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PUBLICATIONS ON STATISTICAL METHODS AND STANDARDS
Updated: 8 May 2001
Comprehensive publications on statistical methods
and standards in agricultural statistics are available in FAO's
Statistical Development Series. These
publications cover Agricultural Census methods and standards, Sample
Survey Methods for Agricultural Surveys, the World Census of Agriculture
and the System of Economic Accounts for food and agriculture. The
publications are available in the following language versions: English,
French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Russian, and Farsi, as indicated
below.
A number of other publications
on statistical methods and standards have also been released
by FAO. These are available in English and some are also in other
languages.
For further information on these publications contact
Mr Hiek Som, hiek.som@fao.org,
Chief, Statistical Development Service.
How
to order a publication
FAO STATISTICAL DEVELOPMENT SERIES
PUBLICATIONS (SDS)
 Food
and Agricultural Statistics in the Context of a National Information
System, SDS No. 1, 1986
Programme
for the 1990 World Census of Agriculture, SDS No. 2, 1986
Microcomputer-Based
Data Processing: 1990 World Census of Agriculture, SDS No. 2a
1987
Supplement
for Europe: Programme for the 1990 World Census of Agriculture,
SDS No. 2b, 1989
Supplement
For Near East: Programme for the 1990 World Census of Agriculture,
SDS No. 2c, 1990
Supplement
for Asia and the Pacific: Programme for the 1990 World Census of
Agriculture, SDS No. 2d, 1990
Supplement
For Africa: Programme for the 1990 World Census of Agriculture,
SDS No. 2e, 1991
Sampling
Methods For Agricultural Surveys, SDS No. 3, 1989
Collecting
Data on Livestock, SDS No. 4, 1992
Programme
for the World Census of Agriculture 2000, SDS No. 5, 1995
Guidelines
on Employment: Supplement to the Programme for the World Census
of Agriculture 2000, SDS No. 5a, 1997
Guidelines
on the Collection of Structural Aquaculture Statistics: Supplement
to the Programme for the World Census of Agriculture 2000, SDS
No. 5b, 1997
Conducting
Agricultural Censuses and Surveys, SDS No. 6, 1996
Multiple
Frame Agricultural Surveys: Volume 1 - Current Surveys Based on
Area and List Sampling Methods, SDS No. 7, 1996
A
System of Economic Accounts for Food and Agriculture, SDS No.
8, 1996
Report
on the 1990 World Census of Agriculture: International Comparison
and Primary Results by Country (1986-1995), SDS No. 9, 1997
Multiple
Frame Agricultural Surveys: Volume 2 - Agricultural Survey Programmes
Based on Area Frame or Dual Frame (Area and List) Sample Designs,
SDS No. 10, 1998
How
to order a publication
FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
IN THE CONTEXT OF A NATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM, FAO Statistical
Development Series No. 1, 1986
(available in English, French, Spanish)
This publication presents a framework for the overall
programme of agricultural statistics in a country. It is intended
to assist national statisticians to develop agricultural statistics
systems in a co-ordinated way so that the statistics are consistent,
relevant and reliable.
The publication discusses the food and agricultural
decision-makers and the role of statistics in their decision making.
Operational concepts for agricultural statistics are presented,
including a classification of food and agricultural statistics data
items and the definitions of those items. The features of statistical
and analytical programmes and guidelines for implementing statistical
systems are also given.
PROGRAMME FOR THE 1990 WORLD
CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE, FAO Statistical Development Series No. 2,
1986
(available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic)
Since its establishment, FAO has been promoting a
decennial Programme for the World Census of Agriculture. The publication
Programme for the 1990 World Census of Agriculture provides
guidelines for the 1990 Programme, conducted during the decade 1986-1995.
A census of agriculture aims to provide information
on the structure of a nation's agricultural sector, such as farm
size, livestock numbers by type and age/sex, land use, and use of
agricultural machinery and inputs. Programme for the 1990 World
Census of Agriculture was intended to assist countries to conduct
their censuses so that internationally comparable figures could
be obtained.
The publication presents methodological considerations,
recommended items to be included in the census, a proposed tabulation
plan, and guidelines for taking the census. Concepts, definitions
and standards are given. Also included is an alphabetic list of
crops with botanical names and code numbers.
Related publications
Microcomputer-Based
Data Processing: 1990 World Census of Agriculture
Supplement
for Europe: Programme for the 1990 World Census of Agriculture
Supplement
For Near East: Programme for the 1990 World Census of Agriculture
Supplement
for Asia and the Pacific: Programme for the 1990 World Census of
Agriculture
Supplement
For Africa: Programme for the 1990 World Census of Agriculture
Report
on the 1990 World Census of Agriculture: International Comparison
and Primary Results by Country (1986-1995)
MICROCOMPUTER-BASED DATA PROCESSING:
1990 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE, FAO Statistical
Development Series No. 2a, 1987
(available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic)
Since its establishment, FAO has been promoting a
decennial Programme for the World Census of Agriculture. FAO issues
publications to assist countries in conducting censuses; guidelines
for the 1990 Programme, conducted during the decade 1986-1995, are
presented in Programme for the 1990 World
Census of Agriculture.
