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Appendix tables


Appendix tables

Table 1: Total population of the Philippines, by gender and place of residence

Year and

Total population

Urban population

Rural population

Percent of rural to

gender

Number

Percent

Number

Percent

Number

Percent

total population

1980

             

Both

48,098,460

100.0

17,943,897

100.0

30,154,563

100.0

62.7

Male

24,128,755

50.2

8,765,276

48.8

15,363,479

50.9

63.7

Female

23,969,705

49.8

9,178,621

51.2

14,791,084

49.1

61.7

1990

             

Both

60,559,116

100.0

29,440,153

100.0

31,118,963

100.0

51 4

Male

30,443,187

50.3

14,546,463

49.4

15,896,724

51.1

52.2

Female

30,115,929

49,7

14,893,690

50,6

15,222,236

48.9

50.5

Source: 1980 and 1990 Census of Population, National Statistics Office, Manila.

Table 2: Political participation of women in national and local elections. 1987. 1988 1992

Position

Number of candidates

Number of elected officials

 

Total

Percent female

Total

Percent female

1987 Elections

1,812

1.5

224

8.5

 

Senator (National)

84

7.1

24

8.3

 

Congressman (Distuct)

1,728

1.3

200

8.5

1988 Local Elections

58,367

8.5

16,907

9.2

 

Provincial Governor

255

9.4

73

5.5

 

Vice Governor

255

11.8

73

11.0

 

Provincial Board Member

1,843

7.4

620

11.5

 

Lt. Governor

7

0.0

2

0.0

 

Asst. Lt. Governor

2

50.0

1

0.0

 

Special Board

7

14.3

2

0.0

 

City Mayor

284

7.4

59

6.8

 

City Vice Mayor

255

10.2

59

6.8

 

City Council

3,145

8.2

666

9.8

 

Municipal Mayor

5,983

8.6

1,532

7.4

 

Municipal Vice Mayor

6,612

6.3

1,532

6.0

 

Municipal Council

39,712

9

12,288

9.7

1992 Elections (national, district, local)

   
 

President1

7

28.6

1

0.0

 

Vice President1

6

16.7

1

0.0

 

Senators (national)

163

7.4

24

16.7

 

Congressman (district)

1,024

7.8

199

9.6

 

Provincial Governor

388

11.3

73

9.6

 

Provincial Vice Governor

388

9.6

73

11.8

 

Provincial Board

3,267

10.0

650

11.8

 

City Mayor

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

 

City Vice Mayor

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

 

City Council

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

n.d.

 

Municipal Mayor

n.d.

n.d.

1,539

7.9

 

Municipal Vice Mayor

n.d.

n.d.

1,539

9.2

 

Municipal Council

n.d.

n.d.

12,361

13.3

1 The presidential and vice-presidential candidates refer only to the front runners.

Source: Commission on Elections, Manila

Table 3: Percentage of females in career executive service (CES) positions in selected government agencies, 1984 and 19931

Agency

1984

1993

Agrarian Reform

3

10

Agriculture

16

16

Environment and Natural Resources 2

6

5

Labour and Employment

33

24

Science and Technology 3

40

 

Social Services and Development

84

88

Trade and Industry

28

50

National Economic and Development Authority

59

40

Overall- national government agencies 3

3

16

1 CES positions include ministry/department undersecretaries, assistant secretaries, directors, assistant directors, regional directors, assistant regional directors, and positions of comparable level.

2 For 1984, the figure integrates that for the Ministry of Energy with that for the Ministry of Natural Resources.

3 For 1984, 26 national agencies are included, for 1993, 25 agencies are included, along with government towed and controlled corporations.

Source: Career Executive Service Board (CESB). For the 1984 figures, National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women, Filipino women in Public Affairs, Manila, 1985, page 43.

Table 4: Percentage of women members and office bearers in agricultural/rural organizations by gender and year

Agricultural/rural

Early 1980s

1990s

organization

Members

Office bearers

Members

Office bearers

Cooperatives

n.d.

n.d.

41.033

37-554

Farmers associations

16.01

3,02

26.05

29.06

Fisherfolks' association

n.d.

n.d.

