Previous - Next
Alsberg, C.L. and Black, O.F. 1913. Contributions to the study of maize deterioration; biochemical and toxicological investigations of Penicillium puberulum and Penicillium stoloniferum. Bull. Burl Anim. Ind. U.S. Dept Agric. 270: 1-47.
Campbell, T.C. 1983. Mycotoxins. In "Environmental Aspects of Cancer: the Role of Macro and Micro Components of Foods", E.E. Wyndeer, ed. Westport, Connecticut: Food and Nutrition Press. pp. 187-197.
Cariton, W.W., Sansing, G., Szczech, G.M. and Tuite, J.1974. Citrinin mycotoxicosis in beagle dogs Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 12: 479-490.
Ciegler, A.1972. Bioproduction of ochratoxin A and penicillic acid by member of the Aspergillus ochraceus group. Can. J. Microbiol.18: 631-636.
Cole, R.A. and Cox, R.H. 1981. "Handbook of Toxic Fungal Metabolites". New York: Academic press.
Cole, R.J., Hill, R.A., Blankenship, P.D., Sanders, T.H. and Garren, H.1982. Influence of irrigation and drought strees on invasion of Aspergillus flavus in corn kernels and peanut pods. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 23: 299-326.
Frlis, P., Hasselager, E. and Krogh, P.1969. Isolation of citrinin and oxalic acid from Penicillium viridicatum Westling and their nephrotoxicity in rats and pigs. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. 77: 559-560.
Frisvad, J.C. and Viuf, B.T.1986. Comparison of direct and dilution plating for detection of Penicillium viridicatum in barley containing ochratoxin. In "Methods for the Mycological Examination of Food' eds. A.D. King, J.l. Pitt, L.R. Beuchat and J.E.L. Corry. New York: Plenum Press. pp.45-47.
Frobish. R.A., Bradley, B.D., Wagner, D.D., LongBradley, P.E. and Hairston, H. 1986. Aflatoxin residues in milk of dairy cows after ingestion of naturally contaminated grain. J. Food Prot. 49: 781-785.
Gams, W., Christensen, M., Onions, A.H.S., Pitt, J.l. and Samson, R.A. 1985. Infrageneric taxa of Aspergillus. In "Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics", eds. R.A. Samson and J.l. Pitt. New York: Plenum Press. pp.55-62.
Hendrickse, R.G., Coulter, J.B.S., Lamplugh, S.M., Macfarlane, S.B.J., Williams, T.E., Omer, M.l.A. and Suliman, G.l. 1982. Aflatoxins and kwashiorkor: a study in Sudanese children. Br Med. J. 285: 843-846.
Hocking, A.D., Holds, K. and Tobin, N.F., 1988. Intoxication by tremorgenic mycotoxin (penitrem A) in a dog. Aust Vet. J. 65: 82-85.
Hou, C.T., Ciegler, A. and Hesseltine, C.W. 1971a. Tremorgenic toxins from Penicillia. II. A new tremorgenic toxin, tremortin B. from Penicillium palitans. Can J. Microbiol. 17: 599-603.
Hou, C.T., Ciegler, A. and Hesseltine, C.W. 1971b. Tremorgenic toxins from Penicillia. III. Tremortin production by Penicillium species on various agricultural commodities. Appl. Microbiol. 21: 1101-1103.
Jortner, B.S., Ehrich, M., Katherman, A.E., Huckle, W.R. and Carter, M.E.1986. Effects of prolonged tremor due to penitrem A in mice. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 9 :101-116.
Klich M.A. and Pitt, J.1.1985. The theory and practice of distinguishing species of the Aspergilus flavus group. In "Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics", eds, R.A. Samson and J.l. Pitt. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 211 -220.
Klich, M.A. and Pitt, J.1.1988a. "A Guide to Common Aspergillus Species and Teleomorphs". North Ryde, N.S.W.: CSIRO Division of Food Processing.
Klich, M.A. and Pitt, J.l. 1988b. Differentiation of Aspergillus flavus from A. parasiticus and other closely related species. Trans. Be. Mycol. Soc. 91: 99-108.
