Table 1: Total population of the Philippines, by gender and place of residence
Year and |
Total population |
Urban population |
Rural population |
Percent of rural to | |||
gender |
Number |
Percent |
Number |
Percent |
Number |
Percent |
total population |
1980 |
|||||||
Both |
48,098,460 |
100.0 |
17,943,897 |
100.0 |
30,154,563 |
100.0 |
62.7 |
Male |
24,128,755 |
50.2 |
8,765,276 |
48.8 |
15,363,479 |
50.9 |
63.7 |
Female |
23,969,705 |
49.8 |
9,178,621 |
51.2 |
14,791,084 |
49.1 |
61.7 |
1990 |
|||||||
Both |
60,559,116 |
100.0 |
29,440,153 |
100.0 |
31,118,963 |
100.0 |
51 4 |
Male |
30,443,187 |
50.3 |
14,546,463 |
49.4 |
15,896,724 |
51.1 |
52.2 |
Female |
30,115,929 |
49,7 |
14,893,690 |
50,6 |
15,222,236 |
48.9 |
50.5 |
Source: 1980 and 1990 Census of Population, National Statistics Office, Manila.
Table 2: Political participation of women in national and local elections. 1987. 1988 1992
Position |
Number of candidates |
Number of elected officials | |||
Total |
Percent female |
Total |
Percent female | ||
1987 Elections |
1,812 |
1.5 |
224 |
8.5 | |
Senator (National) |
84 |
7.1 |
24 |
8.3 | |
Congressman (Distuct) |
1,728 |
1.3 |
200 |
8.5 | |
1988 Local Elections |
58,367 |
8.5 |
16,907 |
9.2 | |
Provincial Governor |
255 |
9.4 |
73 |
5.5 | |
Vice Governor |
255 |
11.8 |
73 |
11.0 | |
Provincial Board Member |
1,843 |
7.4 |
620 |
11.5 | |
Lt. Governor |
7 |
0.0 |
2 |
0.0 | |
Asst. Lt. Governor |
2 |
50.0 |
1 |
0.0 | |
Special Board |
7 |
14.3 |
2 |
0.0 | |
City Mayor |
284 |
7.4 |
59 |
6.8 | |
City Vice Mayor |
255 |
10.2 |
59 |
6.8 | |
City Council |
3,145 |
8.2 |
666 |
9.8 | |
Municipal Mayor |
5,983 |
8.6 |
1,532 |
7.4 | |
Municipal Vice Mayor |
6,612 |
6.3 |
1,532 |
6.0 | |
Municipal Council |
39,712 |
9 |
12,288 |
9.7 | |
1992 Elections (national, district, local) |
|||||
President1 |
7 |
28.6 |
1 |
0.0 | |
Vice President1 |
6 |
16.7 |
1 |
0.0 | |
Senators (national) |
163 |
7.4 |
24 |
16.7 | |
Congressman (district) |
1,024 |
7.8 |
199 |
9.6 | |
Provincial Governor |
388 |
11.3 |
73 |
9.6 | |
Provincial Vice Governor |
388 |
9.6 |
73 |
11.8 | |
Provincial Board |
3,267 |
10.0 |
650 |
11.8 | |
City Mayor |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. | |
City Vice Mayor |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. | |
City Council |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. |
n.d. | |
Municipal Mayor |
n.d. |
n.d. |
1,539 |
7.9 | |
Municipal Vice Mayor |
n.d. |
n.d. |
1,539 |
9.2 | |
Municipal Council |
n.d. |
n.d. |
12,361 |
13.3 |
1 The presidential and vice-presidential candidates refer only to the front runners.
Source: Commission on Elections, Manila
Table 3: Percentage of females in career executive service (CES) positions in selected government agencies, 1984 and 19931
Agency |
1984 |
1993 |
Agrarian Reform |
3 |
10 |
Agriculture |
16 |
16 |
Environment and Natural Resources 2 |
6 |
5 |
Labour and Employment |
33 |
24 |
Science and Technology 3 |
40 |
|
Social Services and Development |
84 |
88 |
Trade and Industry |
28 |
50 |
National Economic and Development Authority |
59 |
40 |
Overall- national government agencies 3 |
3 |
16 |
1 CES positions include ministry/department undersecretaries, assistant secretaries, directors, assistant directors, regional directors, assistant regional directors, and positions of comparable level.
2 For 1984, the figure integrates that for the Ministry of Energy with that for the Ministry of Natural Resources.
3 For 1984, 26 national agencies are included, for 1993, 25 agencies are included, along with government towed and controlled corporations.
Source: Career Executive Service Board (CESB). For the 1984 figures, National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, Filipino women in Public Affairs, Manila, 1985, page 43.
