CHAPTER 5: ZAMBIA

GENERAL BACKGROUND DATA

CONTENTS

LIST OF ACRONYMS

1. PERSONS MET

2. INTRODUCTION

3. INSTITUTIONS OF INTEREST MAINLY INVOLVED IN RESEARCH AND/ORTRAINING

4. INSTITUTIONS AND PROJECTS OF INTEREST MAINLY INVOLVED IN DEVELOPMENT

5. CONCLUSIONS

6. LITERATURE CONSULTED

1. PERSONS MET

2. INTRODUCTION

2.1 Agricultural Development Policy and Strategy

Government of Zambia (GRZ) policy and strategy for development of the food production sector have been clearly defined in 1992 by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries (MAFF) and presented in a 1993 document entitled "Framework for agricultural policies to the year 2000 and beyond". Five objectives were established, in order of priority as follows (Sikana et al., 1997):

1. to ensure national and regional food security;
2. to generate income and employment through full utilization of local resources and realization of domestic/export market potential;
3. to ensure that the existing agricultural resource base is maintained and improved upon;
4. to contribute to sustainable industrial development;
5. to significantly expand the sector’s contribution to the national balance of payments.

Ten development strategies were identified and classified into three priority categories. The high priority strategies included:

• liberalization of markets
• diversification of crop production
• emphasis on provision of support services to small-scale farmers

These three high priority strategies have been implemented since, in part through the structural adjustment programme.

A new approach to agricultural development has developed, mostly through the implementation since March 1996 of the Agricultural Sector Investment Programme (ASIP, World Bank), within the framework of which the ASIP Fisheries sub-programme (Section 4.2) and the GRZ/FAO Special Programme for Food Security (Section 4.1) are being implemented.

Agriculture extension services have been reorganized on a similar model as the one previously described for Mali (Chapter 4, Section 2.3.1). Camp Extension Officers (CEO) are supervised by Block Extension Officers (BEO) and supported by Subject Matter Specialists (SMS). CEO provide extension services to farmers on all aspects of agriculture (multidisciplinary approach). At national level extension and irrigation development responsibilities are still separate but at provincial level they become unified. The Department of Fisheries (Section 4.2) has still its own aquaculture extension staff but gradually aquaculture extension is becoming integrated into the agriculture extension service, aquaculture technicians becoming SMS. Extension services should become coordinated at district level, with multidisciplinary teams operating from the districts.

Extension priorities have changed from the previously emphasis on maize to a broad coverage of all priority crops and/or livestock in each agro-ecological region.

Agricultural research (crops, livestock, fisheries sub-sectors) has been reorganized (Section 3.1) It also incorporates an agroecological approach to research planning, on the basis of annual rainfall, and research extension linkages have been improved.

Informal irrigation has been traditionally practiced in Zambia by rural small-scale farmers in wetland areas such as dambos and seasonally inundated floodplains. Local food crops and some cash crops (such as vegetables, sugar cane, rice and bananas) are produced in the dry season to complement rainfed crops production and income. Irrigation has been traditionally manual with buckets. Gradually, low-cost irrigation technology is being introduced by various NGO (for example International Development Enterprises, Section 4.4) and by the FAO Special Programme for Food Security (Section 4.1).

Significant commercial and organized irrigation development started only after independence in 1964, mostly in the form of government small holder schemes, parastatal/semi-parastatal schemes and private commercial schemes. Small-scale farmers also started to produce a variety of crops in irrigated plots (mainly cash crops such as vegetables and fruit in plots smaller that 2 ha), using either gravity irrigation or a combination of motorised pumping with surface irrigation.

Recent developments have been marked by:

• the recent series of disastrous years of drought which has led to an increasingly fast development of small-scale and private commercial irrigation schemes;
• the progressive privatisation of government and parastatal irrigation schemes.

Total formal irrigation potential has been estimated at 410 000 ha. A detailed survey of irrigated areas is being completed. They are estimated to cover about 60000 ha consisting mostly of medium (500 to 1 000 ha) and large (over 1 000 ha) irrigation schemes developed in the past by private commercial and/or quasi-government organisations, as shown in the following table (Sikuleka, pers. comm). In addition, it is estimated that about 100 000 ha are under informal/traditional irrigation.

