.77
8	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
9	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
10	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
11	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
12	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
13	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
14	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
15	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
16	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
17	793.55	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
18	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
19	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
20	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
21	793.65	174.66	538.50	-	1506.81
22	5155.64	2196.42	1018.50	4305.75	12676.31
	80609.16	29608.59	19983.50	25834.50	156035.75
Costs per planted hectare:
	1722.2	632.66	427.00	552.02	3334.10

YIELD (m³) FROM 50 ha COMMUNITY WOODLOT MODEL

Year	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22
Compartment
I	250*	-	-	-	-	-	393	-	-	-	-	360	-	-	-	-	307	-	-	-	-	245
II	-	250*	-	-	-	-	-	393	-	-	-	-	360	-	-	-	-	307	-	-	-	-
III	-	-	250*	-	-	-	-	-	393	-	-	-	-	360	-	-	-	-	307	-	-	-
IV	-	-	-	250*	-	-	-	-	-	393	-	-	-	-	360	-	-	-	-	307	-	-
V	-	-	-	-	250*	-	-	-	-	-	393	-	-	-	-	360	-	-	-	-	307	-
Cumulative Total	250	500	750	1000	1250	1250	1643	2036	2429	2822	3215	3575	3935	4295	4655	5015	5322	5629	5936	6243	6550	6795

* Obtained from clearance of indigenous woodland.

INDIRECT COSTS. DIRECT COSTS AND YIELDS: 50 ha COMMUNITY WOODLOT MODEL

(Assuming unskilled labour paid at drought relief rates of P.2.00 per day.)

Year	Protection & Supervision	Management			Direct Costs	Total Costs	Total Yield
	Salaries	Salaries	Vehicle	Building Maintenance	(Pula)	(Pula)	(m3)
1	2,920	1,135	503	170	21,327	26,055	250*
2	2,920	1,135	503	170	22,244	26,972	250*
3	2,920	1,135	503	170	23,076	27,804	250*
4	2,920	1,135	503	170	23,290	28,018	250*
5	2,920	1,135	503	170	23,440	28,168	250*
6	2,920	1,135	503	170	6,692	11,420	-
7	2,920	1,135	503	170	2,195	6,923	393
8	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	393
9	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	393
10	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	393
11	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	393
12	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	360
13	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	360
14	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	360
15	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	360
16	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	360
17	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	307
18	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	307
19	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	307
20	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	307
21	2,920	1,135	503	170	1,507	6,235	307
22	2,920	1,135	503	170	12,676	17,404	245
	64,240	24,970	11,066	3,740	156,038	260,054	6,795

* Yields obtained from clearing indigenous woodland prior to planting.
Cost per m³ = P.38.27
Ind. Costs = 66.7% Direct Costs.

Total Costs and Yields Discounted at 5%: 50 ha Community Woodlot Model

Year	Total Costs (Pula)	Total Costs Discounted	Total Yield (m3)	Total Yield Discounted
1	26,055	26,055.0	250*	250.0
2	26,972	25,687.6	250*	238.1
3	27,804	25,219.1	250*	226.8
4	28,018	24,203.1	250*	216.0
5	28,168	23,173.8	250*	205.7
6	11,420	8,947.9	-	-
7	6,923	5,166.1	393	293.1
8	6,235	4,431.1	393	279.2
9	6,235	4,220.1	393	265.9
10	6,235	4,019.1	393	253.2
11	6,235	3,827.7	393	241.1
12	6,235	3,645.5	360	210.5
13	6,235	3,471.9	360	200.5
14	6,235	3,306	360	191.0
15	6,235	3,149.1	360	181.9
16	6,235	2,999.2	360	173.2
17	6,235	2,856.3	307	140.3
18	6,235	2,720.3	307	133.6
19	6,235	2,590.8	307	127.3
20	6,235	2,467.4	307	121.2
21	6,235	2,349.9	307	115.4
22	17,404	6,247.0	245	87.9
	260,054	190,754.5	6,795	4,151.9