Table 4: Percentage of women members and office bearers in agricultural/rural organizations by gender and year
Agricultural/rural |
Early 1980s |
1990s | ||
organization |
Members |
Office bearers |
Members |
Office bearers |
Cooperatives |
n.d. |
n.d. |
41.033 |
37-554 |
Farmers associations |
16.01 |
3,02 |
26.05 |
29.06 |
Fisherfolks' association |
n.d. |
n.d. |
4 06 |
0.0 6 |
1 Based on an irrigators association in Camarines Sur (Illo 1985:27).
2 Based on all office bearers in sectors of the irrigators association (Illo 1985:27). All sectors had male presidents.
3 Based on figures supplied by the Cooperative Development Authority for 1992.
4 Illo and Uy (1992:175).
5 Based on organizations that are affiliated with the TOUCH Foundation (IPC 1993b).
6 Based on organizations that are affiliated with the Center for Alternative
Rural Technology (CART) had. The data on office bearers refer only to presidents of the organizations. Of the members of farmers organizations affiliated with CART only 17 percent were females (IPC 1993b).
Table 5: Decisionmaking authority in Matalom. Leyte. a rainfed village1
Selected decisionmaking area |
Household head | ||
Male |
Female | ||
Crop Production |
|||
Area to be cultivated |
98 |
28 | |
Method of land preparation |
98 |
11 | |
Crops to grow |
89 |
74 | |
Method of planting |
89 |
43 | |
Variety of crop to plant |
89 |
54 | |
Sequence of interpolated crops |
87 |
87 | |
Time of weeding |
89 |
74 | |
Number of weeding |
89 |
63 | |
Equipment to use |
70 |
39 | |
Method of controlling pest |
9 |
6 | |
Time of harvesting/threshing |
89 |
87 | |
Method of harvesting/threshing |
87 |
80 | |
Time of selecting seeds |
89 |
93 | |
Criteria for seed selection |
87 |
93 | |
Method of storing crop harvest |
89 |
98 | |
Use of crop harvested for household consumption |
83 |
96 | |
Method of post-harvest processing to be used |
74 |
91 | |
Disposal of the harvest |
89 |
100 | |
Carabao/cattle production |
|||
Selection of breed |
85 |
22 | |
Acquisition/buying of stock |
85 |
4 | |
Grazing/tethering |
85 |
78 | |
Selling/ pricing |
78 |
59 | |
Swine/goat production |
|||
Selection of breed |
89 |
72 | |
Acquisition/buying of stock |
87 |
43 | |
Putting up of a shelter |
87 |
22 | |
Preparation of feeds and feeding |
85 |
96 | |
Calving/furrowing |
78 |
83 | |
Selling/pricing |
87 |
83 |
1 The figures refer to the percentage of women/men who reported that they usually decide on matters specified in the table. The data was taken from a study of 47 households by Alcober and Morales (1992). The figures for crop production refer to involvement in decisionmaking, while those for animal production pertain to work involvement.
Table 6: Women's decision- making authority at the household level in selected areas1
Item |
Area | |||
Ifugao, Luzon |
Bacolod, Visayas |
Maguidanao, Mindanao (tribal) |
Maguidanao, Mindanao (Visayan) | |
What to grow |
38 |
17 |
14 |
0 |
Use of inputs and raw materials |
19 |
22 |
10 |
0 |
How much to sell (products) |
28 |
32 |
12 |
19 |
Seeking production loans |
20 |
17 |
4 |
4 |
Allocating family expenditures |
27 |
80 |
23 |
52 |
How much to save |
29 |
67 |
23 |
52 |
Disciplining children |
16 |
33 |
13 |
48 |
Education of children |
16 |
43 |
10 |
48 |
Child's medical treatment |
23 |
40 |
13 |
48 |
Choice of family planning method |
5 |
76 |
20 |
22 |
Number of children (family size) |
24 |
7 |
33 |
26 |
1 The figures pertain to the percentage of wives who reported that they usually decide on the items in the table.
Source: Center for Women's Resources (1993).
Table 7: NGO support to rural women in food security: agriculture, food production and processing, and other areas by year1
Year |
Total no. of NGOs working in rural |
Total number of NGO projects related to food security |
Beneficiaries | |||
areas |
Agriculture, food production and processing |
Livestock, forestry, and fisheries |
Total |
Female |
Percent female | |
1986-87 |
67 |
21 |
21 |
93,333 |
47,506 |
50.9 |
1992 |
45 |
19 |
20 |
56,022 |
31,036 |
55.4 |
1 Pertains only to NGOs funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) through the Philippine NGO Development Assistance Programme (PDAP). Data provided by PDAP, April 1994.
Table 8: Legal instruments available to women for obtaining land, livestock, credit, employment, and social insurance1
Legislation |
Year enacted |
Specific provisions to eliminate discrimination against women or enhance their status |
The Philippine Constitution of 1987 |
1987 |
Recognizes the fundamental equality of women and men before the law |
New Family Code |
1987 |
Affirms women's right to own property and to contract employment and credit without the need of her husband's consent |
Republic Act 6657 ("Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law") |
1988 |
Guarantees to all "qualified women members of the agricultural labor force" equal rights to ownership of land' equal shares of the farm's produce and representation in advisory or appropriate decision-making bodies to qualified women of the agricultural work force (Chap. 40, No. 5) |
Republic Act 6972 |
1990 |
Mandates the establishment of day care centers in every barangay in order to free women for other activities, such as farming or attending extension and other meetings |
Republic Act 7192 ("Women in Nation Building Act") |
1992 |
Ensures the fundamental equality of women and men invarious areas, including credit and training; provides that full-time household managers could avail of social security services through their working spouses; and provides for a substantial portion of ODA funds from foreign governments and multi-lateral agencies be allocated to support programs |