Estimated current total areas under formal irrigation (in ha)

Briefly, the various types of schemes are characterised as follows (Akayombokwa, 1997):

• Private commercial farms have developed purely on economic lines with high value commercial crops for export and local consumption. Most of them use overhead irrigation.
• Former quasi-governmental schemes: except for the Nakambala Sugar Estate (100 000 ha, Tate and Lyle Co.), they have been developed by government for the production of specific crops such as coffee, bananas, tea, etc. Handed over to parastatal or semi-parastatal organizations in the late 1970s and early 1980s these schemes have since been privatised.
• Smallholder schemes: they were developed and managed by government for various reasons:
  • to compensate small-scale farmers for land lost through national projects (for example, resettlement following construction of Kariba Dam);
  • to produce specific crops for local communities such as vegetables and pineapple;
  • to introduce irrigated agriculture.

Total irrigable area is slightly over 3 000 ha but only about 300 ha are currently under production. Individual scheme size ranges from 5 to 30 ha, each individual farmer plot varying from 0.2 to 1 ha. Production is made of vegetables, bananas and other horticultural crops. Actual government irrigation development strategy consists in:

• completion of the construction of existing schemes (IFAD project, on 3 285 ha for 770 farmers);
• rehabilitation of existing schemes (IFAD project, on 259 ha for 1 382 farmers);
• participation of farmers in the operation and management of these schemes.

The new UNDP five-year "Smallholder Diversification System" Programme has just been approved. It contains an irrigation component, in addition to an aquaculture component (Section 2.3).

A list of currently identified irrigation schemes in Zambia is given in the table below (Sikuleka, pers. comm.).

Note: data on private commercial farms are still being collected

2.3 Aquaculture Sub-sector

Responsibility for aquaculture development and research lies with the Department of Fisheries (DOF) which administratively belongs to two different MAFF Departments:

• Department of Field Services for Extension/Management/Training
  • Capture Fisheries
  • Aquaculture
    • National level (Chief and three staff)
    • Provincial level (Provincial Aquaculturists): nine Provinces (Figure 1)
    • District level (Aquaculture Specialists)
    • Extension staff within agriculture unified extension system (Section 2.1)

• Department of Research and Specialist Services (Figure 2) for Fisheries Research under which falls Aquaculture Research (chief and three staff at headquarters).

DOF headquarters are at Chilanga, near Lusaka and close by the Mount Makulu Regional Agricultural Research Centre (Section 3.1) which hosts the SPFS.

Aquaculture Research is concentrated in two research stations, at Chilanga (Lusaka) and Mwekera (Copperbelt).

• Chilanga Research Station (15 km southwest of Lusaka) was rehabilitated under the UNDP/FAO/GRZ Fish culture Development Project (1980 - 91). Currently, because of deficient water supply, fingerlings are produced in the C-pond group only, to be distributed to farmers. Duckling production is still taking place at a reduced level, to be also sold to farmers. Research is planned for the development of smallholder fish farming technology based on three-spotted tilapia farming. It should support the SPFS programme.
• Mwekera Research Station (near Kitwe) was built by the UNDP/FAO/GRZ Fish Culture Development Project in the mid 80s. It has a good water supply throughout the year. It is now being developed with JICA assistance into a National Aquaculture Research and Development Centre (NARDC). A fish breeding station (including hatchery) has been constructed and equipped. A genetic bank of carp and tilapia broodstock has been established and is being maintained.

• hatchery intensive seed production of common and Chinese (silver/grass) carps, with JICA assistance;
• pond seed production of three-spotted and Nile tilapias, to support regional development;
• development of commercial fish farming technology;
• feed formulation with local ingredients;
• comparative study of the performances of three-spotted and Nile tilapias under local conditions;
• pond manuring, mostly with chicken manure.

Aquaculture development takes place at a fast rate and the following components are noteworthy:

• ALCOM Programme (GRZ/FAO/SIDA) has been active in the Eastern, Luapula and Central Provinces since 1987 to develop adapted extension packages for small-scale farmers;
• In the Southern Province, ALCOM Programme (GRZ/FAO/Belgium) has also developed methodologies for the fishery enhancement of small water bodies at local community level;
• Since 1996, US Peace Corps volunteers are part of the five-year Integrated Rural Family Aquaculture Project (GRZ/USAID) in the Northern, North Western and Luapula Provinces (Agricultural Region I). Extension of the PCV technology developed in central Africa and based on Nile tilapia is carried out at village level directly. Actually, five PCV are fielded and 22 PCV are undergoing in-country training at Mwekera training centre;
• Both NORAD (Northern Province since 1987) and IFAD (North-Western Province) are supporting GRZ agriculture extension and an aquaculture component has been introduced mostly for nutrition improvement. The NORAD project in particular has rehabilitated and upgraded the Misamfu Fish Culture Station (Kasama), established fish culture stations in the Northern Province and trained fish farmers. These stations are to be linked to the National Aquaculture Research and Development Centre now being developed with JICA at Mwekera (see above).
• The Aquaculture component of the new four-year UNDP umbrella programme "Smallholder Diversification System" has just been signed,. It is to be implemented by government with consultant assistance whenever necessary. Its main objective is to support smallholder fish farming in Agricultural Region I (as Peace Corps) and in the Copperbelt and Central Provinces (with UNV). There is a small allocation for adaptive research,

