• Acheteurs de services environnementaux
• Principaux marchés
• Séquestration du carbone
• Éviter les émissions
• Réduire les émissions
• Paiements des services de bassins
• Soutien de la conservation de la biodiversité
• Clients de l'esthétique du paysage
• Tendances futures

Principaux marchés

Réduire les émissions

Bioenergy represents another potentially important source of carbon emissions reduction.

Another potentially important source of carbon emission reductions could come from development of the bioenergy sector. Bioenergy can reduce emissions by substituting for transport fuels and replacing fossil fuels such as coal for power and heat generation.

Nevertheless, one of the major problems of current patterns of biomass use for energy is the low conversion efficiency. Thus, improving bioenergy efficiency represents a fairly straightforward means of reducing carbon emissions, although under the present rules of the CDM, most developing countries are unable to get credits for increasing bioenergy efficiency. Table 3.5 provides a summary of the overall market value for carbon (regulatory and voluntary) with special reference to the agricultural sector.

Table 3.5 - Overall market value for carbon and Agriculture's share (9)

Size and growth of demand
Regulatory Carbon Market	In 2005, the overall market (i)value for carbon was approximately US$10 billion, a year later it had tripled to US 30$ billion, and its volume more than doubled from 710 to 1,639 metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent. Offsets (ie. emission reduction units to compensate over emissions) represent only a quarter of the overall market. CDM projects registered by July 2007 forecast generation of 1 billion CERs (ii) by 2012. Weighted average prices for primary CERs -US$10.90 or €8.40, representing a 52% increase over 2005 levels. Lowest price paid for a permanent CER in 2006 was US$6.80 or €5.20 from a low US$2.50 or €1.90 in 2005 (a 73% increase).
Voluntary Carbon Market	Between 2005 and 2006 voluntary offset market grew by 200%. The overall size of the voluntary carbon market was 91 US $ million in 2006. Prices range from US$0.45 to US$45 per metric ton of carbon dioxide reduction.
Role of Agriculture
Regulatory Market	Only 3% of the overall offsets market value comes from the agricultural sector- amounting to about US$117 million (total CDM valued at US$ 3.9 billion in 2006). At present CDM excludes the major forms of carbon emission reductions that farmers can deliver: forest conservation (avoided deforestation), fire management and soil carbon sequestration. Since EU ETS is the largest market, and it does not allow for LULUCF (iii)credits, demand is very limited representing only 1% of the total volume of CDM transactions. Other projects related to agriculture like livestock waste management to reduce methane emissions account for 2% of CDM projects.
Voluntary Market	About half of the emission reduction units traded under the voluntarily carbon originate in agricultural projects, amounting to about US$45 million. The largest share comes from Soil Carbon (25%) (traded by the Chicago Climate Exchange scheme), followed by afforestation/reforestation projects (21%), avoided deforestation (2%) and methane emissions reduction (2%).
Notes: (i) Overall market includes emission allowances trading and offsetting, though Joint Implementation (JI) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects (ii) CERs are a form of international carbon "credits" issued under CDM as operated under the Kyoto Protocol. Each CER represents one metric ton of carbon dioxide equivalent of emission reductions and are issued for greenhouse gas emission mitigation activities in developing countries. (iii) LULUCF: land use, land use change and forestry.

Paiements des services environnementaux (PSE) dans les paysages agricoles - PESAL
est un projet financé pour le Partenariat FAO-Pays Bas © FAO 2010