1 Culled from the national report on women (NCRFW 1994).
Table 9 Annual poverty threshold (in Philippine P) and incidence of poverty by year and place of residence
Year |
Total Annual poverty threshold1 |
Urban Incidence2 (in percent) |
Rural Annual poverty threshold |
Incidence (in percent) |
Annual poverty threshold |
Incidence (in percent) |
1985 |
22,464 |
49 3 |
26,196 |
37 9 |
20,112 |
56.4 |
1988 |
28,656 |
45.5 |
35,364 |
34.3 |
24,564 |
52.3 |
19913 |
44,100 |
46.5 |
50,640 |
37.0 |
37,548 |
56.0 |
1Refers to the annual income required to satisfy the nutritional requirements of 2,000 calories and other basic needs of a family of six.
²Refers to the proportion of the population whose income falls below the poverty threshold.
3Preliminary figures.
Source: National Statistical Coordination Board, Metro Manila.
Table 10: Heads of households, by place of residence, gender, and year
Gender of head and place of residence |
No. of households |
Increase in families (1985-1991) | |||
1985 |
1991 |
Number |
Percent | ||
Overall |
9,847,339 |
11,975,441 |
2,128,102 |
17.8 | |
Male-headed |
8,470,974 |
10,278,369 |
1,807,395 |
17.6 | |
Female-headed |
1,376,365 |
1,697,072 |
320,707 |
18.9 | |
Urban areas |
3,726,049 |
5,938,543 |
2,212,494 |
37.3 | |
Male-headed |
3,079,641 |
4,955,078 |
1,875,437 |
37.8 | |
Female-headed |
646,409 |
983,464 |
337,055 |
34.3 | |
Rural areas |
6,121,290 |
6,036,899 |
(84,391) |
(1.4) | |
Male-headed |
5,391,334 |
5,323,291 |
(68,043) |
(1.3) | |
Female-headed |
729 957 |
713 608 |
(16,349) |
(2.3) |
Source: 1985 and 1991 Family Income and Expenditures Survey, National Statistics Office, Manila.
Table 11 Percentage of rural house-holds by year and gender of household head
Year |
Total households |
Male-headed households |
Female-headed households | |||
Total |
Percent rural |
Total |
Percent rural |
Total |
Percent rural | |
1985 |
9.847.339 |
62.2 |
8,470,974 |
63,6 |
1,376,365 |
53.0 |
1991 |
11,975,441 |
50.4 |
10,978,369 |
48.2 |
1,697 072 |
42.0 |
Table 12: Landless households. by gender of household head
Type of land owned |
All households |
Male-headed households |
Female-headed households | |||
Number |
Percent to total |
Number |
Percent to total |
Number |
Percent to total | |
Total households |
11,407,262 |
100.0 |
10,122,235 |
100.0 |
1,285,027 |
100.0 |
Landless households |
6,291,926 |
55.2 |
5,664,616 |
56.0 |
627,310 |
48.8 |
Households with land |
5,115,336 |
44.8 |
4,457,619 |
44.0 |
657,717 |
51.2 |
Households with agricultural land |
2,853,334 |
25.0 |
2,513,079 |
24.8 |
340,255 |
26.5 |
Source: 1990 Census of Population Housing, National Statistics Office, Manila.
Table 13: Rural household income and expenditures (in Philippine P). by Bender of household head and year
Item |
Male-headed households |
Female-headed households | ||
1985 |
1991 |
1985 |
1991 | |
Average annual income |
21,801 |
41,353 |
22,426 |
40,051 |
Average annual expenditures |
19,483 |
33,924 |
18,765 |
32,309 |
Average annual savings |
2,318 |
7,429 |
3,661 |
7,742 |
Source: Family Income and Expenditures Survey, National Statistics Office, Manila.
Table 14: Average nominal and real daily wage rate of farm workers (without meals), by farm operation, Calendar Year 1987-89
Farm operation |
Nominal wage rate |
Real wage rate (1985=100)1 | |||||
1987 |
1988 |
1989 |
1987 |
1988 |
1989 | ||
All operations |
31.62 |
39.96 |
41.72 |
30.67 |
35.74 |
33.67 | |
Plowing |
|||||||
Man |
33.38 |
36.40 |
43.61 |
32.38 |
32.56 |
35.20 | |
Man and animal |
48.60 |
52.48 |
58.78 |
47.14 |
46.94 |
47.44 | |
Harrowing |
|||||||
Man |
32.93 |
34.39 |
42.15 |
31.94 |
30.76 |
34.02 | |
Man and animal |
46.81 |
50.56 |
56 92 |
45 40 |
45,22 |
45 94 | |
Planting/transplanting |
30.64 |
33.79 |
41.55 |
29.72 |
30.22 |
33.54 | |
Weeding |
28.48 |
31.03 |
39.63 |
27.62 |
27.75 |
31.98 | |
Care of crops (including fertilizing and spraying) |
29.21 |
32.92 |
40.67 |
28.33 |
29.44 |
32.82 | |
Harvesting |
33.77 |
37.24 |
44.22 |
32.75 |
33.31 |
35.69 | |
Splitting/shelling |
35.81 |
40.19 |
46.46 |
34.73 |
35.95 |
37.50 | |
Others (drying and hauling) |
37.62 |
43.42 |
47.16 |
36 49 |
38.84 |
38.06 |
1The deflator used was the consumer price index for areas outside Metro Manila (NCSB 1991:21).