4 06

0.0 6

1 Based on an irrigators association in Camarines Sur (Illo 1985:27).

2 Based on all office bearers in sectors of the irrigators association (Illo 1985:27). All sectors had male presidents.

3 Based on figures supplied by the Cooperative Development Authority for 1992.

4 Illo and Uy (1992:175).

5 Based on organizations that are affiliated with the TOUCH Foundation (IPC 1993b).

6 Based on organizations that are affiliated with the Center for Alternative

Rural Technology (CART) had. The data on office bearers refer only to presidents of the organizations. Of the members of farmers organizations affiliated with CART only 17 percent were females (IPC 1993b).

Table 5: Decisionmaking authority in Matalom. Leyte. a rainfed village1

Selected decisionmaking area

Household head

 

Male

Female

Crop Production

   
 

Area to be cultivated

98

28

 

Method of land preparation

98

11

 

Crops to grow

89

74

 

Method of planting

89

43

 

Variety of crop to plant

89

54

 

Sequence of interpolated crops

87

87

 

Time of weeding

89

74

 

Number of weeding

89

63

 

Equipment to use

70

39

 

Method of controlling pest

9

6

 

Time of harvesting/threshing

89

87

 

Method of harvesting/threshing

87

80

 

Time of selecting seeds

89

93

 

Criteria for seed selection

87

93

 

Method of storing crop harvest

89

98

 

Use of crop harvested for household consumption

83

96

 

Method of post-harvest processing to be used

74

91

 

Disposal of the harvest

89

100

Carabao/cattle production

   
 

Selection of breed

85

22

 

Acquisition/buying of stock

85

4

 

Grazing/tethering

85

78

 

Selling/ pricing

78

59

Swine/goat production

   
 

Selection of breed

89

72

 

Acquisition/buying of stock

87

43

 

Putting up of a shelter

87

22

 

Preparation of feeds and feeding

85

96

 

Calving/furrowing

78

83

 

Selling/pricing

87

83

1 The figures refer to the percentage of women/men who reported that they usually decide on matters specified in the table. The data was taken from a study of 47 households by Alcober and Morales (1992). The figures for crop production refer to involvement in decisionmaking, while those for animal production pertain to work involvement.

Table 6: Women's decision- making authority at the household level in selected areas1

Item

Area

 

Ifugao, Luzon

Bacolod, Visayas

Maguidanao, Mindanao (tribal)

Maguidanao, Mindanao (Visayan)

What to grow

38

17

14

0

Use of inputs and raw materials

19

22

10

0

How much to sell (products)

28

32

12

19

Seeking production loans

20

17

4

4

Allocating family expenditures

27

80

23

52

How much to save

29

67

23

52

Disciplining children

16

33

13

48

Education of children

16

43

10

48

Child's medical treatment

23

40

13

48

Choice of family planning method

5

76

20

22

Number of children (family size)

24

7

33

26

1 The figures pertain to the percentage of wives who reported that they usually decide on the items in the table.

Source: Center for Women's Resources (1993).

Table 7: NGO support to rural women in food security: agriculture, food production and processing, and other areas by year1

Year

Total no. of NGOs working in rural

Total number of NGO projects related to food security

Beneficiaries

 

areas

Agriculture, food production and processing

Livestock, forestry, and fisheries

Total

Female

Percent female

1986-87

67

21

21

93,333

47,506

50.9

1992

45

19

20

56,022

31,036

55.4

1 Pertains only to NGOs funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) through the Philippine NGO Development Assistance Programme (PDAP). Data provided by PDAP, April 1994.

Table 8: Legal instruments available to women for obtaining land, livestock, credit, employment, and social insurance1

Legislation

Year enacted

Specific provisions to eliminate discrimination against women or enhance their status

The Philippine Constitution of 1987

1987

Recognizes the fundamental equality of women and men before the law

New Family Code

1987

Affirms women's right to own property and to contract employment and credit without the need of her husband's consent

Republic Act 6657 ("Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law")

1988

Guarantees to all "qualified women members of the agricultural labor force" equal rights to ownership of land' equal shares of the farm's produce and representation in advisory or appropriate decision-making bodies to qualified women of the agricultural work force (Chap. 40, No. 5)

Republic Act 6972

1990

Mandates the establishment of day care centers in every barangay in order to free women for other activities, such as farming or attending extension and other meetings

Republic Act 7192 ("Women in Nation Building Act")