As far as existing initiatives including integrated irrigation/aquaculture are concerned, the following are of particular interest:

• at the Nakambala Sugar Estate, near Mazabuka, a private commercial fish farm producing Nile tilapia has been developed;
• in Kafue, the Nanga Farm specialized in commercial vegetables production has integrated pig and fish productions on a commercial basis, using the three-spotted tilapia;
• the SPFS is actively engaged in the integration of smallholder fish farming at pilot sites (Section 4.1);
• The Zambian FAO/FARMESA Programme (Chapter 6, Section 4.4) is considering supporting some aquaculture activities in Siavonga and Chibombo Districts through DOF or NGOs; the coordinator (Mr. Musanya) belongs to the Farming Systems Team at Mount Makulu Regional Research Centre (Section 3.1) and collaboration with the SPFS has been initiated. Demonstration sites will be selected in the Southern and Central Provinces for the integration of irrigation, horticulture and fish farming;
• the Soil Conservation and Agroforestry (SCAFE) Programme operates in the Eastern and Southern Provinces where multidisciplinary teams are planning land utilization at watershed basin level, for water/soil conservation purposes.

The organization of the Zambia National Agricultural Research Network is presented in the bottom half of Figure 2 (Ndiyoi, pers. comm.) Together with Animal Health/Production and Fisheries Research Branches, the Soils and Crops Research Branch of the MAFF Department of Research and Specialist Services consists of:

• Four Divisions of which Soils/Water Management and Farming Systems/ Economics/Social Sciences Divisions are of particular interest;
• Central Services including library, documentation and training services;
• a National Irrigation Research Station (NIRS), located in Mazabuka, where basic and applied research is being carried out in order to create a database of basic information required in planning/design of irrigation systems and structures. Research areas include (NIRS, 1997):
• agronomy
• technical/economic assessment of existing irrigation schemes
• appropriate technologies for water lifting devices
• irrigation environmental impact
• use of dambos for crop production
• Three Regional Research Centres, at
• Mount Makulu, Chilanga near Lusaka
• Mochipapa, near Kasama
• Misamfu, near Choma
• A network of Research Stations (RS) and Technology Assessment Sites (TAS) throughout the country.

This National Agricultural Research Network is supported by GRZ and several bilateral/mulitlateral donors such as IFAD, SIDA, NORAD, the Netherlands, GTZ and JICA.

The FAO Special Programme for Food Security (Section 4.1) is headquartered at the Mount Makulu Regional Research Centre where the Farming Systems Research Team (FSRT) is the head agency responsible of management and supervision of the pilot phase operations through a full-time FSR National Coordinator.

The University of Zambia (UNZA) includes nine schools. Of particular interest are the following:

• School of Agricultural Sciences
  • Animal Sciences Department has offered an aquaculture course (3 h theory and 3 h practicals for one semester) for the last two years, sub-contracting DOF staff. From January 1998, such course will be given by a new UNZA full time staff (Rwandese refugee); the course will make ample use of FAO publications on this subject;
  • Agriculture Economics Department proposes a five-year programme leading to bachelor degrees in agricultural extension, rural sociology, administration/ organization of agriculture and environment/development. Sociological research has been carried out under contracts, for example for FAO.
• School of Veterinary Medicine: a Fish Pathology Laboratory has been established in 1995 and lectures/practicals on the subject are available.
• Library: a computerized cataloguing system (Machine Readable Catalogue) has been installed. A campus-wide computer network has started to function, giving access to Internet through a local server, ZAMNET Communication System Ltd.

The Institute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR) is a research wing of UNZA since 1965, to carry out both basic and applied studies. Research can either be self initiated or commissioned by GRZ, an international organization, NGO or individuals. Consultancy services are also carried out, including facilitating the organization of workshops, seminars and conferences. Collaborative research between INESOR and other interested parties is encouraged.