Source: National Statistics Office, 1992 Philippine Yearbook, Manila, p. 389.
Table 15: Distribution of female headed rural families by decile class and year
Decile class 1 |
1985 |
1991 | ||
No. of families |
Percent to total |
No. of families |
Percent to total | |
First decile |
176,171 |
24.1 |
174,217 |
24.4 |
Second decile |
92,529 |
12.7 |
98,696 |
13.8 |
Third decile |
77,779 |
10.6 |
87,135 |
12.2 |
Fourth decile |
66,102 |
9.0 |
61,785 |
8.6 |
Fifth decile |
57,160 |
7.8 |
63,435 |
8.9 |
Sixth decile |
61,126 |
8.4 |
57,690 |
8.1 |
Seventh decile |
62,035 |
8.5 |
51,558 |
7.2 |
Eighth decile |
52,461 |
7.2 |
60,100 |
8.4 |
Ninth decile |
40,804 |
5.6 |
34,263 |
4.8 |
Tenth decile |
43,790 |
6.0 |
24,728 |
3.5 |
All female-headed rural households |
729,957 |
100.0 |
713,608 |
100.0 |
1 The decile classes were constructed based on income of all households.
Source: National Statistics Office, Manila.
Table 16: Under-nutrition rates (in percent) for children six years of age and under, by year
Type of undernutrition |
FNRI 1982 Survey |
FNRI 1987 Survey |
FNRI 1989/90 Survey |
Underweight (moderate and severe) |
17.2 |
17.7 |
14.0 |
Stunted (inadequate height for age) |
20.6 |
14.1 |
11.6 |
Wasted (inadequate weight for height) |
9.5 |
12.7 |
9.0 |
Stunted and wasted |
2.0 |
2.2 |
1.4 |
Source: Tan (1991:24).
Table 17: Under-nutrition rates (in percent) for children six years of age and under by gender. 1989/90
Type of undernutrition |
Male children |
Female children |
Underweight (moderate and severe) |
9.8 |
17.0 |
Stunted (inadequate height for age) |
11.8 |
11.6 |
Wasted (inadequate, weight for height) |
6,7 |
11.4 |
Source: Tan (1991:67).
Table 18: Loans, borrowers, and membership in rural organizations, by area and by gender, 1993'
Item |
Metro Manila (1993) |
Laguna (1991) |
Northern Samar (1993) |
Negros Occidental (1993) | ||||
Total |
% female |
Total |
% female |
Total |
% female |
Total |
% female | |
Loans: Borrowers |
350 |
82 |
126 |
66 |
227 |
96 |
475 |
82 |
Amount (in Philippine P) |
1,003,572 |
n.d. |
418,582 |
n.d. |
530,350 |
94 |
843,700 |
78 |
Membership |
350 |
82 |
126 |
66 |
378 |
93 |
475 |
82 |
1 Data refer to rural organizations affiliated with NGOs studied in 1993 and 1994 that received development assistance from CIDA through PDAP. The data was taken from IPC (1993a and 1993c).
Table 19: Rural land operations, by gender and size of holding in Central Luzon, 1991
Area of farm (in hectares) |
Gender of the operator |
Percent of female to | ||
All operators |
Male |
Female |
total farm operators | |
Total farms in Central Luzon |
350,818 |
315,985 |
34,939 |
10.0 |
Under 0.50 |
57,338 |
48,654 |
8,590 |
15.0 |
0.50 to 0.99 |
64,148 |
58,402 |
5,746 |
9.0 |
1.00 to 1.99 |
112,531 |
102,644 |
9,887 |
8.8 |
2.00 to 2.99 |
57,121 |
51,903 |
5,218 |
9.1 |
3.00 to 4.99 |
41,336 |
37,540 |
3,796 |
9.2 |
5.00 to 6.99 |
10,891 |
9,919 |
972 |
8.9 |
7.00 to 24.99 |
6,960 |
6,287 |
673 |
9.7 |
25.00 to 49.99 |
338 |
302 |
36 |
10.7 |
50.00 and over |
155 |
134 |
21 |
13.5 |
Source: 1991 Census of Agriculture, National Statistics Office, Manila.
Table 20: Extension staff by position and gender, 19901
Extension post |
Albay |
Camarines Sur |
Bukidnon |
Misamis Oriental | ||||
Total |
Percent female |
Total |
Percent female |
Total |
Percent female |
Total |
Percent female | |
Provincial agriculturist |
1 |
0.0 |
1 |
0.0 |
1 |
0.0 |
1 |
0.0 |
Provincial extension staff |
45 |
35.5 |
35 |
42.8 |
13 |
69.2 |
18 |
22.2 |
Provincial research staff |
9 |
55.6 |
16 |
43.8 |
8 |
87.5 |
16 |
43.8 |
Municipal agriculturist |
18 |
5.6 |
37 |
21.6 |
22 |
9.1 |
26 |
15.4 |
Agriculture technicians(including fisheries extension agents) |
194 |
52.1 |
340 |
55.0 |
217 |
47.5 |
131 |
48.1 |
1 The data pertains only to two provinces in the Bicol Region (Albay and Camarines Sur), and two provinces in Mindanao (Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental). All provinces are currently project sites of the Pilot Provincial Agricultural Extension Project (PPAEP) of the Philippine Government and the Government of Australia.
