Bibliography on gender and agricultural engineering for small farms in developing countries

Sylwander, L. (ed); Mpande, R. (ed)

Gender issues in animal traction: a handbook; Proceedings of the Gender in Animal Traction Workshop, Mbeya, Tanzania, 1-5 June 1992; ATNESA, AGROTEC, CIDA Zimbabwe; pp 60.

1995

Marshall, K.; Sizya, M.

Women and animal traction in Mbeya region of Tanzania: a gender and development approach.

In: Sylwander, L. (ed); Mpande, R. (ed), Gender issues in animal traction: a handbook; Proceedings of the Gender in AnimalTraction Workshop, Mbeya, Tanzania, 1-5 June 1992; ATNESA, AGROTEC, CIDA Zimbabwe; pp 37-42.

1995

Muma; A.K.

Involvement of women in animal traction in Kaoma District, Zambia.

1995

Njiku, E.T.

Draft animal power technologies, their scope and relevance to women farmers in Tanzania.

1995

Muylwijk, J.G.

Gender ideology and differences in access to animal draught power for women farmers in Malawi and Zimbabwe.

In: Agrarian Questions: the politics of farming anno 1995: Proceedings, edited by the Agrarian Questions Organising Committee, Wageningen, Volume III, pp 1093 - 1103, Wageningen Agricultural University, the Netherlands.

1995

Agriculture of small farmers in Southern Africa continues to be labour intensive. Many of the small holding farmers are women, either with or without a husband who is present. Women rammers spend much time in tilling the land by hoe, more often than with the help of animal draught power. Historical, political and economical processes differ in many aspects depending on the country and the region. The interaction of different ethnic gender ideologies (some matrilineal and others patrilineal) with other developments and processes is expected to result in a variety of influences on the work of women and men in agriculture.

Questions that arise are:

- What are the constraints that women farmers experience in their access to animal draught power?

- Which factors influence the differences in access to resources such as draught animals?

- How do different gender ideologies influence the room for manoeuvre of women and women's strategies to increase the efficiency of their agricultural production?

In this paper results of fieldwork in a communal area in Zimbabwe are compared with a review of literature on the same subject for Malawi. In the conceptual framework elements of an actor-oriented approach are complemented with attention for more or less manipulatable gender and other power structures, related to control over and the access to resources such as animal draught power.

In both countries women do heavy work for many hours per day and see the lack of oxen as a large problem. Whilst the position of women farmers in Malawi and in Zimbabwe is differently influenced by the political systems, the climatological fluctuations, the available infrastructure and the cultural gender ideology, the overall effect on the demands on their labour turns out to be quite similar. The extent to which the effect is different in both locations depends on the political space of manoeuvre women can win. They need control over material resources, in social and cultural changing contexts. Women with different socioeconomic power positions express diverse constraints and priorities, although for most women farmers animal draught power is a first need. Gender ideology has far-reaching consequences for the organisation of the agricultural production. In Malawi the lack of cattle is translated into a new taboo for women to use oxen, whilst in Zimbabwe the recent starvation of a large part of the country's herd resulted in a substantial increase in work for women.

Key words: access to resources; control over resources; draught animals; animal power; women; gender relations; gender ideology; development projects; projects; rural development; East Africa; Southern Africa; Malawi; Zimbabwe

Sylwander, L.

Women and animal traction technology.

In: Improving Animal Traction Technology, Proceedings of the first workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) held 18-23 January 1992, Lusaka Zambia, CTA Wageningen the Netherlands, Pp 260-265

1994

The paper gives a broad introduction to the most important issues and experiences concerning women and animal traction technology in eastern and southern Africa. The commonly held belief that women cannot use animal draught power is based on traditional gender roles, but given appropriate support, women can use animal traction technology successfully.

Key words: training; credit; draught animals; animal power; women; participation; gender relations; development projects; projects; rural development; East Africa; Southern Africa

Marshall, K.; Sizya, M.

