Carassius auratus (L.): CYPRINIDAE
Caraasius carassius L.: CYPRINIDAE
Carpoides cyprinus (LESUEUR): CYPRINIDAE
Catla catla (HAM. BUCK.): CYPRINIDAE
Channa (Ophiocephalus) striata BLOCH: CHANNIDAE
Chanos chanos (FORSKAL): CHANIDAE
Cichla ocellaris BLOCH and SCHNEIDER: CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma baeni JORDAN: CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma bimaculatum (L.): CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma citrinellum (GUNTHER): CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma facetum (JENYNS): CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma guttulatum (GUNTHER): CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma managuense (GUNTHER): CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma meeki BRIND: CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma motaguense (GUNTHER): CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum (GUNTHER): CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma octofasciatum (REGAN): CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma salvini (GUNTHER): CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma severum (HECKEL): CICHLIDAE
Cichlasoma trimaculatum (GUNTHER): CICHLIDAE
Cirrhinus molitorella (CUVIER and VALENCIENNES): CYPRINIDAE
Cirrhinus mrigala HAM. BUCH: CYPRINIDAE
Clarias batrachus (L.): CLARIIDAE
Clarias fuscus LACEPEDE: CLARIIDAE
Clarias gariepinus (BURCHELL): CLARIIDAE
Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (JENKYNS): POECILIIDAE
Colisa fasciata (BLOCH and SCHNEIDER): ANABANTIDAE
Colisa labiosa (DAY): ANABANTIDAE
Colisa lalia (HAM. BUCH.): ANABANTIDAE
Colossoma bidens (SPIX): CHARACIDAE
Colossoma macropomum (CUVIER): CHARACIDAE
Colossoma mitrei (BERG): CHARACIDAE
Coregonus clupeaformis MITCHILL: COREGONIDAE
Coregonus lavaretus L.: COREGONIDAE
Coregonus nasus PALLAS: COREGONIDAE
Coregonus peled GMELIN: COREGONIDAE
Ctenopharyngodon idella (VALENCIENNES): CYPRINIDAE
Ctenopoma nigropannosum (REICHEROW): ANABANTIDAE
Cynolebias belotti STEINDACHNER: CYPRINODONTIDAE
Cynoscion xanthulus JORDAN and GILBERT: SCIAENIDAE
Cyprinus carpio L.: CYPRINIDAE
Native range: Eastern Europe, Central Asia and China
This species has two sub species C. a. auratus (the goldfish) which is the asian form and C. a. gibelio (the Prussian carp) which is the Eastern European form. The common goldfish has have acquired a pan-global distribution through its widespread introduction for ornamental purposes. Escapes and deliberate releases have resulted in natural populations in over 20 countries and its actual distribution is probably far wider than that indicated here. For instance the species is a firmly established element in the fauna of Central Europe, Southern Scandinavia and Spain in addition to the few countries listed here. In the tropics the distribution of C. auratus is usually confined to between 200 and 1000 in altitude. The environmental effects of the species tend to be somewhat neutral although in some areas it is regarded as a nuisance due to its capacity to produce stunted populations. The Prussian carp has been less widely introduced although it has expanded its range westwards into much of the rest of Europe. Both varieties forms the basis for small scale fisheries and aquaculture.
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Africa | ||
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To: Madagascar |
From: France |
Year: 1861 |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Widespread at high altitudes: Highly appreciated for small scale fisheries. | ||
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To: Mauritius |
From: Madagascar |
Year: 1953 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Widespread. |
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To: South Africa |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Widely dispersed populations. | ||
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To: Zimbabwe |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Widespread and not very numerous populations. | ||
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Asia |
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To: Korea |
From: Japan |
Year: 1972 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Better growing and more disease free than local species. | ||
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To: Vietnam |
From: China |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Not known |
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Comments: Widely used for stocking ponds. | ||
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Europe |
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To: Bulgaria |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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To: Cyprus |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament and mosquito control |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Used to stock polluted waters due to low oxygen needs. | ||
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To: Hungary |
From: Bulgaria |
Year: 1891, 1954 |
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Reason: Ornament, aquaculture and bait fish |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Slow growth and dense populations make species a pest C.a. auratus introduced in 1891 was destroyed in 1952 since when it has spread throughout natural waters regarded as a nuisance. | ||
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To: Italy |
From: Brazil |
Year: |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: U.K |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament and escape from ornamental ponds | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Wild stocks widespread in England and Scotland. | ||
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North America | ||
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To: Canada |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes, in three provinces | |
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Comments: No bad effects but may have caused decline in local species (Courtenay and Hensley, 1980). | ||
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To: U.S.A |
From: Unknown |
Year: 17th-18th C |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Still spreading. | ||
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Oceania | ||
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To: Australia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Established in Tasmania, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia (Mackinnon, 1987) | ||
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To: Hawaii |
From: China |
Year: 1900 |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: A widespread and successful species (Maciolek, 1984). | ||
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To: New Zealand |
From: U.K: Australia |
Year: 1864-68 |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Widespread communities. | ||
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To: Western Samoa |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Argentina |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1890's |
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Reason: Private introductions for ornament |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Limited to North Centre of the country. | ||
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To: Bolivia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Brazil |
From: Japan |
Year: 1920s |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Chile |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1856 |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Colombia |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1940 |
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Reason: Forage |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Exploited as ornamental species. | ||
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To: Mexico |
From: France |
Year: 1890s |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Widely used as food as well as for ornament. | ||
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To: Peru |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Puerto Rico |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1930 |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Unknown |
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To: Uruguay |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Eastern and Central Europe.
Although it is a well established element of the fish fauna of much of Europe, the crucian carp was probably introduced or diffused into western Europe along with the common carp in the middle ages. C. carassius has a strong preference for quiet almost stagnant waters and is found in ponds, lakes and the slow flowing lower reaches of rivers throughout its native and introduced range. The species is of moderate importance for capture fisheries and is cultured in Europe and much of Asia.