Table 21: Farmer participation in agricultural training, by activity and gender, 1993
Type of |
Participants |
% RIC and | ||||||
training |
Farmers |
Fishers |
Housewives |
RIC |
Youth |
Others |
Total |
wives to total adults 1 |
On-farm research |
4,007 |
187 |
80 |
57 |
65 |
192 |
4,588 |
3,0 |
Day training |
4,551 |
727 |
738 |
236 |
599 |
739 |
7,590 |
12.8 |
Symposia |
18,465 |
2,137 |
281 |
354 |
210 |
2,805 |
24,252 |
2.6 |
Total |
27,033 |
3,051 |
1,099 |
647 |
874 |
3,736 |
36,430 |
4.8 |
1 Pertains to the minimum estimate of female participation in training activities conducted by the Agricultural Training Institute in 1993, and does not include "youth" or "others".
Source: Agricultural Training Institute, Quezon City.
Table 22: Economically active rural population (in thousands), by gender and year
Category |
All rural workers |
Male rural workers |
Female Rural workers | ||||||
1985 |
1990 |
1992 |
1985 |
1990 |
1992 |
1985 |
1990 |
1992 | |
In the labour force |
13.426 |
15,072 |
13,517 |
8.625 |
9,753 |
3.763 |
4,801 |
5,319 |
4,755 |
Unemployed |
585 |
545 |
421 |
194 |
182 |
159 |
391 |
363 |
262 |
Employed |
12,841 |
14,527 |
13,097 |
8,431 |
9,572 |
8,604 |
4,411 |
4,956 |
4.493 |
Under-employed |
3,218 |
3,667 |
2,871 |
2,306 |
2,588 |
885 |
912 |
1,079 |
1,986 |
Source: Integrated Survey of Households, Third Quarter round of Labour Force Survey, 1985, 1990, 1992; National Statistics Office. Past quarter as reference period.
Table 23: Rural unemployment and underemployment rates, by gender and year
Gender of worker |
Unemployment rates |
Underemployment rates | ||||
1985 |
1990 |
1992 |
1985 |
1990 |
1992 | |
All rural workers |
7.8 |
3.6 |
6.1 |
26.2 |
25.2 |
22.5 |
Male workers |
6.6 |
1.9 |
5.0 |
28.3 |
27.0 |
23.6 |
Female workers |
10.1 |
6.8 |
8.2 |
22.1 |
21.8 |
20.5 |
Source: Integrated Survey of Households, Third Quarter round of Labour Force Survey, 1985, 1990, 1992; National Statistics Office. Past quarter as reference period.
Table 24: Employed persons in agriculture, by minor industry group, gender and year
Minor industry |
Year | ||||||||
group and gender |
1980 |
1985 |
1990 |
1992 | |||||
No. |
% dist. |
No. |
% dist. |
No. |
% dist. |
No. |
% dist. | ||
Total employed persons |
8,453 |
100 |
9,698 |
100 |
10,381 |
100 |
11,096 |
100 | |
Agricultural production |
7,397 |
87.51 |
7,942 |
81.89 |
8,564 |
82.5 |
8,988 |
81.00 | |
Livestock and poultry production |
231 |
2.73 |
367 |
3.78 |
371 |
3.57 |
678 |
6.11 | |
Agricultural services |
35 |
0.41 |
44 |
0.45 |
37 |
0.36 |
39 |
0.35 | |
Fishery |
728 |
8.61 |
1,196 |
12.33 |
1,309 |
12.61 |
1,277 |
11.51 | |
Forestry |
62 |
0.73 |
148 |
1.53 |
100 |
0.96 |
113 |
1.02 | |
Male |
6,431 |
76.08 |
7,233 |
74.58 |
7,719 |
74.36 |
8,229 |
74.16 | |
Agricultural production |
5,582 |
66.04 |
5,809 |
59.90 |
6,200 |
59.72 |
6,638 |
59.82 | |
Livestock and poultry production |
78 |
0.92 |
137 |
1.41 |
165 |
1.59 |
258 |
2.33 | |
Agricultural services |
32 |
0.38 |
32 |
0.33 |
31 |
0.30 |
29 |
0.26 | |
Fishery |
684 |
8.09 |
1,126 |
11.61 |
1,232 |
11.87 |
1,206 |
10.87 | |
Forestry |
55 |
0.65 |
129 |
1.33 |
91 |
0.88 |
98 |
0.88 | |
Female |
2,021 |
23.91 |
2,465 |
25.42 |
2,662 |
25.64 |
2,867 |
25.84 | |
Agricultural production |
1,815 |
21.47 |
2,134 |
22.00 |
2,364 |
22.77 |
2,351 |
21.19 | |
Livestock and poultry production |
153 |
1.81 |
229 |
2.36 |
206 |
1.98 |
420 |
2.79 | |
Agricultural services |
4 |
0.05 |
12 |
0.12 |
6 |
0.06 |
10 |
0.09 | |
Fishery |
43 |
0.51 |
71 |
0.73 |
77 |
0.74 |
71 |
0.64 | |
Forestry |
7 |
0.08 |
19 |
0 20 |
8 |
0.08 |
51 |
0 46 |
Source: Integrated Survey of Households, Third Quarter-round of Labor Force Survey, 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1992; National Statistics Office. Past quarter as reference period.