1992

Ensures the fundamental equality of women and men invarious areas, including credit and training; provides that full-time household managers could avail of social security services through their working spouses; and provides for a substantial portion of ODA funds from foreign governments and multi-lateral agencies be allocated to support programs

1 Culled from the national report on women (NCRFW 1994).

Table 9 Annual poverty threshold (in Philippine P) and incidence of poverty by year and place of residence

Year

Total Annual poverty threshold1

Urban Incidence2 (in percent)

Rural Annual poverty threshold

Incidence (in percent)

Annual poverty threshold

Incidence (in percent)

1985

22,464

49 3

26,196

37 9

20,112

56.4

1988

28,656

45.5

35,364

34.3

24,564

52.3

19913

44,100

46.5

50,640

37.0

37,548

56.0

1Refers to the annual income required to satisfy the nutritional requirements of 2,000 calories and other basic needs of a family of six.

²Refers to the proportion of the population whose income falls below the poverty threshold.

3Preliminary figures.

Source: National Statistical Coordination Board, Metro Manila.

Table 10: Heads of households, by place of residence, gender, and year

Gender of head and place of residence

No. of households

Increase in families (1985-1991)

 

1985

1991

Number

Percent

Overall

9,847,339

11,975,441

2,128,102

17.8

 

Male-headed

8,470,974

10,278,369

1,807,395

17.6

 

Female-headed

1,376,365

1,697,072

320,707

18.9

Urban areas

3,726,049

5,938,543

2,212,494

37.3

 

Male-headed

3,079,641

4,955,078

1,875,437

37.8

 

Female-headed

646,409

983,464

337,055

34.3

Rural areas

6,121,290

6,036,899

(84,391)

(1.4)

 

Male-headed

5,391,334

5,323,291

(68,043)

(1.3)

 

Female-headed

729 957

713 608

(16,349)

(2.3)

Source: 1985 and 1991 Family Income and Expenditures Survey, National Statistics Office, Manila.

Table 11 Percentage of rural house-holds by year and gender of household head

Year

Total households

Male-headed households

Female-headed households

 

Total

Percent rural

Total

Percent rural

Total

Percent rural

1985

9.847.339

62.2

8,470,974

63,6

1,376,365

53.0

1991

11,975,441

50.4

10,978,369

48.2

1,697 072

42.0

Table 12: Landless households. by gender of household head

Type of land owned

All households

Male-headed households

Female-headed households

 

Number

Percent to total

Number

Percent to total

Number

Percent to total

Total households

11,407,262

100.0

10,122,235

100.0

1,285,027

100.0

Landless households

6,291,926

55.2

5,664,616

56.0

627,310

48.8

Households with land

5,115,336

44.8

4,457,619

44.0

657,717

51.2

Households with agricultural land

2,853,334

25.0

2,513,079

24.8

340,255

26.5

Source: 1990 Census of Population Housing, National Statistics Office, Manila.

Table 13: Rural household income and expenditures (in Philippine P). by Bender of household head and year

Item

Male-headed households

Female-headed households

 

1985

1991

1985

1991

Average annual income

21,801

41,353

22,426

40,051

Average annual expenditures

19,483

33,924

18,765

32,309

Average annual savings

2,318

7,429

3,661

7,742

Source: Family Income and Expenditures Survey, National Statistics Office, Manila.

Table 14: Average nominal and real daily wage rate of farm workers (without meals), by farm operation, Calendar Year 1987-89

Farm operation

Nominal wage rate

Real wage rate (1985=100)1

 

1987

1988

1989

1987

1988

1989

All operations

31.62

39.96

41.72

30.67

35.74

33.67

Plowing

           
 

Man

33.38

36.40

43.61

32.38

32.56

35.20

 

Man and animal

48.60

52.48

58.78

47.14

46.94

47.44

Harrowing

           
 

Man

32.93

34.39

42.15

31.94

30.76

34.02

 

Man and animal

46.81

50.56

56 92

45 40

45,22

45 94

Planting/transplanting

30.64

33.79

41.55

29.72

30.22

33.54

Weeding

28.48

31.03

39.63

27.62

27.75

31.98

Care of crops (including fertilizing and spraying)

29.21

32.92

40.67

28.33

29.44

32.82

Harvesting

33.77

37.24

44.22

32.75

33.31

35.69

Splitting/shelling

35.81

40.19

46.46

34.73

35.95

37.50

Others (drying and hauling)

37.62

43.42

47.16

36 49

38.84

38.06

1The deflator used was the consumer price index for areas outside Metro Manila (NCSB 1991:21).