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Africa | ||
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To: Kenya |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
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Asia | ||
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To: India |
From: U.K |
Year: 1870 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Oaty L. Tamilnadu |
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Comments: Of very limited value. | ||
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To: Philippines |
From: Japan |
Year: 1964 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Sri Lanka |
From: Europe |
Year: 1915 |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Europe |
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To: Belgium |
From: Unknown |
Year: Ancient |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Regarded as native. | ||
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To: Cyprus |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament and mosquito control |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Used for stocking polluted and deoxygenated dams. | ||
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To: France |
From: Unknown |
Year: Ancient |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Regarded as native. | ||
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To: Spain |
From: Unknown |
Year: Ancient |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Regarded as native. | ||
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To: U.K. |
From: Unknown |
Year: |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Regarded as native. | ||
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially |
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Comments: Established in Chicago in 1900s but later died out. | ||
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Chile |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Southern United States
The quillback is a large sucker of wide habitat requirements which is found in turbid rivers as well as clear lakes. The species is common throughout the Mississippi system where it contributes to both commercial and sport catches. Its introduction to Mexico effectively extends is distribution southwards.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Mexico |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Commercial fisheries exist in North East of country. | ||
Native range: Indian sub-continent and Burma
The catla is one of a group of large cyprinids which are termed major carps in India. In their native range they are widely cultured and juveniles are removed in large quantities from the rivers to stock reservoirs. The success of this species in its native India has led to several introductions mostly for experimental aquaculture to assess the potential of the species for more generalized rearing. These experiments have generally failed in that the species has not been adopted for widespread culture, although in some areas, such as Mauritius, successful aquaculture operations have been established. The species generally fails to breed naturally in ponds and thus it has to be maintained through induced breeding. Nevertheless escaped fish have established self-sustaining populations in some rivers in the Philippines. Biological data on catla have been summarized by Jhingran (1966) and Jhingran and Pullin (1985).
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Africa | ||
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To: Mauritius |
From: India |
Year: 1960, 1970 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Widespread for culture. | ||
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To: Zimbabwe |
From: India |
Year: 1965 |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
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Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and L. rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985). | ||
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Asia | ||
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To: Israel |
From: Southeast Asia |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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To: Japan |
From: India |
Year: 1961 |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and L. rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985). | ||
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To: Malaysia |
From: India |
Year: 1957-70 |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and L. rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985). | ||
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To: Philippines |
From: India |
Year: 1964 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Established in some rivers. | ||
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To: Sri Lanka |
From: Southeast Asia |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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Comments: Bred only at one aquaculture station. | ||
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Asia/Europe | ||
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To: U.S.S.R. |
From: India |
Year: 1966 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and L. rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985). | ||
Native range: Southeast Asia
Because of its auxiliary air-breathing organs the snakehead murrel is highly resistant to low dissolved oxygen concentrations in water. This characteristic makes it especially valuable for fisheries and culture in anoxic tropical water bodies and for transport to distant markets as it can be kept alive for long periods out of water. These characteristics also made the species a favourite with long distance mariners who used it for food but also assured its introduction to many of the South Pacific islands even as far away as Hawaii.
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Africa | ||
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To: Madagascar |
From: Southeast Asia |
Year: 1978 |
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Reason: Fisheries Comments: Disappeared. |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
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To: Mauritius |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Restricted to two reservoirs. | ||
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Asia | ||
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To: Indonesia |
From: Southern China |
Year: Ancient |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Well established. | ||
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Oceania | ||
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To: Fiji |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Hawaii |
From: Southeast Asia |
Year: Ancient, c 1900 |
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Reason: Commonly transported live by long distance seafarers | ||
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Reproducing: Yes |
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To: New Caledonia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Coastal areas of Indo-Pacific between 40°N and 40°S
The milk fish is a very tolerant of salinity differences and is widely used throughout its native range for coastal aqua-culture. The species is, on the other hand sensitive to cold and attempts to introduce it outside its favoured climatic range have failed.
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Asia | ||
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To: Hong Kong |
From: Thailand |
Year: 1956 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: No |
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Comments: Unable to support cold. | ||
Native range: Tropical South America
This large and highly predatory, tropical species is highly valued for the quality of its flesh and its sporting characteristics. As a consequence the tucunare (Portuguese), Pavon (Spanish) or peacock bass has been introduced to other areas of South and Central America lying outside its native range. The species is also being considered for aquaculture but its predatory nature limits its usefulness for this purpose. The results of the introduction of the species to Lake Gatun in Panama were documented by Zaret and Paine (1973) who alleged that Cichla had eliminated six species of native fish from the lake fauna. It now appears that this evaluation may have been overly exaggerated as a new balance is reported between the predator and the native species, many of which persist in refugia in the mouths of inflowing streams. The situation is further complicated by the introduction of other species, including some O. niloticus which provide an alternative prey.
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Africa | ||
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To: Kenya |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1970 |
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Reason: Control stunted Tilapia |
Reproducing: Unknown | |
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A |
From: Venezuela |
Year: 1964 |
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Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Failed to establish | |
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Oceania | ||
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To: Guam |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1966 |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Hawaii |
From: New York State |
Year: 1961 |
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Reason: Stocking reservoirs |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Breeding populations abundant in reservoirs on Kauai and Oahu islands. | ||
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South and Central America | |||
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To: Dominican Republic |
From: Colombia |
Year: 1976 | |
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Reason: |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Reduced populations. | |||
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To: Panama |
From: Colombia |
Year: 1950 | |
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Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: initially reduced populations of native fishes in Lakes Gatus, Alajuela and La Yaguada which later recovered to some extent: Excellent for sport and artisanal fisheries. Recent experiments indicate that stocking with carp and tilapia in waters where C. ocellaris are present creates a diversified and productive fishery. | |||
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To: Puerto Rico |
From: Colombia |
Year: 1967 | |
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Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Excellent sport fish. | |||
Native range: Rivers of the Pacific slope of Mexico
The green guapote is one of the lesser known warm water aquarium fish species. It is moderately resistant to temperatures as low as 20°C but it is unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: One breeding population was recorded in California but subsequently disappeared. | ||
Native range: Throughout Northern South America excluding Magdalena R.
