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DocumentThe effects of logging residue extraction for energy on ecosystem services and biodiversity: A synthesis
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.We have reviewed the consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem services from the industrial-scale extraction of loresidues (tops, branches and stumps from harvested trees and small-diameter trees from thinnings) in managed forests. Logging residue extraction can be used in place of fossil fuels, and thus contribute to climate change mitigation. However, the additional biomass and nutrients removed, and soils and other structures disturbed, have several potential environmental impacts. We found 279 scientific papers that compared logging residue extraction with non-extraction, the majority of which were conducted in Northern Europe and North America. It has been found that logging residue extraction can have significant negative effects on biodiversity, especially for species naturally adapted to sun-exposed conditions and the large amounts of dead wood that are created by large-scaled forest disturbances. Slash extraction may also pose risks for future biomass production, due to the associated loss of nutrients. For water quality, reindeer herding, mammalian game species, berries, and natural heritage the results were complicated by primarily negative but some positive effects, while for recreation and pest control positive effects were more consistent. Further, there are initial negative effects on carbon storage, but these effects are transient and carbon stocks are mostly restored over decadal time perspectives. Some of the negative effects can be decreased by avoiding extraction of certain categories of residues, and forest type targeted for extraction: for instance, to minimize risks for biodiversity stump harvesting should be a low level, but for future biomass production slash extraction should be avoided in certain forest types. Compensatory measures for logging residue extraction may also be used (e.g. ash recycling, liming, fertilization), though these may also be associated with adverse environmental impacts. Keywords: Sustainable forest management, Climate change, Biodiversity conservation ID: 3622074 -
Book (stand-alone)Payments for Ecosystem Services
Factsheet
2013Healthy ecosystems provide a variety of vital goods and services that contribute directly or indirectly to human well-being. The food and agriculture sector provides multiple ecosystem services, including: ££ Provisioning services such as food and energy resources; Regulating services vital to healthy ecosystems; Cultural services such as traditional land use, landscapes and recreation; Supporting services such as soil formation and nutrient recycling. These ecosystems services have an immense but under-estimated economic value, estimated to USD 16-54 trillion in 1997: USD 200 billion, or 9.5 percent of world agricultural output in 2005, is generated by insect pollination. USD 3.7 trillion of climate-induced damage could be avoided by halving deforestation rates by 2030. USD 50 billion is lost annually from global income derived from marine fisheries, compared to a more sustainable fishing, due to fish stocks over-exploitation. 47 to 89 percent of the total sour ces of livelihoods of rural and poor forest dwellers in some large developing countries come from ecosystem services and other non-marketed natural goods -
Book (stand-alone)Economic value of ecosystem services from the deep seas and the areas beyond national jurisdiction 2020
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No results found.This circular stems from a study carried out for FAO projects “Sustainable Fisheries Management and Biodiversity Conservation of Deep-Sea Living Marine Resources and Ecosystems in the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction” (GCP/GLO/366/GFF) and “Deep-Sea Sponge Grounds Ecosystems of the North Atlantic: An Integrated Approach Towards their Preservation and Sustainable Exploitation” (GCP/GLO/679/EC). These projects included outputs related to the economic valuation of goods and services provided by the deep seas in areas beyond national jurisdiction. This study compiled an estimate of the total economic value (TEV) of the deep seas, which considered the provision of deep-water fish, the harvest of precious corals, the use of substances of marine origin as pharmaceuticals, the extraction of deep and ultra-deep oil and the potential mining of mineral resources from the seafloor, carbon sequestration carried out by the deep seas, the importance of scientific research in the deep seas, and touristic activities with submersibles to visit sites such as the Titanic shipwreck. Comprehensively, the TEV assessed for the deep-sea ecosystem as a whole is estimated at USD 267 billion per year. Ninety two percent of the economic value originates from abiotic resources (oil and minerals), 5 percent from biotic resources (fish, corals and pharmaceuticals of marine origin), 2 percent from cultural services (scientific research and tourism/recreation), and 1 percent from carbon sequestration.
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