Table 25: Employed persons in agriculture, by gender, class of worker and year
Year | |||||||||
Class of worker |
1980 |
1985 |
1990 |
1992 | |||||
and gender |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% | |
dist. |
dist. |
dist.. |
dist. | ||||||
All employed workers |
8,453 |
100 |
9,698 |
100 |
10,381 |
100 |
11,096 |
100 | |
Wage and salary |
1,231 |
14.6 |
1,997 |
20.6 |
2,167 |
20.9 |
2,160 |
19.5 | |
Own account worker |
4,406 |
52.1 |
4,936 |
50.9 |
5,300 |
51.1 |
6,127 |
55.2 | |
Unpaid family worker |
2,816 |
33.3 |
2,765 |
28.5 |
2,914 |
28.1 |
2,809 |
25.3 | |
Male |
6,431 |
100 |
7,233 |
100 |
7,719 |
100 |
8,229 |
100 | |
Wage and salary |
982 |
15.3 |
1,561 |
21.6 |
1,682 |
21.8 |
1,660 |
20.2 | |
Own account worker |
4,011 |
62.4 |
4,252 |
58.8 |
4,648 |
60.2 |
5,244 |
63.7 | |
Unpaid family worker |
1,439 |
22.4 |
1,420 |
19.6 |
1,390 |
18.0 |
1,325 |
16.1 | |
Female |
2,021 |
100 |
2,465 |
100 |
2,662 |
100 |
2,867 |
100 | |
Wage and salary |
249 |
12.3 |
436 |
17.7 |
486 |
18.3 |
500 |
17.4 | |
Own account worker |
395 |
19.5 |
684 |
27.7 |
652 |
21.5 |
883 |
30.8 | |
Unpaid family worker |
1,377 |
68.1 |
1,345 |
35.6 |
1,524 |
57,3 |
1,484 |
51,8 |
Source: Integrated Survey of Households, Third Quarter-rounds of Labor Force Survey, 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1992: National Statistics Office. Past quarter as reference period.
Table 26: Division of labour in agriculture, by corp., activity. and gender
Gender composition of work force | ||
Activity |
Predominantly female adults |
Predominantly male adults |
Crop farming |
||
Rice1 (Camarines Sur, 1985 and 1994) |
Selection and preservation of seeds, transplanting/ planting, weeding, harvesting, non-mechanized threshing, selling the harvest, contacting and contracting hired labourers |
Land preparation, seedbed preparation, spraying chemicals and fertilizers, mechanized farm tasks, hauling and transporting palay from the field, repair of bunds and irrigation canals |
Corn2 (Bukidnon, 1993) |
Planting, application of fertilizer, weeding, and harvesting, selling the produce to the market |
Plowing, harrowing and furrowing; off-baring of fields; and bagging of corn |
Coconut3 (Camarines Norte, 1987; Quezon, 1993) |
Weeding area around the trees, gathering harvested nuts, slicing copra meat, contracting buyers |
Harvesting (picking nuts), hauling nuts to copra shed, dehusking, extracting fresh meat, smoking and drying copra, bagging |
Sugarcane4 (Negros Occidental, 1993) |
Cutting cane points, loading machine with cane points, planting cane points, manual fertilizer application |
Clearing the fields; weeding through sifting, raking, burning or transplanting; driving planting machine; repair and maintenance of roads and of drainage and irrigation canals; cutting and hauling of canes |
Cassava2 (Bukidnon, 1993) |
Planting, harvesting, weeding, cutting the stalks, chopping the tuber into chips, and drying |
Plowing, harrowing and furrowing, and bagging of cassava, contracting buyers |
Sweet potato 5 (Quezon, 1993) |
Washing, sorting, vending |
Land clearing (burning compost), plowing, harrowing, furrowing, pitting and seedling collection, planting, fertilization, mounding, weeding, harvesting, gathering, hauling, packing, weighing |
Vegetables6 (Camarines Norte, 1987) |
Planting, weeding, thinning, crop management, land preparation (if only minimum tillage needed), processing, bundling or bagging (depending on crop), selection of seeds or planting materials, selling the produce in the market |
Land preparation, construction and installation of posts or trellises, transporting/hauling to the market |
Fruit trees3 (Quezon, 1993) |
Planting or establishment of fruit tree, weeding, care of tree, contracting hired laborers and/or buyers, selling fruits in the market |
Pruning, fertilizing, spraying of chemicals, smoking (as in the case of mango trees), picking fruits |
Care of livestock |
||
Carabao/cattle6 Camarines Norte (1987) |
Purchase of fodder and medicine |
Selection of stock, pasturing, providing water to animals, attending to foaling |
Hogs7 (Camarines Sur 1994) |
Feeding, preparing feeds, purchase of commercial feeds, purchase of stock, sale of issues |
Bringing in water for the hogs, watering down, and cleaning the pig pens |
Poultry (mostly backyard broods)7 (Camarines Sur 1994) |
Purchase of commercial feeds and medicine; purchase or trading for stocks; feeding; marketing |
|
Capture fishing8 (Quezon, 1986) |
Processing of fishery products (salting or smoking), vending the fishery catch, financing spear-fishers and other bootless fishermen |
Actual capture with the use of nets, traps, and other equipment; mending of nets and boats; building and maintenance of fish corrals; selection of nets and fishing technology |
Agroforestry productions9 (Cebu, 1986) |
contouring, planting of tree species provided by forestry bureau, selling produce in the market |
Construction of rockwall, land clearing, cultivation and care of crop, transporting crop and forestry products to the market |