The two-spotted cichlid is a popular tropical aquarium fish which has been widely distributed by the aquarium fish trade. Its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish and only one case has been recorded of an introduction into natural waters through release from aquaria.
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A. |
From: South America |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: In Florida it is dominant fish in areas where it has become established. | ||
Native range: Atlantic slope of Nicaragua and Costa Rica
The midas cichlid is one of the less popular warm water aquarium fishes nevertheless it has been introduced into several countries by the aquarium fish trade. The species is moderately supportive of low temperatures nevertheless it is unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A. |
From: Nicaragua |
Year: 1981 |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Populations recorded from one canal in Dade County, Florida. | ||
Native range: Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Northern Argentina
A medium sized species (30 cm) the chanchito or chameleon cichlitd is unusually resistant to low temperatures for a warm water cichlid. This may account for its becoming established in Portugal.
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Europe | ||
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To: Portugal |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reasons: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: see Maitland (1977) | ||
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Chile |
From: Argentina |
Year: |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Guatemala and Southern Mexico
The Mojara azul (Spanish) is used for aquaculture in Guatemala and its introduction into El Salvador represents a slight southward extension of its native range. Despite a moderate resistance to low temperatures it is unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: El Salvador |
From: Guatemala |
Year: 1960 |
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Reason: introduction into lakes |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Population in decline. | ||
Native range: Nicaragua
The guapote tigre is one of the more important local species used for aquaculture in Latin America. Its predatory habits also make the species ideal for the control of juvenile tilapias and other forage fishes in lakes. For this reason C. managuense has been introduced throughout the Central American region where it is now an important component in capture fisheries. Its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Cuba |
From: Nicaragua |
Year: 1983 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: El Salvador |
From: Nicaragua |
Year: 1958 |
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Reason: Aquaculture; repopulation of lakes |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Has displaced local predators. | ||
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To: Guatemala |
From: El Salvador |
Year: 1958 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Honduras |
From: Nicaragua |
Year: 1956 |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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To: Panama |
From: Costa Rica |
Year: 1972 |
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Reason: aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comments: Useful as a control on forage fish. | ||
Native range: Guatemala and Yucatan
As a moderate sized and popular aquarium species the fire-mouth cichlid has been widely disseminated by the aquarium fish trade. The species is fairly tolerant of low temperatures but needs at least 24°C. to breed which accounts for the ease with which escapees from aquaria have become established in several parts of the Southern U.S.A.
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A. |
From: C. America |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Populations recorded from Florida and Arizona. Quite abundant within range (Shafland, 1979). | ||
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Oceania | ||
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To: Hawaii |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1940 |
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Reason: Release of aquarium fish |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: Established in reservoirs on Oahu island | ||
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Native range: Amazon
A medium sized cichlid which is cultured in ponds in Guatemala. Its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.
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South and Central America | ||
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To: Guatemala |
From: Brazil |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: in ponds |
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Native range: Pacific slope drainage of Central America, Guatemala to Costa Rica and Atlantic slope drainage of Costa Rica.
The convict cichlid is a popular aquarium fish and as such has been widely transported. This species is one of those in which populations occur which maintain themselves in artificially heated waters of power stations. Otherwise its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.
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North America | ||
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To: Canada |
From: Guatemala |
Year: 1958, 1967 |
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Reason: Release from aquaria |
Reproducing: No | |
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Comments: Population existed for a number of years in hot springs of Banff National Park, Alberta; now disappeared. | ||
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To: U.S.A |
From: Guatemala |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria | ||
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Reproducing: in Arizona and Nevada | ||
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Oceania | ||
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To: Australia |
From: Central America |
Year: 1920s |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: One population only in cooling ponds of a power station in Victoria. | ||
Native range: Atlantic drainage of Southern Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras
The Jack Dempsey is a well known species in the aquarium fish trade and as such the species has been widely transported outside its native range. However, its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A |
From: Central America |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Florida | |
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Oceania | ||
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To: Australia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
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Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
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Comment: Found in the cooling ponds of one power station and in the out-flew creek. Not certain that species established (McKay, 1984). | ||
Native range: Atlantic drainage of Central America
The yellow belly cichlid is an aquarium species of minor importance. It will support temperature as low as 20°C but even it is unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A |
From: Central America |
Year: 1960s |
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Reason: Release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: A breeding population was recorded from Florida but was deliberately eradicated in 1981. | ||
Native range: Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil
Because of its peaceable nature and attractive appearance the banded cichlid is one of the more important South American cichlids in the aquarium fish trade. Its high temperature requirements (waters warmer than 22°C make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A |
From: S. America |
Year: 1960s |
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Reason: Released from aquaria and transplant by local residents | ||
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Reproducing: Yes | ||
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Comments: One breeding population was established in Nevada but was deliberately eradicated in 1963. | ||
Native range: Rivers of the Pacific slope of Southern Mexico to Guatemala
The three spot cichlid is a small ornamental species of minor importance to the aquarium trade. Its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.
