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Book (stand-alone)Impacts of climate change on the production and trade of seafood 2018
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No results found.Global seafood production has been increasing steadily in recent decades, at a rate faster that global population growth. Seafood is the most important source of animal protein in several regions, being of particular importance in several African countries. Fish and fisheries products are provided from two main modes of production – fisheries and aquaculture. While fisheries landings has been stagnant since the late 1980s, aquaculture is the world´s fastest growing food production technology. The impact of climate change on global seafood production remains uncertain on aggregate. Recent evidence suggests that global capture fisheries production will remain relatively unchanged, but with significant variation across regions as various species change migration patterns due to direct and indirect effects of climate change. In addition to impacting food security and local economies, this may also cause jurisdictional challenges. Aquaculture production will continue to be the main driver of growth in the seafood sector, and climate change is likely to impact areas where production takes place. If it turns out to be correct that the main impact of climate change on seafood production will be on where production takes place, trade has the potential to serve as an adaptive tool. Places that experience a reduction in production can compensate through imports. Seafood is also better placed than most other foods in terms of capacity to respond to climate change through increased international trade since it is already one of the most traded animal protein products worldwide. Several challenges remain, however, and countries whose fisheries and aquaculture are most vulnerable to climate change are also the poorest with the most limited capacity to adapt. -
Book (series)A preliminary value chain analysis of shark fisheries in Madagascar 2014
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No results found.Madagascar’s extensive (~6,500 km) coastline comprises the most diverse and extensive shallow marine habitats in the Western Indian Ocean, supporting an estimated 123 shark and ray species. Sharks have featured in Madagascar’s fisheries for at least 100 years, with exports recorded as early as the 1920’s. Globally, shark fins are one of the most highly valued seafood items and represent a critical and significant source of cash for some of Madagascar’s isolated fishing communities. The global sh ark fin trade is estimated to be worth between US$400-500 million a year. Increases in the shark trade over the last two decades is closely linked to economic growth in China, where the market is concentrated, and the ripple effects of this increase in demand have been felt worldwide. Scientific estimates for the number of sharks killed annually can be up to 100 million individuals and sharks are on the whole overexploited. Today, thirty percent of all shark and ray species are now classified as ‘Threatened’ or ‘Near Threatened’ with extinction according to the IUCN Red List, although this number is likely to be higher given that the status of almost half (47%) of shark species cannot be scientifically assessed due to a lack of data. There is strong evidence that shark overexploitation occurs in Malagasy waters and that shark populations in the area are declining rapidly. Although reliable figures on Madagascar’s domestic shark fishery are sparse, anecdotal observations report declines in shark numbers within the last two decades. According to national studies based only on official export data, recorded shark fin exports stood at approximately 32 tonnes in 2010, a decrease from 65 tonnes in 1994. Lack of data on catches, particularly from artisanal fisheries, bycatch by licensed industrial vessels, and by illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing by foreign industrial vessels, means these official export figures are likely to be gross underestimates of the actual pro duction. Madagascar’s shark fishery is comprised of three main fisheries according to Malagasy legislation: artisanal, traditional and industrial fisheries. Madagascar’s artisanal and traditional shark fisheries extend along the entire west coast, with the most important traditional fisheries along the southwest coast. Overfishing has led to fisher migration, spreading the fishery along the entire west coast and also much of the north. There is no established traditional shark fishery along the east coast due to adverse sea conditions, whilst the south is the least developed of all sites surveyed for this report. Throughout the country, surveyed fishers report catching shark for the purposes of income from selling fins (88%) and meat (77%), and as a source of food (31%), demonstrating the important link to the international shark fin trade. Shark fin exports reach the international market mostly through two principal buyers and exporters, namely the Sea Reine and Sin Hing, Chinese comp anies based in Antananarivo. The supply chain for shark fins is both complex and rather fluid with fishers selling either fresh (wet) or dried fins to collectors and fins graded in value according to size and quality. Some fishers bypass the local collectors and sell dried fins