Source: National Statistics Office, 1992 Philippine Yearbook, Manila, p. 389.

Table 15: Distribution of female headed rural families by decile class and year

Decile class 1

1985

1991

 

No. of families

Percent to total

No. of families

Percent to total

First decile

176,171

24.1

174,217

24.4

Second decile

92,529

12.7

98,696

13.8

Third decile

77,779

10.6

87,135

12.2

Fourth decile

66,102

9.0

61,785

8.6

Fifth decile

57,160

7.8

63,435

8.9

Sixth decile

61,126

8.4

57,690

8.1

Seventh decile

62,035

8.5

51,558

7.2

Eighth decile

52,461

7.2

60,100

8.4

Ninth decile

40,804

5.6

34,263

4.8

Tenth decile

43,790

6.0

24,728

3.5

All female-headed rural households

729,957

100.0

713,608

100.0

1 The decile classes were constructed based on income of all households.

Source: National Statistics Office, Manila.

Table 16: Under-nutrition rates (in percent) for children six years of age and under, by year

Type of undernutrition

FNRI 1982 Survey

FNRI 1987 Survey

FNRI 1989/90 Survey

Underweight (moderate and severe)

17.2

17.7

14.0

Stunted (inadequate height for age)

20.6

14.1

11.6

Wasted (inadequate weight for height)

9.5

12.7

9.0

Stunted and wasted

2.0

2.2

1.4

Source: Tan (1991:24).

Table 17: Under-nutrition rates (in percent) for children six years of age and under by gender. 1989/90

Type of undernutrition

Male children

Female children

Underweight (moderate and severe)

9.8

17.0

Stunted (inadequate height for age)

11.8

11.6

Wasted (inadequate, weight for height)

6,7

11.4

Source: Tan (1991:67).

Table 18: Loans, borrowers, and membership in rural organizations, by area and by gender, 1993'

Item

Metro Manila (1993)

Laguna (1991)

Northern Samar (1993)

Negros Occidental (1993)

 

Total

% female

Total

% female

Total

% female

Total

% female

Loans: Borrowers

350

82

126

66

227

96

475

82

Amount (in Philippine P)

1,003,572

n.d.

418,582

n.d.

530,350

94

843,700

78

Membership

350

82

126

66

378

93

475

82

1 Data refer to rural organizations affiliated with NGOs studied in 1993 and 1994 that received development assistance from CIDA through PDAP. The data was taken from IPC (1993a and 1993c).

Table 19: Rural land operations, by gender and size of holding in Central Luzon, 1991

Area of farm (in hectares)

Gender of the operator

Percent of female to

 

All operators

Male

Female

total farm operators

Total farms in Central Luzon

350,818

315,985

34,939

10.0

Under 0.50

57,338

48,654

8,590

15.0

0.50 to 0.99

64,148

58,402

5,746

9.0

1.00 to 1.99

112,531

102,644

9,887

8.8

2.00 to 2.99

57,121

51,903

5,218

9.1

3.00 to 4.99

41,336

37,540

3,796

9.2

5.00 to 6.99

10,891

9,919

972

8.9

7.00 to 24.99

6,960

6,287

673

9.7

25.00 to 49.99

338

302

36

10.7

50.00 and over

155

134

21

13.5

Source: 1991 Census of Agriculture, National Statistics Office, Manila.

Table 20: Extension staff by position and gender, 19901

Extension post

Albay

Camarines Sur

Bukidnon

Misamis Oriental

 

Total

Percent female

Total

Percent female

Total

Percent female

Total

Percent female

Provincial agriculturist

1

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

1

0.0

Provincial extension staff

45

35.5

35

42.8

13

69.2

18

22.2

Provincial research staff

9

55.6

16

43.8

8

87.5

16

43.8

Municipal agriculturist

18

5.6

37

21.6

22

9.1

26

15.4

Agriculture technicians(including fisheries extension agents)

194

52.1

340

55.0

217

47.5

131

48.1

1 The data pertains only to two provinces in the Bicol Region (Albay and Camarines Sur), and two provinces in Mindanao (Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental). All provinces are currently project sites of the Pilot Provincial Agricultural Extension Project (PPAEP) of the Philippine Government and the Government of Australia.