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North America | ||
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To: U.S.A |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1960 |
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Reason: Release of aquarium fish |
Reproducing: Yes | |
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Comments: One breeding population recorded from Florida which has since been eradicated. | ||
Native range: China
The mud carp is widely used for warm water aquaculture in the southern part of China. It feeds on mud and bottom living diatoms and reaches about 500 g in three years. It has been introduced into waters outside China, mostly to other countries in South East Asia, for experimental aquaculture but does not seem to have entered into common culture practice. The species does not breed in ponds and stocking material has to be produced artificially.
|
Asia |
||
|
To: Indonesia |
From: Japan |
Year: 1964 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
To: Japan |
From: China |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
To: Malaysia |
From: China |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
To: Thailand |
From: China |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
South and Central America |
||
|
To: Panama |
From: Taiwan P. China |
Year: 1977 |
|
Reason: Intensive and extensive Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Distribution limited to Intensive and extensive fish ponds. |
||
Native range: Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers, India
This species, the mrigal, is one of the Gangetic major carps and as such is widely cultured within India and has been introduced to most river basins within the country. Its juveniles are removed in large quantities from the rivers to stock reservoirs. The success of this species in its native India has led to several introductions mostly for experimental aquaculture to assess the potential of the species for more generalized rearing. These experiments have generally failed in that the species has not been adopted for widespread culture, although in some areas, such as Mauritius, the species is the mainstay of the local aquaculture. The species generally falls to breed naturally in ponds and thus it has to be maintained through induced breeding. Biological data on mrigal have been summarized by Jhingran and Pullin (1985).
|
Africa | ||
|
To: Mauritius |
From: India |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Widespread for culture all over island. | ||
|
To: Zimbabwe |
From: India |
Year: 1965 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and L. rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985). | ||
|
Asia | ||
|
To: Japan |
From: India |
Year: 1961 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and L. rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985). | ||
|
To: Malaysia |
From: India |
Year: 1957-70 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and L. rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985). | ||
|
To: Philippines |
From: India |
Year: 1964 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Sri Lanka |
From: India |
Year: 1981 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Asia/Europe | ||
|
To: U.S.S.R. |
From: India |
Year: 1966 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Comments: Part of a mixed lot of Indian major carp seed including Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and L. rohita (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985). | ||
Native range: Southeast Asia from Sri Lanka to Malay peninsula
The walking catfish of Southeast Asia is popular for aqua-culture within its native range where very high yields are obtained. The fact that the fish can breathe air by using its auxiliary breathing organs makes it very resistant to anoxic conditions and enables very dense populations to be maintained in ponds. It has been introduced for aquaculture to several other Southeast Asian countries where it has not generally been regarded with favour. In Florida the species is caused some alarm when it first became established due to its unfamiliar habit of leaving the water to migrate to other water bodies.
|
Asia | ||
|
To: Celebes |
From: Java |
Year: 1939 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture and fisheries |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Widespread but undesirable; elimination attempted (Vooren, 1972). | ||
|
To: China |
From: Thailand |
Year: 1978 |
|
Reason: aquaculture |
Reproducing: yes |
|
|
Comments: Established in ponds in Kwantung province; useful for small pond culture. | ||
|
To: Hong Kong |
From: Thailand |
Year: 1970 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: No |
|
|
Comments: Intolerant of cold and not as popular as C. fuscus as local species. | ||
|
To: Philippines |
From: Thailand |
Year: 1974 |
|
Reason: aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Grows better than local species but not as acceptable. | ||
|
Europe |
||
|
To: U.K |
From: Southeast Asia |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
||
|
Reproducing: Yes, in heated effluent from a power station. |
||
|
North America |
||
|
To: U.S.A |
From: Java |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Established in Florida where it is dominant in some swamp areas and is regarded as a pest (Courtenay and Robins, 1973). |
||
|
Oceania | ||
|
To: Guam |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Native range: Southern China
This tropical catfish is widely cultured in Taiwan and Fujian provinces of China. It resistance to low oxygen conditions and its auxiliary breathing organs also make it ideal for rearing in paddy fields (rice-fish culture). The Chinese catfish is also transported live to Chinese communities throughout S.E. Asia as it is judged to have medical properties in addition to its fine flavour. Such transport may account for its appearance in Hawaii.
|
Oceania | ||
|
To: Hawaii |
From: Unknown |
Year: a 1900 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Very common in ponds and streams on all islands. | ||
Native range: Niger and Nile Rivers
C. gariepinus is senior synonym of C. lazera. In common with most other clariids the species is highly resistant and can survive extremes of aquatic deoxygenation and even desiccation. It is omnivorous with a marked tendency to feed on benthic organisms and detritus. Several attempts have been made at culturing the species and to this and it has been introduced to parts of Africa from which it was previously absent. The success of these introductions in terms of aquaculture have been negligible and there is uncertainty in most areas as to whether the species has become established in natural waters.
|
Africa | |
|
To: Cameroon |
From: Central African Republic |
|
Year: 1972, 1973 |
Reason: Aquaculture Reproducing: Unknown |
|
To: Congo |
From: Central African Republic |
|
Year: 1972, 1973 |
Reason: Aquaculture Reproducing: Unknown |
|
To: Gabon |
From: Central African Republic |
|
Year: 1972, 1973 |
Reason: Aquaculture Reproducing: Unknown |
|
To: Ivory Coast |
From: Central African Republic |
|
Year: 1972, 1973 |
Reason: Aquaculture Reproducing: Yes |
|
To: Zaire |
From: Central African Republic |
|
Year: 1972, 1973 |
Reason: Aquaculture Reproducing: Unknown |
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Cyprus |
From: Israel |
Year: 1974 |
|
Reason: Sport |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Netherlands |
From: West Africa |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Research and aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Being reared in power station cooling water; culture proposed for 23 fish farms. | ||
Native range: Argentina
A small ornamental tropical fish known to the aquarium fish trade as the ten-spotted live-bearer.
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Chile |
From: Argentina |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Native range: Burma, Thailand, Malay Peninsula
The banded gourami is a medium sized (12 cm) ornamental fish popular in the aquarium fish trade. It requires temperatures of about 25°C. for normal development but can resist for short periods at less than 20°C. The species has been widely transported around the world and it is in some ways surprising that it has only been recorded from the natural waters of one country.