Priority research programmes for the next three years include:

• Economic and business programme in the following areas:
  • sector studies
  • marketing
  • labour and employment
  • environmental considerations
• Agricultural and rural development programme, in areas such as:
  • agricultural policy and planning
  • agricultural training and extension
  • products marketing/distribution
  • drought and food security
  • community participation
  • environmental considerations
• Health promotion programme
• Urban development programme
• Governance programme
• Social-cultural programme

Documentation and information units provide technical back-up services and facilitates INESOR’s data control, information system and publication. A library headed by a documentalist specializes in the collection of "grey literature". Its collection is computerized (over 10 000 records) using Micro CDS/ISIS.

The Zambia Association for Research and Development (ZARD) is a non-profit NGO with the main goal of encouraging research aimed at uplifting the status and living standards of women in the Zambian society.

Specific ZARD objectives include:

• to encourage an innovative approach to research so that it is centred on development problems;
• to evaluate research priorities and methodology;
• to encourage and sponsor specific research projects, acting as an intermediary in forwarding selected proposals to appropriate donor agencies;
• to promote communication channels between research and development in Zambia;
• to collect/disseminate research findings and other information concerning research, through seminars and workshops;
• to provide training for girls' and women's development and empowerment, in collaboration with a pool of experts and UNZA staff.

ZARD is mainly funded by the Dutch Humanistic Institute for Cooperation with Developing Countries (HIVOS). Other donors contribute also, such as NORAD, SIDA, UNDP, UNICEF, the Netherlands and Great Britain. There are over 500 ZARD members contributing a small annual fee.

ZARD offers various services to its members such as:

• documentation/information: a computerised Women's Resource Centre houses a collection of over 5000 references;
• networking using electronic mail ([email protected]) and Internet, together with necessary training and technical assistance;
• desk-top publishing facilities with publishing/editorial advices, design and production aspects;
• training courses in research methodologies, gender analysis and computer skills;
• research consultancies;
• organization of conferences/seminars/workshops;
• publication of a quarterly newsletter;
• a database/directory of its members.

The pilot phase of the MAFF/FAO Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS) became operational in August 1995, on time to prepare the first season demonstrations. This pilot phase should end in October 1998 after covering three production years. It is now planned to start the expansion phase in early 1998, following a delay in the funding of the IFAD Irrigation Project (Section 2.2) which should represent the first component of this phase.

The major activities of the SPFS pilot phase should be:

• demonstration by selected farmers of improved technologies;
• assessment of constraints to widespread adoption;
• removal of identified constraints at local level;
• analysis of policy measures and investments needed to overcome remaining constraints;
• formulation of the expansion phase.

The Zambian SPFS is made up of several components of which Water control and land development (irrigation) and Sustainable diversification of food production (aquaculture) are of particular interest.

The SPFS irrigation component was initiated in 1996, introducing improved low-cost irrigation technologies in 15 pilot sites representing four Districts in three Provinces. In 1997, additional 30 pilot sites located in the previous Districts and in new Districts have expanded the activities into two new Provinces and seven new Districts (see Table below). Various types of treadle pumps have been supplied to pilot farmers. Intensive training has been provided to local manufacturers of such pumps, to provincial staff, district agricultural engineers, field extension staff and farmers.

Selected SPFS pilot schemes for the irrigation component

The IFAD Smallholder Irrigation Programme (SIWUP, Section 2.2) will be provided technical assistance by FAO to promote simple irrigation technologies, to carry out small dams rehabilitation and to transfer GRZ smallholder irrigation schemes to Water Users Associations. This programme will now be integrated into the ongoing SPFS training and development programme.

The SPFS aquaculture component was initiated in November 1996 with an ALCOM mission to study the feasibility for integrating aquaculture and irrigation at selected pilot sites (van der Mheen, 1996). Six sites were visited in the Mkushi, Chibombo and Kalomo Districts. Five different integration options were identified and discussed.

On 1 July 1997, one ALCOM Associate Professional Officer was transferred as advisor to the new ALCOM/SPFS aquaculture component, to concentrate her activities in Lusaka and Central Provinces. Activities in the Southern Province should become integrated into the ALCOM Small Water Bodies Project. The DOF Assistant Director (Aquaculture) has been assigned as counterpart and a close collaboration with DOF has been initiated.