Klich, M.A., Thomas, S.H. and Mellon, J.E.1984. Field studies on the mode of entry of Aspergillus flavus into cotton seeds. Mycologia 76: 665-669.
Krishnamachari, K.A.V.R., Bhat, R.V., Nagarajan, V. and Tilak, T.B.G. 1975. Investigations into an outbreak of hepatitis in parts of Western India. Indian. J. Med. Research 63: 1036-1048.
Krogh, P. 1978. Causal associations of mycotoxic nephropathy. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand., Sect. A, Suppl. 269: 1-28.
Krogh, P. and Hasselager, E.1968. Studies on fungal nephrotoxicity. Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College Yearbook, Denmark: pp. 198-214.
Krogh, P., Hald, B. and Pedersen, E.J. 1973. Occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in cereals associated with mycotoxic porcine nephropathy. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand., Sect B. 81: 689-695.
Krogh, P., Hald, B., Englund, P., Rutqvist, L. and Swahn, O. 1974a. Contamination of Swedish cereals with ochratoxin A. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand., Sect. B. 82: 301-302.
Lillehoj, E.B., Kwolek, W.F., Homer, E.S., Widstrom, N.W., Josephson, LM., Franz, A.O. and Catalano, E.A. 1980. Aflatoxin contamination of preharvest corn: role of Aspergillus flavus inoculum and insect damage. Cereal Chem.57: 255-257.
Masri, M.S. 1984. Defenses against aflatoxin carcinogenesis in humans. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 177: 115-146.
Mehdi, N.A.Q, Cariton, W.W. and Tuite, J. 1981. Citrinin mycotoxicosis in broiler chickens. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 19: 723-733.
Mehdi, N.A.Q, Cariton, W.W. and Tuite, J. 1984. Mycotoxicoses produced in ducklings and turkeys by dietary and multiple does of citrinin. Avian pathol. 13: 37-50.
Miyake, l., Naito, H. and Sumeda, H.1940. (Japanese title). Report of the Research Institute for Rice Improvement 1: 1.
Newell, J. 1983. Treatment for starvation may kill. New Scientist 99: 471.
Pitt, J.l. 1979a. "The Genus Penicillium and its Teleomorphic States Eupenicillium and Talaromyces". London: Academic Press.
Pitt, J.l. 1979b. Penicillium crustosum and i. simplicissimum, the correct names for two common species producing tremorgenic mycotoxins. Mycologia 71: 1166-1177.
Pitt. J.l. 1987. Penicillium viridicatum, Penicillium verrucosum, and production of ochratoxin A. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53: 266-269.
Pitt, J.l. 1988a. "A Laboratory Guide to Common Penicillium Species". 2nd ed. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CSIRO Division of Food Processing.
Pitt, J.l. 1988b. PENNAME, a new computer key to common Penicillium species. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CSIRO Division of Food Processing.
Pitt, J.l. and Hocking, A.D. 1985a. "Fungi and Food Spoilage". Sydney, N.S.W.: Academic Press.
Pitt, J.l. and Leistner, L.1988. Toxigenic Penicillium species. In "Mycotoxins and Animal Feedingstuffs. l. The Toxigenic Fungi' ed. J.E. Smith. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press (in press).
Raper, K.B. and Fennell, D.l. 1965. "The Genus Aspergillus". Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins.
Raper, K.B. and Thom, C. 1949. "A Manual of the Penicillia". Baltimore, Maryland: Williams and Wilkins.
Reiss, J. 1988. Study on the formation of penicillic acid by moulds on bread. XVIII. Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Deutsche Lebensm.-Rundschau 84: 318-320.
Saito, M., Enomoto, M., Tatsuno, T. and Uraguchi, K. 1971. Yellowed rice toxins. In "Microbial Toxins, a Comprehensive Treatise. Vol. 6. Fungal Toxins", eds. A. Ciegler, S. kadis and S.J. Ahl. London: Academic Press. pp. 299-380.
Scott, P.M. 1977. Penicillium mycotoxins. In "Mycotoxic Fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicoses, an Encyclopedic Handbook. Vol. 1. Mycotoxigenic Fungi' eds. T.D. Wyllie and L.G. Morehouse. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 283-356.