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Native range: Southern Burma
The thick lipped gourami is smaller than the banded gourami but is equally popular with aquarists. The species has therefore been widely transported around the world but has only been reported from the natural waters of one country.
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Native range: India
The smallest and most popular of the small gouramis, the dwarf gourami has been widely diffused outside its native range. It is particularly susceptible to diseases and is thus considered a delicate species.
|
North America | ||
|
To: U.S.A. |
From: Southeast Asia |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Not known | |
|
Comments: Found only in Florida; not known whether breeding populations exist (Courtenay and Robins, 1973). | ||
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Native range: Amazon basin
The pirapitinga (Portuguese) is one of the largest scaled fishes of the Amazon reaching lengths of up to 85 cm. It is predominantly a frugivorous herbivore inhabiting flooded forested areas. Its flesh is very much in demand and the species is subject to very heavy fishing pressure which has caused localized declines in its numbers. The desirable nature of the flesh, the fast growth rate and the herbivorous nature of this fish make it a candidate for aquaculture and experiments to develop appropriate techniques for its rearing are underway in its native Brazil and Peru as well as in Cuba and Panama to which it has been introduced.
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Cuba |
From: Panama/Peru |
Year: 1982, 1984 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Panama |
From: Brazil/Peru |
Year: 1980 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
Native range: Amazon and Orinoco systems
The tambaqui (Portuguese) or cachana (Spanish) is the largest scaled fish of the Amazon and Orinoco systems reaching lengths of up to 90 cm. Like the pirapitinga it is predominantly a frugivorous herbivore inhabiting flooded forested areas. Its flesh is very much in demand and the species is subject to very heavy fishing pressure which has caused localized declines in its numbers. The desirable nature of the flesh, the fast growth rate and the herbivorous nature of this fish make it a candidate for aquaculture and experiments to develop appropriate techniques for its rearing are underway in its native Brazil and Peru as well as in Cuba, Panama and the Dominican Republic to which it has been introduced. It is likely that larger scale introductions of this species will take place once the rearing methodologies have been satisfactorily established.
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Cuba |
From: Panama/Peru |
Year: 1982, 1983 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Dominican Republic |
From: Panama |
Year: 1981 |
|
Reason: Fisheries and aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Jamaica |
From: Panama |
Year: 1987 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown | |
|
To: Panama |
From: Brazil/Peru |
Year: 1980 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Native range: Parana River system
A smaller species than the two preceding ones, the Pacu (Argentinian Spanish) nevertheless shares the same desirable qualities as a candidate for culture. Some experiments have been carried out in its native Brazil and in Panama to which it has been introduced.
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Panama |
From: Brazil |
Year: 1986 |
|
Reason: Experimental Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: A recent introduction which is being compared with C. mitrei. | ||
Native range: Canada and Northern U.S.A.
The lake whitefish as an important commercial species in oligotrophic lakes throughout its native range. The species prefers cold temperate conditions and has been stocked into high Andean lakes in two countries in Southern Latin America.
|
Europe | ||
|
To: France |
From: U.S.A |
Year: 1881 |
|
Reason: Establish a commercial fishery |
Reproducing: No | |
|
Comments: Introduction of this species formed part of an attempt to expand coregonid fisheries throughout Europe but was not successful (Groot, 1985). | ||
|
To: Germany |
From: U.S.A |
Year: 1881 |
|
Reason: Establish a commercial fishery |
Reproducing: No | |
|
Comments: Introduction of this species formed part of an attempt to expand coregonid fisheries throughout Europe but was not successful (Groot, 1985). | ||
|
To: Netherlands |
From: U.S.A |
Year: 1907 |
|
Reason: Establish a commercial fishery |
Reproducing: No | |
|
Comments: Introduction of this species formed part of an attempt to expand coregonid fisheries throughout Europe but was not successful (Groot, 1985). | ||
|
To: Switzerland |
From: U.S.A |
Year: 1887 |
|
Reason: Establish a commercial fishery |
Reproducing: No | |
|
Comments: Introduction of this species formed part of an attempt to expand coregonid fisheries throughout Europe but was not successful (Groot, 1985). | ||
|
To: U.K. |
From: U.S.A |
Year: 1886 |
|
Reason: Establish a commercial fishery |
Reproducing: No | |
|
Comments: Introduction of this species formed pare or an attempt to expand coregonid fisheries throughout Europe but was not successful (Groot, 1985). | ||
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Argentina |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1904 |
|
Reason: Stocking cold oligotrophic lakes |
Reproducing: No | |
|
Comments: (Baigun and Quiros, 1985) | ||
|
To: Chile |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1930 |
|
Reason: Stocking cold oligotrophic lakes |
Reproducing: Yes | |
Native range: Northern Europe, Great Britain and Alpine areas of Central Europe.
The common whitefish as an important commercial species in oligotrophic lakes throughout its native range. The species prefers cold temperate conditions and has been stocked into many waters in Europe outside its original range. These attempts have frequently been successful. Coregonus lavaretus is a facultative anadrome and the establishment of a riverine stock in the River Danube implies that the species has also become established in other riparian countries of that river from which its presence has not yet been reported.
