• Acheteurs de services environnementaux
• Principaux marchés
• Séquestration du carbone
• Éviter les émissions
• Réduire les émissions
• Paiements des services de bassins
• Soutien de la conservation de la biodiversité
• Clients de l'esthétique du paysage
• Tendances futures

Principaux marchés

Paiements des services de bassins

Watershed protection services are primarily of interest to local and regional users. Demand for watershed services represents a growing opportunity for farmers, if they are located in a critical watershed.

Demand for watershed services represent a growing opportunity for farmers, if they are located in a critical watershed. Public watershed payment schemes, which currently represent by far the largest market for watershed services, are concentrated in the U.S. and China, but numerous smaller public watershed programmes are being established in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Private voluntary watershed programmes are generally small and very localized (10).

Watershed protection services are primarily of interest to local and regional users: it is therefore relatively easy to identify the users or beneficiaries of watershed services (e.g. municipal water suppliers, hydroelectric facilities, industrial users, and irrigation systems). The challenge in developing payment programmes for watershed services is the difficulty of translating user benefit into actual revenue streams. Since farmers are rarely able to exclude beneficiaries from using the watershed services that flow from their land, private users have a strong incentive to become "free riders" and land stewards have little leverage to command payments. However, given the extensive reliance of private agricultural and industrial water users on watershed services, private voluntary PES markets have the potential to proliferate if land stewards and buyers can overcome these challenges through collective action.

A major downside of the local orientation of watershed service benefits is that there is little scope for attracting payments from the international community. The local orientation of watershed service benefits means that, in the long term, developing country watershed payments schemes must be funded primarily by developing country water users. Whether this is feasible depends on the context: the development of local watershed PES programmes is difficult where the water users themselves are poor and unable to afford payments to upstream stewards. In Table 3.6 a summary is presented of cases where payments have gone to reward upstream land managers, mainly in agricultural landscapes, for water quality improvements.

Table 3.6 - Examples of Payments for Watershed Services(11)

PES Scheme	Contracted Activity	Desired Function	US$ from Buyer	US$ to provider
Conservation Reserve Programme, U.S.	Land Fallowing and Improved land management	Improve Water Quality and Flow Regime, Reduce Erosion	$3/ton of erosion reduction	$6 to $26/ha/yr
Water company of Heredia city (ESPH), Costa Rica	Forest Conservation, Reforestation	Maintain Water Quality	$0.008/m 3	$30 to $110/ha/yr
San Pedro del Norte municipal water co., Nicaragua	Forest Protection, Sustainable Forest Management and Improved land management	Improve Water Quality and Flow	$0.31/hh/ month	$26/ha/yr
Pimampiro municipal water co., Ecuador	Forest conservation	Maintain water quality and quantity	US$1.2 per family/month	US$6 to 12/ ha/year
Vittel-Nestlé Water, France	Land purchase, Improved land management, Reforestation	Maintain Water Quality	US$230/ha

Paiements des services environnementaux (PSE) dans les paysages agricoles - PESAL
est un projet financé pour le Partenariat FAO-Pays Bas © FAO 2010