Table 21: Farmer participation in agricultural training, by activity and gender, 1993

Type of

Participants

% RIC and

training

Farmers

Fishers

Housewives

RIC

Youth

Others

Total

wives to total adults 1

On-farm research

4,007

187

80

57

65

192

4,588

3,0

Day training

4,551

727

738

236

599

739

7,590

12.8

Symposia

18,465

2,137

281

354

210

2,805

24,252

2.6

Total

27,033

3,051

1,099

647

874

3,736

36,430

4.8

1 Pertains to the minimum estimate of female participation in training activities conducted by the Agricultural Training Institute in 1993, and does not include "youth" or "others".

Source: Agricultural Training Institute, Quezon City.

Table 22: Economically active rural population (in thousands), by gender and year

Category

All rural workers

Male rural workers

Female Rural workers

 

1985

1990

1992

1985

1990

1992

1985

1990

1992

In the labour force

13.426

15,072

13,517

8.625

9,753

3.763

4,801

5,319

4,755

Unemployed

585

545

421

194

182

159

391

363

262

Employed

12,841

14,527

13,097

8,431

9,572

8,604

4,411

4,956

4.493

Under-employed

3,218

3,667

2,871

2,306

2,588

885

912

1,079

1,986

Source: Integrated Survey of Households, Third Quarter round of Labour Force Survey, 1985, 1990, 1992; National Statistics Office. Past quarter as reference period.

Table 23: Rural unemployment and underemployment rates, by gender and year

Gender of worker

Unemployment rates

Underemployment rates

 

1985

1990

1992

1985

1990

1992

All rural workers

7.8

3.6

6.1

26.2

25.2

22.5

Male workers

6.6

1.9

5.0

28.3

27.0

23.6

Female workers

10.1

6.8

8.2

22.1

21.8

20.5

Source: Integrated Survey of Households, Third Quarter round of Labour Force Survey, 1985, 1990, 1992; National Statistics Office. Past quarter as reference period.

Table 24: Employed persons in agriculture, by minor industry group, gender and year

Minor industry

Year

group and gender

1980

1985

1990

1992

 

No.

% dist.

No.

% dist.

No.

% dist.

No.

% dist.

Total employed persons

8,453

100

9,698

100

10,381

100

11,096

100

 

Agricultural production

7,397

87.51

7,942

81.89

8,564

82.5

8,988

81.00

 

Livestock and poultry production

231

2.73

367

3.78

371

3.57

678

6.11

 

Agricultural services

35

0.41

44

0.45

37

0.36

39

0.35

 

Fishery

728

8.61

1,196

12.33

1,309

12.61

1,277

11.51

 

Forestry

62

0.73

148

1.53

100

0.96

113

1.02

Male

6,431

76.08

7,233

74.58

7,719

74.36

8,229

74.16

 

Agricultural production

5,582

66.04

5,809

59.90

6,200

59.72

6,638

59.82

 

Livestock and poultry production

78

0.92

137

1.41

165

1.59

258

2.33

 

Agricultural services

32

0.38

32

0.33

31

0.30

29

0.26

 

Fishery

684

8.09

1,126

11.61

1,232

11.87

1,206

10.87

 

Forestry

55

0.65

129

1.33

91

0.88

98

0.88

Female

2,021

23.91

2,465

25.42

2,662

25.64

2,867

25.84

 

Agricultural production

1,815

21.47

2,134

22.00

2,364

22.77

2,351

21.19

 

Livestock and poultry production

153

1.81

229

2.36

206

1.98

420

2.79

 

Agricultural services

4

0.05

12

0.12

6

0.06

10

0.09

 

Fishery

43

0.51

71

0.73

77

0.74

71

0.64

 

Forestry

7

0.08

19

0 20

8

0.08

51

0 46

Source: Integrated Survey of Households, Third Quarter-round of Labor Force Survey, 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1992; National Statistics Office. Past quarter as reference period.

Table 25: Employed persons in agriculture, by gender, class of worker and year

 

Year

Class of worker

1980

1985

1990

1992

and gender

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

No.

%

   

dist.

 

dist.

 

dist..