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Belgium |
From: Unknown |
Year: |
|
Reason: Establishment of wild population in lakes | ||
|
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
|
Comments: Population established in L. Butgenbach. | ||
|
To: Czechoslovakia |
From: Unknown |
Year: |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Present in main channel of Danube; may well colonize reservoirs (This species should have spread to other Danube countries). | ||
|
To: Germany F.R. |
From: U.S.S.R. |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Upgrade stocks alpine in lakes |
Reproducing: Unknown | |
|
Comments: Hybridized with local species | ||
|
To: Greece |
From: Unknown |
Year: |
|
Reason: Establishment of wild population in lakes | ||
|
Reproducing: Unknown | ||
|
To: Italy |
From: Switzerland |
Year: 1880 |
|
Reason: Establishment of wild population in lakes for commercial fishery | ||
|
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
|
Comments: Widespread in lakes in Central and Northern Italy. | ||
|
To: Netherlands |
From: Baltic countries |
Year: 1936/37 |
|
Reason: Expand fisheries |
|
Reproducing: No |
|
Comments: Stocked into Ijsselmeer but with no significant result (Groot, 1985), | ||
|
To: Yugoslavia |
From: Czechoslovakia |
Year: 1977 |
|
Reason: Establishment of wild population in lakes | ||
|
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
Native range: Eastern Scandinavia and Arctic U.S.S.R.
The broad whitefish is a cold water species preferring the sluggish conditions of lakes and lower river reaches. It is a facultative anadrome.
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Belgium |
From: Unknown |
Year |
|
Reason: Establishment of wild population in lakes | ||
|
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
|
Comments: Populations established in L. Butgenbach. | ||
Native range: Baltic and Northern U.S.S.R.
Within its native range the peled is an important commercial fish and is widely used for stocking of lakes. It prefers cold water lakes and rivers but is resistant to moderately high summer temperatures. Small populations of the species have appeared in the Danube in Czechoslovakia and by implication this species should also have diffused to other Danube countries from which it has not yet been recorded.
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Czechoslovakia |
From: U.S.S.R. |
Year: 1979 |
|
Reason: To enhance lake fisheries |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Small populations in Danube River (Balon, 1974). | ||
|
To: Poland |
From: U.S.S.R |
Year: 1960 |
|
Reason: To enhance commercial lake fisheries |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
To: Yugoslavia |
From: Czechoslovakia |
Year: 1977 |
|
Reason: To enhance lake fisheries |
Reproducing: Unknown | |
Native range: China and Eastern Siberia
The grass carp, one of the Chinese carps, has been widely transported around the world for two main purposes, aqua-culture and the control of undesirable aquatic vegetation. The success of the fish in performing these two functions has been the subject of an extensive scientific literature which has been summarized in part by Shireman and Smith (1983). The grass carp has very strict breeding requirements (Jhingran and Pullin, 1985) which preclude its being able to reproduce in most of the waters into which it has been introduced. In many cases populations are maintained by repeated stocking with imported or artificially bred fish. Nevertheless allegedly self-breeding populations have been recorded from the Danube and the Mississippi rivers. Similar populations have also been noted in localities within the Soviet Union into which the species was introduced.
|
Africa | ||
|
To: Egypt |
From: Hong Kong |
Year: 1969 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Ethiopia |
From: Japan |
Year: 1975 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Kenya |
From: Japan |
Year: 1969 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Mauritius |
From: India |
Year: 1975 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Widespread for culture all over island. | ||
|
To: Rwanda |
From: Korea |
Year: 1979 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: South Africa |
From: Hungary/Germany |
Year: 1975 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture and weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Useful for weed control but not yet widespread (Schoonbee et al., 1978). | ||
|
To: Sudan |
From: India |
Year: 1975 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Asia |
||
|
To: Afghanistan |
From: China |
Year: 1970s |
|
Reason: Aquaculture and stocking reservoirs |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
Comments: Useful as local alternatives do not exist. |
||
|
To: Bangladesh |
From: Hong Kong |
Year: 1969 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture and vegetation control |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
To: India |
From: Hong Kong |
Year: 1959, 1968 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture and weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
Comments: Useful and widespread throughout country. |
||
|
To: Indonesia |
From: Malaysia, Thailand, Japan |
|
|
Year: 1915, 1949, 1964 |
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
To: Korea |
From: Japan |
Year: 1963 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
To: Malaysia |
From: China |
Year: 1800s |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
Comments: Widespread culture throughout country. |
||
|
To: Pakistan |
From: China |
Year: 1964 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
To: Philippines |
From: China |
Year: 1964 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
To: Sri Lanka |
From: China |
Year: 1948 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
To: Thailand |
From: China, Hong Kong |
Year: 1913 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
Comments: Useful for weed control but not favoured for aquaculture. |
||
|
To: Vietnam |
From: China |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
Comments: Widely used for stocking ponds. |
||
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Belgium |
From: U.S.S.R., Hungary |
Year: 1967 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
|
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
To: Countries of the Danube basin |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
|
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Comments: Spreading throughout the Danube system. | ||
|
To: Cyprus |
From: Israel |
Year: 1977 |
|
Reason: Sport, weed control, reservoir fisheries | ||
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
|
To: Denmark |
From: U.S.S.R., Malaysia, Netherlands |
|
|
Year: 1965, 1966, 1978 |
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
To: France |
From: U.S.S.R., Czechoslovakia, Hungary | |
|