Women and animal traction in Mbeya Region of Tanzania: a gender and development approach.

1994

The experience is discussed of the Mbeya Oxenization Project in Tanzania and its attempt to involve both male and female farmers as effective participants in animal traction technology. Some lessons are identified which may assist in integrating gender issues into animal traction projects.

Key words: training; credit; draught animals; animal power; women; participation; gender relations; development projects; projects; rural development; Tanzania

Doran, J.

Transportation by women, and their access to animal-drawn carts in Zimbabwe.

In: Improving Animal Traction Technology, Proceedings of the first workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) held 18-23 January 1992, Lusaka Zambia, CTA Wageningen the Netherlands, pp 272-275.

1994

J. Doran presents findings on gender aspects of ownership and use of livestock and animal-drawn carts in Zimbabwe. Women are generally at a disadvantage in terms of access to carts for transport, but cart ownership is, on balance, beneficial to women.

Key words: transport; credit; draught animals; animal power, women; participation; gender relations; development projects; projects; rural development; Southern Africa; Zimbabwe

Makwanda, A.C.

Women and animal traction technology: experiences of the Tanga Draft Animal Project, Tanzania.

In: Improving Animal Traction Technology, Proceedings of the first workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) held 18-23 January 1992, Lusaka Zambia, CTA Wageningen the Netherlands, pp 276-279.

1994

A.C. Makwanda describes the Draft Animal Project in Tanga region, Tanzania, which is involved in several programmes designed to give women access to investment capital through unsecured loans, and hence to involve them fully in the development and use of animal draught technologies.

Key words: training; credit; draught animals; animal power; women; participation; gender relations; development projects; projects; rural development; East Africa; Tanzania

Croxton, S.

Women's access to animal traction technology: case studies from Dafur, Sudan and Turkana, Kenya.

1994

S. Croxton compares and contrasts the experiences of two projects, one in Sudan and the other in Kenya, which sought to introduce animal traction technology. In both cases there has been an explicit effort to ensure that women are provided with the necessary skills and knowledge to access the technology.

Key words: training; credit; draught animals; animal power; women; participation; gender relations; development projects; projects; rural development; East Africa; Sudan; Kenya

Lombe, M.; Sikanyika, C.; Tembo, A.N.

The importance of women's participation in animal traction in Zambia. In: Improving Animal Traction Technology, Proceedings of the first workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) held 18-23 January 1992, Lusaka Zambia, CTA Wageningen the Netherlands, pp 284-287.

1994

The importance of women's participation in animal traction in Zambia is discussed and suggestions are made for better integration of women in using draught animals and animal-drawn implements.

Key words: training; draught animals; animal power; women; participation; gender relations; development projects; projects; rural development; Zambia

Hocking, C.

The impact of mobile ox plowing courses for women in the Western Province of Zambia.

1994

Key words: training; credit; draught animals; animal power; women; participation; gender relations; development projects; projects; rural development; Zambia

Taha, O.

A note on women and animal traction technology in Ethiopia.

1994

Mukuka, I.

A note on the use of animal traction by women in North Western Province, Zambia.

1994

Rwelamira, J.K.; Lawrence, P.R. (ed); Lawrence, K. (ed); Dijkman, J.T. (ed); Starkey, P.H.

The social and economic aspects of animal traction in agricultural production among female headed households of Lesotho and Swaziland.

Research for development of animal traction in West Africa: Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the West Africa Animal Traction Network, Kano, Nigeria, 9-13 July 1990. pp

227-230;

International Livestock Centre for Africa; Addis Ababa; Ethiopia

1993

AB: This paper reviews research findings relevant to the social and economic conditions of female heads of households and their impact on the use or non-use of animal traction by such households in Lesotho and Swaziland. Topics considered include: ownership and utilization of draught animals, costs of owning and utilizing draught animals and implements, and the special constraints of female-headed households in the use of animal traction. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research leading to policy changes to enhance the use of animal traction by female-headed households.