directly to main buyers in larger towns to obtain a better price, which can be a mark-up of 40% for high quality fins. The value of shark fins during the study period (2012) varies according to their condition (wet or dri ed), quality (four recognised grades) and their position in the supply chain. Robust data was collected for the first two levels of the supply chain but was lacking for the higher levels (main buyer to exporter). Guitarfish fins were on the whole, twice as valuable as shark fins and therefore both in demand and a fishing target. Since 2012 the average value of shark fins has dropped. Trade in shark meat is also well establishedin Madagascar, with meat sold into a supply chain that serves mainly local and national (provincial) markets but can also be exported to the Comoros. Shark meat does not fetch a high price compared to other fish or meats but can be an important supplementary source of income or nutrition in some cases. Generally fresh meat is sold and consumed locally whilst dried salted meat is bought by collectors and transported to inland urban markets in Madagascar. Some dried shark meat is also exported. ANGAP Association Nationale pour la Gestion des Aires Protégées ASH Aut orité Sanitaire Halieutique BAD Banque Africaine de Dévelopement CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCPS Cellule de la Coordination de la Politique Sectorielle/MPRH CLB/VOI Communauté Locale de Base/Vondron’Olona Ifatony CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora COI Commission de l’océan Indien COS Certificat d’Origine et de Salubrité CSP Centre de Surveillance des Pêches CMS Convention on Migratory Species DGRH Direction de la Gestion des Ressourc es Halieutiques/MPRH DPRH Direction de la Pêche et des Ressources Halieutiques/MPRH DRPR Direction Régionale de la Pêche et des Ressources Halieutiques FAO Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations RFMO Regional Fishery Management Organization GEF Global Environnement Facility GTZ Gesellschaft Für Technische Zusammenarbeit IPOA Sharks – International Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission IUU Illegal, Unregulated and Unreport ed JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency, Agence Japonaise de Coopération Internationale MAEP Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Elevage et de la Pêche MGA Malgasy Ariary MNP Madagascar National Parks (previously ANGAP) MPRH Ministère de la Pêche et des Ressources Halieutiques NGO Non Governmental Organisations SWIOFP/OISO South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Project, Programme de l’Océan Indien Sud- Occidental UNGA United Nations General Assembly WIO Western Indian Ocean WWF World Wild Fund fo r Nature 6 A preliminary value chain analysis of shark fisheries in Madagascar 7 8 A preliminary value chain analysis of shark fisheries in Madagascar Foreign commercial fishing fleets have also been prevalent in Malagasy waters since at least the 1980’s and primarily target shark and larger pelagic fish, with significant shark bycatch for those fisheries not directly targeting sharks. Almost none of the sharks caught are landed in Madagascar. IUU fishing within Madagascar’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a well-established issue, with the shark fishery specifically targeted by both licensed and unlicenced vessels. Despite the significant pressures on Madagascar’s shark fishery and the enormous socio-ecological and economic value of the trade, the country has no coherent or functioning shark conservation strategy or legislation. The lack of a national strategy is largely due to deficiencies in data on fishing effort, catches, landings and discards in all commercial fisheries for sh ark. This is compounded by a paucity of information on shark ecology, fisheries status and the socioeconomic value of the trade throughout Madagascar. Furthermore, in isolated coastal areas with little infrastructure, the sale of high value dried shark fins has been one of the few ways local Malagasy fishermen can earn cash. In this context, the diverse and unconnected stakeholders have no basis or motivation to enact meaningful conservation measures, particularly when economic imperatives outwe igh any other consideration. In a country as poor as Madagascar, even minor poverty relief is important, leading fishers to continue shark fishing despite low catches and diminishing returns for fishing effort, further threatening the future of the fishery. There is an urgent need to actively and aggressively manage Madagascar’s shark fishery. The rapid decline of sharks is likely to have several negative socioeconomic and ecological impacts, including the loss of livelihoods and protein for tho se people who rely on them and potentially altering the trophic structure of marine and coastal ecosystems. However, putting in place conservation measures and enforcing regulations remains a formidable challenge. Much of Madagascar’s fishery takes place in remote fishing grounds scattered over thousands of kilometres of coastline; the fishers are highly mobile and move great distances to seek productive fishing grounds; the government lacks the means to monitor these fisheries and enforce regul ations; and the markets are informal and closed. Significant steps must be taken in order to effectively prevent the collapse of Madagascar’s shark fishery. A widespread campaign to