 

dist.

All employed workers

8,453

100

9,698

100

10,381

100

11,096

100

 

Wage and salary

1,231

14.6

1,997

20.6

2,167

20.9

2,160

19.5

 

Own account worker

4,406

52.1

4,936

50.9

5,300

51.1

6,127

55.2

 

Unpaid family worker

2,816

33.3

2,765

28.5

2,914

28.1

2,809

25.3

Male

6,431

100

7,233

100

7,719

100

8,229

100

 

Wage and salary

982

15.3

1,561

21.6

1,682

21.8

1,660

20.2

 

Own account worker

4,011

62.4

4,252

58.8

4,648

60.2

5,244

63.7

 

Unpaid family worker

1,439

22.4

1,420

19.6

1,390

18.0

1,325

16.1

Female

2,021

100

2,465

100

2,662

100

2,867

100

 

Wage and salary

249

12.3

436

17.7

486

18.3

500

17.4

 

Own account worker

395

19.5

684

27.7

652

21.5

883

30.8

 

Unpaid family worker

1,377

68.1

1,345

35.6

1,524

57,3

1,484

51,8

Source: Integrated Survey of Households, Third Quarter-rounds of Labor Force Survey, 1980, 1985, 1990 and 1992: National Statistics Office. Past quarter as reference period.

Table 26: Division of labour in agriculture, by corp., activity. and gender

 

Gender composition of work force

Activity

Predominantly female adults

Predominantly male adults

Crop farming

   

Rice1 (Camarines Sur, 1985 and 1994)

Selection and preservation of seeds, transplanting/ planting, weeding, harvesting, non-mechanized threshing, selling the harvest, contacting and contracting hired labourers

Land preparation, seedbed preparation, spraying chemicals and fertilizers, mechanized farm tasks, hauling and transporting palay from the field, repair of bunds and irrigation canals

Corn2 (Bukidnon, 1993)

Planting, application of fertilizer, weeding, and harvesting, selling the produce to the market

Plowing, harrowing and furrowing; off-baring of fields; and bagging of corn

Coconut3 (Camarines Norte, 1987; Quezon, 1993)

Weeding area around the trees, gathering harvested nuts, slicing copra meat, contracting buyers

Harvesting (picking nuts), hauling nuts to copra shed, dehusking, extracting fresh meat, smoking and drying copra, bagging

Sugarcane4 (Negros Occidental, 1993)

Cutting cane points, loading machine with cane points, planting cane points, manual fertilizer application

Clearing the fields; weeding through sifting, raking, burning or transplanting; driving planting machine; repair and maintenance of roads and of drainage and irrigation canals; cutting and hauling of canes

Cassava2 (Bukidnon, 1993)

Planting, harvesting, weeding, cutting the stalks, chopping the tuber into chips, and drying

Plowing, harrowing and furrowing, and bagging of cassava, contracting buyers

Sweet potato 5 (Quezon, 1993)

Washing, sorting, vending

Land clearing (burning compost), plowing, harrowing, furrowing, pitting and seedling collection, planting, fertilization, mounding, weeding, harvesting, gathering, hauling, packing, weighing

Vegetables6 (Camarines Norte, 1987)

Planting, weeding, thinning, crop management, land preparation (if only minimum tillage needed), processing, bundling or bagging (depending on crop), selection of seeds or planting materials, selling the produce in the market

Land preparation, construction and installation of posts or trellises, transporting/hauling to the market

Fruit trees3 (Quezon, 1993)

Planting or establishment of fruit tree, weeding, care of tree, contracting hired laborers and/or buyers, selling fruits in the market

Pruning, fertilizing, spraying of chemicals, smoking (as in the case of mango trees), picking fruits

Care of livestock

   

Carabao/cattle6 Camarines Norte (1987)

Purchase of fodder and medicine

Selection of stock, pasturing, providing water to animals, attending to foaling

Hogs7 (Camarines Sur 1994)

Feeding, preparing feeds, purchase of commercial feeds, purchase of stock, sale of issues

Bringing in water for the hogs, watering down, and cleaning the pig pens

Poultry (mostly backyard broods)7 (Camarines Sur 1994)

Purchase of commercial feeds and medicine; purchase or trading for stocks; feeding; marketing

 

Capture fishing8 (Quezon, 1986)