Major activities in 1997 (Blehle, 1997 a and b; van der Mheen, 1997) have been as follows:

• training seminars in Southern Province (Choma), Lusaka Province (Chilanga) and Central Province (Mkushi) with assistance from ALCOM and SAFR;
• site selection: in each Province, three to five sites have been selected on the basis of soil quality and water/fingerlings availability. Potential integration techniques have been identified, emphasis being placed on pond operation being independent from water pumping, as shown in the table below:

• farmers group meetings to introduce integrated fish farming, together with DOF/DOI staff and local field extension staff, in Lusaka and Central Provinces;
• individual site visits to evaluate potential for fish farming where water source was mostly springs or streams (64 percent) or surface water table (29 percent); plots unsuitable for gardening were preferred by farmers for fish farming;
• sustainable fingerling resources for all selected pilot sites have been identified;
• marketing surveys have been carried out in the two Provinces showing that fresh fish marketing is to be preferred and that, compared to common local vegetables, fish can be classified as a high value crop, in particular in the Central Province;
• networking meeting with bilateral assistance agencies and NGOs to define possible areas of collaboration and to initiate such collaboration;
• regular visits to Kalimina Farm, located near Lusaka and assisted by FAO/TCP to become a demonstration site for an integrated approach to food production, including vegetables, crops, ducks and fish. Several ponds and a duck house have been built. Fingerlings of tilapia and common carp as well as ducklings have been provided to stock ponds and duck house. By now, seven ponds are under production, being stocked with three-spotted tilapias (6) and common carps (1) from the Chilanga GRZ fish farming station. Ducklings have been bought from the same former FAO project station. The farm supplies tilapia fingerlings to neighbouring small-scale farmers;
• a review of past/present aquaculture activities in Zambia has been prepared and DOF comments are awaited before finalization;
• a database on individual fish farmers has been created, to be regularly updated.

The five-year ASIP Fisheries sub-programme (GRZ/MAFF, 1995) is managed by the Director of DOF who is responsible for general management, supervision, coordination and implementation at national level. This programme has the following major components:

• establishment of a National Aquaculture Research and Development Centre (NARDC) in the Copperbelt Province at Mwekera, Kitwe (Section 2.3);
• development of fish feeds, especially for commercial farmers;
• studies for rearing and mass production of fish juveniles of endangered species for re-stocking depleted water bodies;
• development of methods to handle local fish diseases in pond environments;
• training DOF staff in specialized aquaculture disciplines (4 MSc + 4 BSc + 30 Diploma courses);
• assessment of the national potential of fish culture/fish ranching and updating information on the status of aquaculture;
• improving the aquaculture extension service;
• assisting the establishment of private sector fish farms for the production of fish juveniles;
• establishing a system for collection, analysis and dissemination of aquaculture statistics;
• strengthening DOF through upgrading aquaculture stations and establishing new ones in areas of high aquaculture potential;
• encouraging the development of fish farming for ornamental purposes.

The main thrust of this fisheries sub-programme is to identify and promote appropriate aquaculture technologies for pond construction, fish feeding and economic juveniles production, to allow a rapid and sustainable expansion of aquaculture enterprises relevant for smallholder farm households. Three main activities are planned:

• development of a private sector for fish juveniles production;
• development of appropriate small-farm feeding systems;
• aquaculture extension (Section 2.1).

The Zambia National Farmers’ Union (ZNFU) represents the common interests of commercial farmers at national level.

It is made of:

• a central coordination office in Lusaka, with permanent staff, including an economist;
• 37 Farmers’ Associations distributed throughout the country;
• a series of specialized associations regrouping farmers according to their major interest such as tobacco, cattle, seeds, etc.; there is also a Women association.

ZNFU is now in the process of developing a network of Outreach Offices for small-scale farmers, with the assistance of the Swedish Cooperative Centre.

International Development Enterprises (IDE) is a non-governmental organization supported by various donors such as USAID, Canada, Norway and the European Union. It has recently opened an office in Lusaka with permanent technical staff.

Its objective is to promote the establishment and development of small-scale manufacturers specialized in the construction of simple water pumps such as the treadle pump, to promote the use of such pumps for small-scale irrigation, to organize a distribution/marketing network and to train people to install/maintain/use these pumps.

It is in this context that IDE is assisting the SPFS (Section 4.1):

• to train manufacturers and users of treadle pumps;
• to ensure quality control of the local-made pumps;
• to promote the use of pumps by small scale farmers;
• to organize a marketing network in Zambia.

An IDE irrigation specialist is also available to assist with simple irrigation technologies and to liaise with the National Irrigation Research Station (Section 3.1) for technology transfer.