regulate both international and local shark fishing must occur simultaneously for any significant positive change to occur. For this to take place scientifically robust data must be collected over the long term. For any national conservation strategies to be implemented effectively, they should be based on data colle cted through participative monitoring and implemented at the national level. Such strategies should apply to artisanal and traditional fisheries, as well as to international commercial fishing vessels operating within the EEZ. Madagascar’s existing locally-managed marine areas are a vehicle through which coastal shark management strategies could be implemented. However an increase in both technical and logistical capacity will be required for effective management at the local, regional and natio nal level, together with strong enforcement support to LMMAs. Although it is recommended that the government develops appropriate national legislation and put in place proper monitoring and export restrictions, the onus remains heavily on the international community, with global legislation driving the regulation or lack of regulation of the global shark trade. Particular attention needs to be paid to those countries with distant water fleets / vessels operating within Madagascar’s EEZ, both leg ally and illegally. Without proper regulation of their shark fishing effort, partly through RFMO’s, little progress can be made. -
Book (stand-alone)Review on the current status of fisheries/aquaculture and policies of Cambodia relevant to RFLP
Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia. (GCP/RAS/237/SPA)
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No results found.Cambodia is endowed with rich fisheries resources provided by both the freshwater fisheries of the Mekong and the Tonle Sap river system, and coastal and offshore marine fisheries. The fisheries sector in Cambodia plays a very important role in the national economy, making a significant contribution to employment and livelihoods of the poor, to food security and to GDP. Fisheries production is estimated to be worth around US$ 200-300 million at the point of landing, and the fisheries harvest, pr ocessing and trade contributes 8-12% of GDP. The export value of fish products is estimated to be as high as US$ 100 million annually. Cambodian people and especially the rural poor consume on average 52.4kg of aquatic products per person per year (MRC Technical Paper, number 16, 2007). Cambodia’s fisheries provide full-time, part-time and seasonal employment for up to 6 million people, and the employment provided is especially important in the rural areas where there are few job opportunities. The fisheries sector make a very significantly contribution to domestic food security especially to rural communities, providing 81.5% of the animal protein in the national diet and also providing a critical source of essential vitamins and micro-nutrients. The Royal Government of Cambodia, has recognized how important and crucial the sector is to people's livelihoods, to national well-being and the national economy, and one side of the national Rectangular Strategy is devoted to fisheries refor ms aimed at law enforcement, action plan development and implementation, and strengthening of all the relevant institutions to enable them to achieve national goals for environmental fisheries protection, conservation of bio-diversity, socio-economic development, good governance and poverty alleviation. These goals are clearly stated in the Royal Cambodian Government's political program for the fisheries sector, as well as in the Socio-Economic Development Plan, the Preliminary Strategy of Pover ty Alleviation, and the Good Governance Action Plan. Moreover, the Royal Government of Cambodia’s statement on the national fisheries sector policy was endorsed in 2005 and the Strategic Planning Framework for Fisheries 2010-2019 (SPF) was drafted in 2009, and will be endorsed soon in 2010. In an effort to achieve the above goals, policies and plans, significant time, manpower and funds have been committed by the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) and by bi-lateral and regional Development Partn ers (DP). However, much work and many additional activities remain to be done and these require technical and financial assistance support on a priority basis. It is timely that the Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Program (RFLP) was endorsed to provide support to the Fisheries Administration (FiA), since it will improve fisheries management and livelihoods opportunities in the four coastal provinces of Cambodia. This paper was drafted to provide an overview of the current RGC policies, both withi n the fisheries sector, but also of other sectors which will impact on the ability of RFLP in Cambodia to successfully achieve its five national outputs. Development of co-management mechanisms; Improved safety at sea and reduced vulnerability; Improved post-harvest and marketing; Strengthening of existing livelihoods and livelihood diversification; and Facilitated access to micro-finance services. In addition the paper provides recommendations on what and how the Regional Fisheries Live lihoods Program (RFLP) can contribute to the implementation and achievement of the national fisheries policies and plans in Cambodia.
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