Processing of fishery products (salting or smoking), vending the fishery catch, financing spear-fishers and other bootless fishermen

Actual capture with the use of nets, traps, and other equipment; mending of nets and boats; building and maintenance of fish corrals; selection of nets and fishing technology

Agroforestry productions9 (Cebu, 1986)

contouring, planting of tree species provided by forestry bureau, selling produce in the market

Construction of rockwall, land clearing, cultivation and care of crop, transporting crop and forestry products to the market

1 Based on Illo (1988) and updated during group interview (GI/L 1994).

2 Based on data described in IPC (1993b).

3 Based on data described in IPC (1993a), for Quezon; and Illo and Veneracion (1988), for Camarines Norte.

4 Based on data described in IPC (1993c).

5 Based on Velasco (1993).

6 Based on Illo and Veneracion (1988).

7 Based on group interview conducted in Camarines Sur in March 1994 (GI/L 1994).

8 Based on Illo and Polo (1990).

9 Based on Rivas, Uy, and Borlagdan (1991).

Table 27: Average number of hours spent per week on economic and domestic activities, by task, gender, and year1

Item

Bicol (irrigated, 1985)

Bicol (rainfed, 1987)2

Bicol (1990)2

Mindanao (1990)1

 

M

F

M

F

M

F

M

F

Market production(own account)

8.8

5.7

37.0

36.0

28.8

19.3

16.0

13.7

 

Rice farming

3.7

0.1

30.0

15.0

9.0

2.5

10.3

4.0

 

Gardens/other crops

0.9

1.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

Livestock/poultry raising

0.9

1.2

   

6.3

3.7

3.2

3.2

 

Trading

0.4

2.2

7.0

21.0

7.0

8.3

0.4

2.9

 

Work-animal care

2.2

0.1

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

Home industries

-

-

-

-

3.7

4.2

1.7

3.5

 

Others

-

--

-

-

2.8

0.6

0.4

0. I

Wage work

5.5

2.9

6.0

1.0

19.9

13.9

25.8

10.0

Total market work

14 3

8 6

43.0

37.0

48.7

33.2

41.8

23.7

Total home production time

15.3

39.1

15.0

56.0

10.5

44.6

11.7

44.4

Total working time

29.6

47.7

58.0

95.0

59.2

77.8

53.5

68.1

1 Labor utilization of family labor in upland areas in Cavite are presented in Rola, Dayo, and Hernandez (194), while time allocation data for an upland village in Leyte are discussed in Alcober and Morales (1992). The Cavite data suggested that while female and male roles are substitutable in farm and household activities, men continued to contribute more time to farming. Moreover, the men tended to do more household chores when the women could work in off-farm/non-farm jobs.

2 Crop farming had been lumped together in the study and the data appear in the present table under "rice farming." In turn, care of livestock and poultry had been combined with work-animal care, and is presented in the table under "livestock/poultry raising."

Sources: For Bicol irrigated farming community in 1985, Illo (1988); for Bicol rainfed community in 1987 (Illo and Veneracion 1988); and for Bicol and Mindanao in 1990,1110 and Uy (1992).

Table 28: Illiteracy rates, by place of residence, age, and gender

Place of residence

1980

1990

and age group

Male

Female

Male

Female

Total

16.11

17.24

6.03

8.07

    15-24

8.94

7.53

3.72

6.62

    25-44

13.30

13.32

4.27

4.58

    45 and over

31.38

38.08

12.57

15.76

Urban

5.97

7.66

2.35

5.41

    15-24

3.09

2.92

1.57

8.37

    2544

4.22

4.89

1.46

1.65

    45 and over

13.98

20.80

5.35

8.04

Rural

22.35

23.91

9.64

10.96

    15-24

12.57

10.99

5.76

5.09

    25-44

19.27

19.34

7.31

7.97

    45 and over

40.74

48.43

18.66

23.09

Source: 1980 and 1990 Census of Population, National Statistics Office, Manila.

Table 29: Primary and secondary net enrolment (in thousands) and ratios (percent of total population), by school year

School year

Elementary (7-12 years old)

Secondary (13-16 years old)

 

Enrolment

Population

Rate

Enrolment

Population

Rate

1985 -86

7,968

8,442

94.4

2,416

4,993

50.4

1990-91

9,114

9,197

99.1

3,057

5,586

54.7

1991-92

9,190

9,273

99.1

3,142

5,744

54,7

Source: Department of Education, Culture and Sports, Manila.