Within the GRZ/MAFF Department of Fisheries, aquaculture research resources are being greatly expanded with JICA (Section 2.3) and World Bank (Section 4.2) technical and financial assistance. Senior and junior staff are to be trained and research facilities should be completed soon. A National Aquaculture Research and Development Center (NARDC) is to be established at Mwekera near Kitwe (Copperbelt Province) where research programmes should be carried out at a faster pace in the medium term. Although GRZ will most probably remain involved in juvenile fish production to support aquaculture development, the gradual development of a private sector should greatly improve the actual situation in this crucial area.

The gradual improvement of the traditional irrigation technology is a priority for several NGOs and the GRZ/FAO Special Programme (Section 4.1) Simultaneously, such improved technology should result in the increase of the cultivated areas. On the other hand, the development of small-scale and private commercial irrigation schemes has been increasingly fast in recent years, although a large potential still remains untapped.

Integration of aquaculture and irrigation has already well started under the SPFS (Section 4.1) with technical assistance from ALCOM and financial assistance from FAO/SAFR. A full-time aquaculture ALCOM staff has been included in the SPFS team which should contribute to the successful implementation of the pilot programme. Apart from these SPFS activities, there are very few other attempts at the direct integration of aquaculture and irrigation. On the contrary, the use of small reservoirs to produce fish is much more developed.

Local and international communication systems function well. A very reliable e-mail and Internet server (ZAMNET-UNZA) is available at reasonable cost (ab. USD 30 monthly). Major computer firms are well represented on the local market.

The research institution particularly well suited to host a research network for the integration of aquaculture and irrigation would be the Mount Makulu Regional Research Centre located in Chilanga, for several reasons:

• it is part of the National Agricultural Research Network (Section 3.1) which also includes the National Irrigation Research Station in Mazabuka;
• it depends on the same Ministry (MAFF) as the Department of Fisheries;
• it is located next to this Department of Fisheries headquarters, also in Chilanga;
• it hosts the SPFS, its National Coordinator being a member of its Farming Systems Research Team (FSRT);
• it hosts the Zambian FARMESA National Coordinator (Chapter 6, Section 4.4), also a member of its FSRT;

An active and close collaboration with DOF Aquaculture Research - which belongs to the same MAFF Department of Research and Specialist Services - should be developed to plan/carry out common research programmes to support the future development of integrated irrigation-aquaculture.

6.LITERATURE CONSULTED

Akayombokwa, I. M., 1997. Brief on irrigation sub-programme (IFAD). Lusaka, Dept. Agriculture, 16p.

Blehle, C., 1997a. Quarterly report July to September 1997 (Aquaculture component of SPFS). Lusaka, FAO/ALCOM memo, 5p.

Blehle, C., 1997b. Progress report (15 Nov. 1997) : Aquaculture component of the Special Programme for Food Security. Lusaka, FAO/ALCOM memo, 3p. (draft).

FAO/AGLW, 1995. Zambia. pp. 323-28. In Irrigation in Africa in figures. Water Reports, (7):336p.

GRZ/MAFF, 1995. Agricultural Sector Investment Programme, ASIP: a new approach to agriculture in Zambia. Fisheries sub-programme. Lusaka, GRZ/MAFF/ASIP, 45p.

Institute of Economic and Social Research, 1997. Research programmes (pamphlet). Lusaka, INESOR, 6p.

National Irrigation Research Station, 1997. Irrigation Research Team 1996 Annual Coordination Report. Mazabuka, NIRS, 25p.

Sikana, P. et al., 1997. Special Programme for Food Security: agricultural constraints analysis. A post-season evaluation of the SPFS on-farm demonstrations. Lusaka, SPFS, 73p.

SPFS, 1997. Special Programme for Food Security. Information sheet. Lusaka, SPFS, 6p.

University of Zambia, 1996. Annual Report 1995. Lusaka, UNZA, 27p.

van der Mheen, H., 1996. Mission report. Feasibility study for integrating aquaculture and irrigation at the pilot sites of the Special Programme for Food Security in Zambia. Harare, FAO/ALCOM, 24p.

van der Mheen, H., 1997. Integrated small-scale irrigation and aquaculture. Mission report. Harare, FAO/ALCOM, 54p.

Zambia Association for Research and Development, 1997. Presentation pamphlet. Lusaka, ZARD, 6p.

Figure 1. Zambia: major administrative divisions, towns, rivers/lakes

Figure 2. Organization of the MAFF Soils and Crops Research Branch