Seifert, K.A. and Samson, R.A. 1985. The genus Coremium and the synnematous Penicillia. In "Advances in Penicillium and Aspergillus Systematics' eds. R.A. Samson and J.l. Pitt. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 143-154.
Stoloff, L. 1977. Aflatoxins - an overview. In "Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health”, eds. J.V. Rodricks, C.W. Hesseltine, and M.A. Mehlman. Park Forest South, Illinois: Pathotos Publishers. pp. 7-28.
Stoloff, L. 1983. Aflatoxin as a cause of primary livercell cancer in the United States: a probability study. Nutr. Cancer 5: 165-186.
Stoloff, L. and Friedman, L. 1976. Information bearing on the evaluation of the hazard to man from aflatoxin ingestion. PAG Bull. 6: 21-32.
Terao, K. 1983. Sterigmatocystin - a masked potent carcinogenic mycotoxin. J. Toxicol. Tox. Rev. 2: 77-110.
Ueno, Y. and Ueno, I. 1972. Isolation and acute toxicity of citreoviridin, a neurotoxic mycotoxin of Penicillium citreoviride Biourge. Jap. J. Exp. Med. 42: 91-105.
Uraguchi, K. 1969. Mycotoxic origin of cardiac beriberi. J. Stored Prod. Research 5: 227-236.
Uraguchi, K., Saito, M., Noguchi, Y., Takahashi, K., Enomoto, M., and Tatsuno, T. 1972. Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity in mice of the purified mycotoxins, luteoskyrin and cyclochlorotine. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 10: 193-207.
Van Rensburg, S.J. 1977. Role of epidemiology in the elucidation of mycotoxin health risks. In "Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health", eds. J.V. Rodricks, C.W. Hesseltine and M.A. Mehlman. Park Forest South, Illinois: Pathotox Publishers. pp. 699-711.
Wicklow, D.T. and Cole, R.J. 1984. Citreoviridin in standing corn infested by Eupenicillium ochrosalmoneum. Mycologia 76: 959-961.
Wilson, B.J., Wilson, CH. and Hayes, A.W. 1968. Tremorgenic toxin from Penicillium cyclopium grown on food materials. Nature 220: 77-78.
Table 1. Acute mycolaxicoses of human significance.
| Date Disease | Toxin | Cause | Diagnosis |
| To 1954 Ergotism | Ergot alhaloids | Claviceps purpurea in rye | 1800, fungal cause suspected |
| To 1910 Acute cardiac beriberi | Citreoviridin | Penicillium cilreonigrum in rice | 1910, yellow rice sale banned |
| 1969, fungal cause demonstrated | |||
| To 1948 Alimentary toxic aleukia | T-2 | Fusarium poae in millet and rye | 1950, fungal origin suspected |
| 1976, toxin established correctly | |||
| 1965-66 'Cobalt-beer' cardio-myopathy | T-2 | Fusarium spp in barley | 1980, fungal origin poposed |
| 1974 Hepatitis | A/laloxin | Aspergillus flavus in maize | 1975, fungal cause demonstrated |
| Current Pellagra | T-2 | Fusarium spp. in maize | 1980, fungai origin proposed |
| Current Reye's syndrome | Aflatoxin | Aspergillus flavus in nuts and maize | 1977, fungal origin proposed |
| Current Kwashiorkor | Aflatoxin | Aspergillus flavus in nuts and cereals | 1983, fungal involvement proposed |
Table2. Chronic mycotoxicoses of human significance.
| Date Disease | Taxin | Cause | Diagnosis |
| Current Liver cancer | Aflatoxin | Aspergillus flavus in foods | 1963, fungal cause |
| 1970-75, epidemiological studies | |||
| 1977, statements of human risk | |||
| Current Oesophageal cancer in Transkei | Deoxynivaleno, zearalenone | Fusanum spp. in maize | 1979, fungal cause suspected |
| Current Nephropathy in Denmark | Ochratoxin | Peniallium vindicatum in barley fed to pigs | 1973, fungal cause known in pigs suspected in humans from residues in pork |
| 1972, fungal cause suspected | |||
| Current Balkan endemic nephropathy | ? | ? |