Year: 1967, 1976 |
Reason: Weed control |
|
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
|
To: Germany F.R. |
From: Hungary, China |
Year: 1964, 1970 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Greece |
From: Poland |
Year: 1980 |
|
Reason: To improve lake fisheries |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: First attempt successful in one lake with increased commercial catch. | ||
|
To: Hungary |
From: China |
Year: 1963 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
|
|
|
Reproducing: Yes in Danube otherwise artificially | ||
|
Comments: Populations in Tisza R. and later Danube from escape from aquaculture ponds. Otherwise very valuable for sport and aquaculture. | ||
|
To: Italy |
From: Yugoslavia |
Year: 1975 |
|
Reason: Sport |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
To: Netherlands |
From: Hungary, Taiwan |
Year: 1966, 1968 |
|
Reason: Weed control, Sport |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
Comments: Useful for weed control (Reimans, 1978). | ||
|
To: Poland |
From: U.S.S.R. |
Year: 1965 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
To: Rumania |
From: U.S.S.R. |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture | ||
|
Reproducing: Artificially except in the Danube | ||
|
To: Sweden |
From: Hungary |
Year: 1970 |
|
Reason: Weed control |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
Comments: Stocked into 30 lakes where it is useful for its purpose. | ||
|
To: U.K. |
From: Austria, Hungary, Germany |
Year: 1963 |
|
Reason: Weed control |
Reproducing: No, relies on continuous imports |
|
|
To: Yugoslavia |
From: Rumania, Hungary, U.S.S.R. |
Year: 1963 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control | ||
|
Reproducing: Artificially except in Danube where there are naturally breeding populations. | ||
|
Middle East | ||
|
To: Israel |
From: China |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
North America | ||
|
To: U.S.A. |
From: Taiwan P. China |
Year: 1966 |
|
Reason: Weed control |
|
|
|
Reproducing: Yes in Mississippi R., otherwise artificially | ||
|
Comments: Over feeding on weeds affecting waterfowl habitat. Species has become established in parts of the Mississippi system. | ||
|
Oceania | ||
|
To: Fiji |
From: Malaysia |
Year: 1968 |
|
Reason: Weed control and food |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Present in Rewa R. | ||
|
To: Hawaii |
From: Taiwan |
Year: 1968 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: New Zealand |
From: Hong Kong |
Year: 1967, 1971 |
|
Reason: Weed control |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
Comments: Potentially useful for weed control (Mitchell, 1977). | ||
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Argentina |
From: Japan |
Year: 1975 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
Comments: Unsuccessful. | ||
|
To: Bolivia |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1981 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
To: Brazil |
From: Japan |
Year: 1968, 1979 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
|
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
To: Costa Rica |
From: Taiwan P. China |
Year: 1976 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Cuba |
From: U.S.S.R. |
Year: 1966, 1976 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Honduras |
From: Taiwan P. China |
Year: 1976 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Mexico |
From: China |
Year: 1965, 1968 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
To: Panama |
From: Taiwan P. China |
Year: 1977, 1978 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Peru |
From: Panama |
Year: 1979 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Puerto Rico |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1972 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, weed control |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
Native range: Niger Delta and Zaire rivers
This species, known to the aquarium trade as the two-spot climbing perch, has been widely diffused by the aquarium trade. It air-breathing habits make it very resistant to poor oxygen conditions but its high temperature requirements make it unlikely that it could become established in the temperate countries that are the main importers of tropical aquarium fish.
|
North America | ||
|
To: U.S.A. |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Accidental release from aquaria |
Reproducing: Unknown | |
|
Comments: One breeding population found in Florida (Courtenay and Robins, 1973) which has since disappeared. | ||
Native range: Rivers of the Rio de la Plata basin
The Argentinian pearl fish is a small ornamental species of moderate popularity with aquarists.
|
North America | ||
|
To: U.S.A |
From: Argentina |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Release from aquaria |
Reproducing: No | |
|
Comments: Breeding populations were recorded from California but disappeared. | ||
Native range: Coastal waters of Eastern Pacific, Acupulco to Gulf of California
The orange mouth corvina is a moderately large (80 cm) marine sciaenid which was introduced into the highly saline Salton Sea.
|
North America | ||
|
To: U.S.A. |
From: Mexico |
Year: 1950-55 |
|
Reason: To establish a new stock |
Reproducing: Yes. | |
|
Comments: Explosive spread of species throughout Salton Sea, California. | ||
Native range: Japan, China, Central Asia
The common carp is probably the first fish species to be subject to wide scale transfers and introductions. According to Baton (1974) wild carp were taken from the Danube for culture by the Romans and subsequently distributed widely throughout Europe as part of the medieval monastic fish pond tradition. The species was spread independently within China for similar purposes. During a period beginning about the middle of the last century the carp was spread in a series of introductions until it has achieved a near global distribution and is present in most areas where climatic conditions permit its survival. The carp has proved a controversial fish. On one hand it is one of the principal species used for inland aquaculture and provides some 250,000 tons of fish per year globally from this source alone (Pullin, 1986). In several areas the species is also the subject of capture fisheries which increase its contribution to human nutrition. On the other hand the species has been implicated in degradation of the aquatic environment mainly through its habit of rooting in the bottom which causes turbidity and deoxygenated conditions. In some of the cases the success of the introduced carp has followed on changes to the environment produced by other human activities and the carp have merely moved in on an environment where the native species were destined to disappear anyway. There is an extensive literature on the common carp; see for instance MacCrimmon (1968) or Alikunhi (1966) and Sarig (1966).