Table 30: Life expectancy at birth by year and gender

Year

Male

Female

1960

51.2

55.0

1970

55.2

60.9

1975

56.9

61.8

1980

60.8

66.4

19901

64,0

68.0

1 Estimated by the National Statistics Office.

Source: National Statistics Office.

Table 31: Maternal mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), and access to maternal child health and family planning services by year

Year

Maternal mortality

Maternal, child care, and family planning services

Day care centers with medical services

 

rate

Number1

Clients served2

(clients served)2

1980

11

36,403

n.d.

1,178,603

1985

10

40,772

n.d.

n.d.

1986

11

41.549

n.d.

n.d.

1987

10

42,027

n.d.

1,865,473

1988

11

n.d.

84,267

n.d.

1989

10

n.d.

296,127

n.d.

1990

10

n.d.

377,875

n.d.

¹ Source: Internal Planning Services, Department of Health.

2 Source: Department of Social Welfare and Development.

Table 32: Status of WID Units in government ministries, autonomous units. and other organizations

WID Units

Year

Mandate

Status

 

Est.

1985

1993

1985

1993

National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW), Office of the President

1975

To review, evaluate and recommend measures including priorities to ensure the full integration of women for economic, social and cultural development, and to ensure further equality between women and men

Board of Commissioners composed of top level officials from government ministries and one from the private sector; projects with the Kabalikat sa Kaunlaran, the women's groups organized by NCRFW at different administrative levels

Board composed largely of women advocates from the various NGOs, including the president of a peasant women's group (KaBaPa); NCRFW continues to focus its advocacy and training work with various government agencies (including DA, DAR, and DENR), through its focal points, but also continues to work with NGOs under the Women GO-NGO Network; NCRFW is also trying to establish a data base on women.

Bureau of Women and Young Workers (BWYW), Department of Labour and Employment

1960

To promote the general welfare of all women and minor/young workers, and to assist women to cope with their responsibilities at home and at the workplace

Continues to oversee matters concerning working and young mothers for DOLE; coordinates with the Bureau of Rural Workers and other units of the department.

Bureau of Women's Welfare, Department of Social Work and Development

1986

Not yet formed

To promote women's welfare, protect women from exploitation, and develop skills for employment and self-actualization

Continues to undertake skills training and income-generating projects for the poor, especially poor women; periodically launches feeding programs; supports a network of day care centers in different barangays; works with displaced women and their families; and the like

WID/GAD focal group, Department of Environment and Natural Resources

1989

Not yet organized

 

Not yet organized

DENR created its Technical Working Committee on Women, with six bureaus and four regions also forming their own Technical Working Group on Women; ground-working for GAD indicator system and advocating gender desegregation of MIS data on beneficiaries; raising consciousness of DENR personnel

WID/GAD focal group, Department of Agrarian Reform

1989

Not yet organized

 

Not yet organized

Has an existing National Technical Steering Committee (NTSC) composed of representatives from different offices under DAR; the group is trying to translate RA7192 to agrarian reform with the help of NCRFW, to formulate gender sensitive implementation procedures, and to advocate gender desegregation in monitoring reports; using the DAR Ladies Association as the contact group in the regions and provinces.

Home Economics Programs Division, Bureau of Agricultural Extension, Department of Agriculture

n.d.

To support agriculture and development by involving rural women in the uplift of the family and community

Provides staff support and delivers package of services to Home Economics Extensionists at the field level

In the 1990s, extension agents all made generalists; devolution in 1992 cut the link between central office and the municipal and provincial technicians.

WID/GAD focal group, Department of Agriculture

1989

Not yet organized

To serve as the primary structure for the Philippine Development Plan for Women (PDP-W) implementation, and to serve as catalysts for gender- responsive planning and programming in their respective line agencies; mandate coming from EO No. 348

Not yet organized

WID focal point formed at central office (in 1993, with planning and monitoring service, instead of being under the Office of the Secretary), bureaus and attached agencies, and in regions; consciousness-raising among staff and clientele; and strengthening women's organizations within DA and in sites; formation of WID Secretariat in 1993 to submit the reports required by RA 7192

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