1 Based on Illo (1988) and updated during group interview (GI/L 1994).
2 Based on data described in IPC (1993b).
3 Based on data described in IPC (1993a), for Quezon; and Illo and Veneracion (1988), for Camarines Norte.
4 Based on data described in IPC (1993c).
5 Based on Velasco (1993).
6 Based on Illo and Veneracion (1988).
7 Based on group interview conducted in Camarines Sur in March 1994 (GI/L 1994).
8 Based on Illo and Polo (1990).
9 Based on Rivas, Uy, and Borlagdan (1991).
Table 27: Average number of hours spent per week on economic and domestic activities, by task, gender, and year1
Item |
Bicol (irrigated, 1985) |
Bicol (rainfed, 1987)2 |
Bicol (1990)2 |
Mindanao (1990)1 | |||||
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F |
M |
F | ||
Market production(own account) |
8.8 |
5.7 |
37.0 |
36.0 |
28.8 |
19.3 |
16.0 |
13.7 | |
Rice farming |
3.7 |
0.1 |
30.0 |
15.0 |
9.0 |
2.5 |
10.3 |
4.0 | |
Gardens/other crops |
0.9 |
1.0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- | |
Livestock/poultry raising |
0.9 |
1.2 |
6.3 |
3.7 |
3.2 |
3.2 | |||
Trading |
0.4 |
2.2 |
7.0 |
21.0 |
7.0 |
8.3 |
0.4 |
2.9 | |
Work-animal care |
2.2 |
0.1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- | |
Home industries |
- |
- |
- |
- |
3.7 |
4.2 |
1.7 |
3.5 | |
Others |
- |
-- |
- |
- |
2.8 |
0.6 |
0.4 |
0. I | |
Wage work |
5.5 |
2.9 |
6.0 |
1.0 |
19.9 |
13.9 |
25.8 |
10.0 | |
Total market work |
14 3 |
8 6 |
43.0 |
37.0 |
48.7 |
33.2 |
41.8 |
23.7 | |
Total home production time |
15.3 |
39.1 |
15.0 |
56.0 |
10.5 |
44.6 |
11.7 |
44.4 | |
Total working time |
29.6 |
47.7 |
58.0 |
95.0 |
59.2 |
77.8 |
53.5 |
68.1 |
1 Labor utilization of family labor in upland areas in Cavite are presented in Rola, Dayo, and Hernandez (194), while time allocation data for an upland village in Leyte are discussed in Alcober and Morales (1992). The Cavite data suggested that while female and male roles are substitutable in farm and household activities, men continued to contribute more time to farming. Moreover, the men tended to do more household chores when the women could work in off-farm/non-farm jobs.
2 Crop farming had been lumped together in the study and the data appear in the present table under "rice farming." In turn, care of livestock and poultry had been combined with work-animal care, and is presented in the table under "livestock/poultry raising."
Sources: For Bicol irrigated farming community in 1985, Illo (1988); for Bicol rainfed community in 1987 (Illo and Veneracion 1988); and for Bicol and Mindanao in 1990,1110 and Uy (1992).
Table 28: Illiteracy rates, by place of residence, age, and gender
Place of residence |
1980 |
1990 | ||
and age group |
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female |
Total |
16.11 |
17.24 |
6.03 |
8.07 |
15-24 |
8.94 |
7.53 |
3.72 |
6.62 |
25-44 |
13.30 |
13.32 |
4.27 |
4.58 |
45 and over |
31.38 |
38.08 |
12.57 |
15.76 |
Urban |
5.97 |
7.66 |
2.35 |
5.41 |
15-24 |
3.09 |
2.92 |
1.57 |
8.37 |
2544 |
4.22 |
4.89 |
1.46 |
1.65 |
45 and over |
13.98 |
20.80 |
5.35 |
8.04 |
Rural |
22.35 |
23.91 |
9.64 |
10.96 |
15-24 |
12.57 |
10.99 |
5.76 |
5.09 |
25-44 |
19.27 |
19.34 |
7.31 |
7.97 |
45 and over |
40.74 |
48.43 |
18.66 |
23.09 |
Source: 1980 and 1990 Census of Population, National Statistics Office, Manila.
