Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture- FAO
Paiements des services environnementaux (PSE) dans les paysages agricoles
PSE et les pauvres
Effets indirects
PES programmes may have indirect impactsboth positive and negative on the poor via land price, wage and food price effects. Three different groups can be affected by PES programmes: consumers of food products, wage labourers, buyers of environmental services and rural women.
Payment for Environmental Services could indirectly affect non- participants in areas where PES programmes are implemented and in the whole country through effects on the markets of land, labor, food and environmental services.
By increasing the value of currently marginal land, Payment for Environmental Services can increase the incentive for powerful groups to take control of land, thus exacerbating problems when land tenure is insecure.
PES programmes may have impacts on rural wages, thus affecting the poor who depend on this source of income for their livelihoods. Changes in farming systems or land use may cause changes in labour use (e.g. retiring lands from agricultural production or converting land from agricultural production to forestry will release labour, while moving to silvo-pastoral production systems from conventional systems may absorb labor). PES programmes that release labor can have a downward effect on wages by increasing the availability of unemployed labor in the market. Alternatively PES programmes could increase wages if they increase the demand for labor, particularly in areas where labour is already scarce.
If food markets are not well functioning and food supplies are largely locally procured, even a small reduction in local food production - as a result of the implementation of a PES programme - could have significant impacts on poor food consumers. Finally, PES programmes could provide benefits to the poor as consumers of ecosystem services as well (e.g. water quality and quantity). Rural women are often the household members in charge of collecting water, fuel wood and other natural resources and could therefore be major beneficiaries.