|
Africa | ||
|
To: Cameroon |
From: Israel |
Year: 1970 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Central African Republic |
From: Israel |
Year: 1966 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially |
|
|
To: Egypt |
From: Indonesia |
Year: 1934 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture To: Ethiopia |
Reproducing: Yes From: Unknown |
Year: 1936 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Ghana |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1962 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Ivory Coast |
From: Italy |
Year: 1976 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Kenya |
From: Uganda |
Year: 1969 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Criticized for digging habits. Has replaced native tilapias as dominant species In Mazinga Reservoir on the Tana River. | ||
|
To: Madagascar |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1914 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Successful but competes with tilapias. | ||
|
To: Mauritius |
From: India |
Year: 1976 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Morocco |
From: France |
Year: 1925 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Nigeria |
From: Austria/Israel |
Year: 1954, 1976 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Rwanda Reason: Aquaculture, |
From: Israel Reproducing: Yes |
Year: 1960 |
|
To: South Africa |
From: Germany |
Year: 1859 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Sudan |
From: India |
Year: 1975 |
|
Reason: Pituitary extract |
|
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
To: Swaziland |
From: South Africa |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Togo |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, |
Reproducing: Unknown |
|
|
To: Uganda |
From: Israel |
Year: 1963 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Zimbabwe |
From: South Africa |
Year: 1925 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Asia | ||
|
To: Afghanistan |
From: China |
Year: 1970s |
|
Reason: Aquaculture and stocking reservoirs |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Useful as no native species to colonize new reservoirs. | ||
|
To: India |
From: Sri Lanka, Thai |
land |
|
Year: 1939, 1958 |
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Comments: Affects Schizothorax fishery in wild; in ponds damages pond walls. Present in Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Sikkim and Rajasthan. | ||
|
To: Indonesia |
From: Chin, Japan |
Year: 1920s |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Hell established. | ||
|
To: Korea |
From: Israel |
Year: 1973 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Malaysia |
From: China |
Year: 1800s |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Widespread use for culture and in tin mining pools. | ||
|
To: Nepal |
From: Hungary |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes, in pond | |
|
To: Pakistan |
From: Thailand |
Year: 1964 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Philippines |
From: China, Hong Kong Year: 1910, 1915 | |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Widespread also in wild. | ||
|
To: Sri Lanka |
From: Europe |
Year: 1915 |
|
Reason: To improve capture fisheries |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Common in cooler parts of the country. | ||
|
To: Thailand |
From: China, Japan, Israel, |
Germany |
|
Year: 1913 onwards |
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Comments: Well established in ponds and the wild. | ||
|
Europe | ||
|
To: Cyprus |
From: Israel |
Year: 1966 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture and |
Sport |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
Comments: Very popular and eliminates algae from drainage ditches. | ||
|
To: Finland |
From: Germany, Sweden, U.S.S.R. | |
|
Year: 1955, 1959. 1961 |
Reason: Stocking lakes and aquaculture | |
|
Reproducing: Yes, in ponds only | ||
|
To: Greece |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Establishment of new wild stock |
Reproducing: | |
|
To: Sweden |
From: Unknown |
Year: Historical |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Middle East | ||
|
To: Israel |
From: Europe |
Year: 1931 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Has escaped Into natural waters and established breeding stocks. Is one of the most important species for aquaculture. | ||
|
North America | ||
|
To: Canada |
From: France |
Year: 1831 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Established in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and British Columbia: The species is considered detrimental to fish stocks and water bird populations (Scott and Crossman, 1973). | ||
|
To: U.S.A |
From: Germany |
Year: 1877 |
|
Reason: To supply ethnic food demands |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Established in every state except Alaska: Generally regarded as a pest, particularly in the Western States (Courtenay, 1979). | ||
|
Oceania | ||
|
To: Australia |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1900s |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Regarded as a pest: widespread in New South Wales. South Australia, Victoria and Queensland. Although regarded as a pest by some it forms the basis for fisheries and is thought by others to be a valuable addition to the aquatic fauna. | ||
|
To: Fiji |
From: New Zealand |
Year: 1936 |
|
Reason: Ornament |
Reproducing: Doubtful |
|
|
To: Guam |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Hawaii |
From: Unknown |
Year: a 1900 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: New Zealand |
From: U.K. |
Year: 1864-1911 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Designated a noxious fish but sought after by specialist anglers localized populations in ponds and farm dams. | ||
|
To: Papua New Guinea |
From: Australia |
Year: 1959 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Present In most suitable highland lakes and streams. Forms basis for an important fishery in the Seplk river. | ||
|
South and Central America | ||
|
To: Argentina |
From: Brazil (part) |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Population partly introduced for aquaculture and partly diffused down the Uruguay River from Brazil. Populations in lakes and some rivers said to cause environmental deterioration which affects B. Bonariensis populations: Successful (Ringuelet et al., 1967). | ||
|
To: Bolivia |
From: Mexico |
Year: 1945 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, ornament |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Used as cheap food. | ||
|
To: Brazil |
From: U.S.A. |
Year: 1898, 1977 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Cultured In Southern regions where it occurs wild in rivers. | ||
|
To: Chile |
From: Germany |
Year: 1875 |
|
Reason: Establish new fishery |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
To: Colombia |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1940 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Occurs wild in Cauca R. Cundinimarca and Santander. | ||
|
To: Costa Rica |
From: Taiwan P. China |
Year: 1976 |
|
Reason: Extraction of pituitary |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Used for polyculture (Campos Cereda, 1970). | ||
|
To: Cuba |
From: U.S.A./U.S.S.R. |
Year: 1927, 1983 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture, Sport |
|
Reproducing: Yes |
|
To: Dominican Republic |
From: Mexico |
Year: 1953 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Breeds in rivers and lagoons throughout the year. | ||
|
To: Ecuador |
From: Unknown |
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: El Salvador |
From: Guatemala |
Year: 1965 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Guatemala |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1954 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Haiti |
|
Year: Unknown |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Honduras |
From: Nicaragua |
Year: 1956 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Mexico |
From: France |
Year: 1872, 1873 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
Comments: Associated with the disappearance of native fishes in many waters: Very important fish for capture and culture. | ||
|
To: Nicaragua |
From: Mexico |
Year: 1964 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Panama |
From: U.S.A./Israel: Colombia | |
|
Year: 1976:1981 |
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
To: Peru |
From: Japan/China |
Year: 1946, 1960 |
|
Reason: Aquaculture |
Reproducing: Yes |
|
|
To: Surinam |
From: Japan |
Year: 1968 |
|
Reason: Unknown |
Reproducing: Artificially | |
|
To: Uruguay |
From: Brazil |
Year: 1850 |
|
Reason: Diffusion down Uruguay river |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: In Salto Grande Reservoir and lower course of Uruguay river. | ||
|
To: Venezuela |
From: Unknown |
Year: 1940 |
|
Reason: Commercial fisheries |
Reproducing: Yes | |
|
Comments: Eliminated some cohabiting native species. | ||