Key words: animal power; women; draught animals; usage; constraints; rural development; Lesotho; Swaziland

Starkey, P.H.(ed); Mwenya, E. (ed); Stares, J.

Improving animal traction technology: Proceedings of the first workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA), Lusaka, Zambia, 18-23 January, 1992. pp 490

1994

AB: This volume contains papers presented at the first workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa. The overall theme of the workshop was the improvement of animal traction technology and papers are grouped under the following headings: the profitability of animal traction; the management of draught animals; animal-powered tillage and weeding technology; the supply and distribution of implements for animal traction; women and animal traction technology; the transfer of animal traction technology; animal-powered transport; diversifying operations using animal power, and country experiences and constraints.

Key words: animal power; draught animals; weed control; tillage; women; female labour; transport; equipment; animal welfare; Africa

Oguejiofo, I.O.; Lawrence, P.R. (ed); Lawrence, K (ed); Dijkman, J.T. (ed); Starkey, P.H.

Appropriate animal traction technology for rural women in Nigeria.

Research for development of animal traction in West Africa: Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop of the West Africa Animal Traction Network, Kano, Nigeria, 9-13 July 1990. pp 244-247.

International Livestock Centre for Africa; Addis Ababa; Ethiopia

1993

AB: This paper presents the findings of a national survey of traditional techniques and activities of rural women in Nigeria and rural infrastructural facilities available to them. It looks at the relative contribution of animal traction technologies to other technologies used by rural women and recommends the adoption of several strategies for improving their quality of life, including the implementation of appropriate animal traction technologies.

Key words: draught animals; women; animal power; appropriate technology; rural development; Nigeria

Muylwijk, J.G.

Will women farmers till the land till the cows come home?: socio-economic differentiation of women in Malawi, in relation to their access to animal traction. pp 137, Wageningen Agricultural University

1992

Key words: animal power; agriculture; women's roles; women; draught animals; technology; gender ideology; development projects; Malawi

Kajornsin, B.; Cheva-lsarakul, B.; Bunyavejchewin, P.(ed); Sangdid, S. (ed); Hangsanet, K.

Women and animal production in Thailand.

In: Animal production and rural development. Proceedings of the Sixth MAP Animal Science Congress. Vol. 1. 1992, pp 325-334. Animal Husbandry Association of Thailand; Bangkok; Thailand

1992

AB: Information collected from various sources indicates that women play a significant role in dairying in Thailand and examples are given of women's dairy projects and involvement in cooperatives. Some results are then presented from a 1991 survey of draught animal power (DAP) usage in two villages in Surin province. The results indicate that DAP activities were mainly dominated by men, especially in land preparation. Socioeconomic factors affecting womens' contribution to DAP activities are noted. Among the 14 divisions of the Department of Livestock Development (DLD), 3 are headed by women and there are two female provincial livestock officers in the DLD.

Key words: dairy farming; livestock farming; women; roles; dairy farms; cows; rural development; Thailand

Rwelamira, J.

Women farmers: has basic technology taken their needs into account?, CDC Magazine (UK) 1991, no.2 p 4-7

1991

no.269 KIT printed bibl. abstract.

Liuma, L.L.

The involvement of women in animal power utilization in Malawi.

UNDP-FAO MLW/86/002 Animal Power Utilization Project, Lilongwe, pp 52

1989

Broekhuyse, J.T.

(Agricultural production and productivity in the dry savanna: Centre-Nord Department, Upper Volta)

Original title: Productie en productiviteit van de landbouw in droge savanne: Departement Centre-Nord, Haute-Volta

Department of Social Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp 151

1982

AB: This study compares the production and productivity of small farms in Upper Volta with or without machine or animal power. Farms with no more than human power cultivate a smaller acreage and produce less than farms with machine or animal power, but both types of farm are unable to supply the basic family needs. There is also no surplus from which improved technology can be financed.

Key words: agricultural production; productivity; small farmers; mechanization; animal traction; crop area; women; food supply, Burkina Faso

3 Gender and animal draught power