Table 29: Primary and secondary net enrolment (in thousands) and ratios (percent of total population), by school year
School year |
Elementary (7-12 years old) |
Secondary (13-16 years old) | ||||
Enrolment |
Population |
Rate |
Enrolment |
Population |
Rate | |
1985 -86 |
7,968 |
8,442 |
94.4 |
2,416 |
4,993 |
50.4 |
1990-91 |
9,114 |
9,197 |
99.1 |
3,057 |
5,586 |
54.7 |
1991-92 |
9,190 |
9,273 |
99.1 |
3,142 |
5,744 |
54,7 |
Source: Department of Education, Culture and Sports, Manila.
Table 30: Life expectancy at birth by year and gender
Year |
Male |
Female |
1960 |
51.2 |
55.0 |
1970 |
55.2 |
60.9 |
1975 |
56.9 |
61.8 |
1980 |
60.8 |
66.4 |
19901 |
64,0 |
68.0 |
1 Estimated by the National Statistics Office.
Source: National Statistics Office.
Table 31: Maternal mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), and access to maternal child health and family planning services by year
Year |
Maternal mortality |
Maternal, child care, and family planning services |
Day care centers with medical services | |
rate |
Number1 |
Clients served2 |
(clients served)2 | |
1980 |
11 |
36,403 |
n.d. |
1,178,603 |
1985 |
10 |
40,772 |
n.d. |
n.d. |
1986 |
11 |
41.549 |
n.d. |
n.d. |
1987 |
10 |
42,027 |
n.d. |
1,865,473 |
1988 |
11 |
n.d. |
84,267 |
n.d. |
1989 |
10 |
n.d. |
296,127 |
n.d. |
1990 |
10 |
n.d. |
377,875 |
n.d. |
¹ Source: Internal Planning Services, Department of Health.
2 Source: Department of Social Welfare and Development.
Table 32: Status of WID Units in government ministries, autonomous units. and other organizations
WID Units |
Year |
Mandate |
Status | ||
Est. |
1985 |
1993 |
1985 |
1993 | |
National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW), Office of the President |
1975 |
To review, evaluate and recommend measures including priorities to ensure the full integration of women for economic, social and cultural development, and to ensure further equality between women and men |
Board of Commissioners composed of top level officials from government ministries and one from the private sector; projects with the Kabalikat sa Kaunlaran, the women's groups organized by NCRFW at different administrative levels |
Board composed largely of women advocates from the various NGOs, including the president of a peasant women's group (KaBaPa); NCRFW continues to focus its advocacy and training work with various government agencies (including DA, DAR, and DENR), through its focal points, but also continues to work with NGOs under the Women GO-NGO Network; NCRFW is also trying to establish a data base on women. | |
Bureau of Women and Young Workers (BWYW), Department of Labour and Employment |
1960 |
To promote the general welfare of all women and minor/young workers, and to assist women to cope with their responsibilities at home and at the workplace |
Continues to oversee matters concerning working and young mothers for DOLE; coordinates with the Bureau of Rural Workers and other units of the department. | ||
Bureau of Women's Welfare, Department of Social Work and Development |
1986 |
Not yet formed |
To promote women's welfare, protect women from exploitation, and develop skills for employment and self-actualization |
Continues to undertake skills training and income-generating projects for the poor, especially poor women; periodically launches feeding programs; supports a network of day care centers in different barangays; works with displaced women and their families; and the like | |
WID/GAD focal group, Department of Environment and Natural Resources |
1989 |
Not yet organized |
Not yet organized |
DENR created its Technical Working Committee on Women, with six bureaus and four regions also forming their own Technical Working Group on Women; ground-working for GAD indicator system and advocating gender desegregation of MIS data on beneficiaries; raising consciousness of DENR personnel | |
WID/GAD focal group, Department of Agrarian Reform |
1989 |
Not yet organized |
Not yet organized |
Has an existing National Technical Steering Committee (NTSC) composed of representatives from different offices under DAR; the group is trying to translate RA7192 to agrarian reform with the help of NCRFW, to formulate gender sensitive implementation procedures, and to advocate gender desegregation in monitoring reports; using the DAR Ladies Association as the contact group in the regions and provinces. | |
Home Economics Programs Division, Bureau of Agricultural Extension, Department of Agriculture |
n.d. |
To support agriculture and development by involving rural women in the uplift of the family and community |
Provides staff support and delivers package of services to Home Economics Extensionists at the field level |
In the 1990s, extension agents all made generalists; devolution in 1992 cut the link between central office and the municipal and provincial technicians. | |
WID/GAD focal group, Department of Agriculture |
1989 |
Not yet organized |
To serve as the primary structure for the Philippine Development Plan for Women (PDP-W) implementation, and to serve as catalysts for gender- responsive planning and programming in their respective line agencies; mandate coming from EO No. 348 |
Not yet organized |
WID focal point formed at central office (in 1993, with planning and monitoring service, instead of being under the Office of the Secretary), bureaus and attached agencies, and in regions; consciousness-raising among staff and clientele; and strengthening women's organizations within DA and in sites; formation of WID Secretariat in 1993 to submit the reports required by RA 7192 |