The publication Microcomputer-based Data Processing:
1990 World Census of Agriculture provides guidance for national
statisticians on processing an agricultural census and is a supplement
to Programme for the 1990 World Census of Agriculture. The
publication outlines a data processing strategy for agricultural
censuses using computer hardware and software available during the
late 1980's.
SUPPLEMENT FOR
EUROPE: PROGRAMME FOR THE 1990 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE, FAO
Statistical Development Series No. 2b, 1989
(available in English, French)
Since its establishment, FAO has been promoting a
decennial Programme for the World Census of Agriculture. FAO issues
publications to assist countries in conducting censuses; guidelines
for the 1990 Programme, conducted during the decade 1986-1995, are
presented in Programme for the 1990 World
Census of Agriculture.
The publication Programme for the 1990 World Census
of Agriculture: Supplement for Europe sets out the issues particular
to conducting agricultural censuses in Europe.
SUPPLEMENT FOR NEAR EAST:
PROGRAMME FOR THE 1990 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE, FAO Statistical
Development Series No. 2c, 1990
(available in English, Arabic)
Since its establishment, FAO has been promoting a
decennial Programme for the World Census of Agriculture. FAO issues
publications to assist countries in conducting censuses; guidelines
for the 1990 Programme, conducted during the decade 1986-1995, are
presented in Programme for the 1990 World
Census of Agriculture.
The publication Programme for the 1990 World Census
of Agriculture: Supplement for Near East sets out the issues
particular to conducting agricultural censuses in the Near East.
SUPPLEMENT FOR
ASIA AND THE PACIFIC: PROGRAMME FOR THE 1990 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE,
FAO Statistical Development Series No. 2d, 1990
(available in English, French, Spanish)
Since its establishment, FAO has been promoting a
decennial Programme for the World Census of Agriculture. FAO issues
publications to assist countries in conducting censuses; guidelines
for the 1990 Programme, conducted during the decade 1986-1995, are
presented in Programme for the 1990 World
Census of Agriculture.
The publication Programme for the 1990 World Census
of Agriculture: Supplement for Asia and the Pacific sets out
the issues particular to conducting agricultural censuses in the
Asia and Pacific region.
SUPPLEMENT FOR
AFRICA: PROGRAMME FOR THE 1990 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE, FAO
Statistical Development Series No. 2e, 1991
(available in English, French)
Since its establishment, FAO has been promoting a
decennial Programme for the World Census of Agriculture. FAO issues
publications to assist countries in conducting censuses; guidelines
for the 1990 Programme, conducted during the decade 1986-1995, are
presented in Programme for the 1990 World
Census of Agriculture.
The publication Programme for the 1990 World Census
of Agriculture: Supplement for Africa sets out the issues particular
to conducting agricultural censuses in Africa.
SAMPLING METHODS
FOR AGRICULTURAL SURVEYS, FAO Statistical Development Series No.
3, 1989
(available in English, French, Spanish, Farsi)
The publication Sampling Methods for Agricultural
Statistics is intended to assist statisticians to design agricultural
sample surveys.
In the publication, the foundations of probability
sampling theory and the basic concepts involved are presented. This
volume concentrates on sample design, which covers only part of
the overall design of agricultural sample surveys. The different
sampling methods are discussed, including simple random sampling,
stratification, systematic sampling, probability proportional to
size sampling, cluster sampling, multi-stage sampling, multi-phase
sampling, and area sampling. Also discussed are: sample design issues,
such as sample allocation to strata and to different stages of sampling;
weighting and sample estimation methods, such as unbiased and ratio
estimates; and methods of estimating sampling errors, including
replicated methods. Some practical problems involved in designing
and conducting sample surveys are also discussed, including frame
problems and evaluation of sampling and non-sampling errors. The
problems of continuous surveys, such as panel surveys, are also
discussed.
COLLECTING DATA
ON LIVESTOCK, FAO Statistical Development Series No. 4, 1992
(available in English, French, Spanish)
This publication discusses the various methodological
issues concerned with the collection of statistics on livestock.
It is intended to assist national statisticians in developing statistical
systems for livestock.
The publication presents a general
framework for livestock statistics within the context of
a national agricultural statistics system. Different data collection
methods are discussed, with particular reference to the problems
of nomadic livestock. Guidelines for undertaking livestock censuses
are also provided. Concepts and definitions for the collection of
data on livestock products (meat, milk, eggs, wool and skins) are
presented, along with a discussion of statistics on cost of production
and feed/fodder. Case studies from Australia and Canada are also
presented.
The publication is an updated edition of the earlier
publication Guide to Statistics of Livestock and Livestock Products
(FAO, 1976).
PROGRAMME FOR
THE WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE 2000, FAO Statistical Development
Series No. 5, 1995
(available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese,
Russian, Farsi)
Since its establishment, FAO has been promoting a
decennial Programme for the World Census of Agriculture. The publication
Programme for the World Census of Agriculture 2000 provides
guidelines for the national censuses of agricultural to be conducted
during the decade 1996-2005.
A census of agriculture is a large-scale periodic
statistical operation for the collection of quantitative information
on the structure of a nation's agricultural sector. The Programme
for the World Census of Agriculture 2000 is intended to assist countries
in the conduct of national censuses of agriculture. It provides
definitions, concepts, standards and guidelines to help countries
generate databases that are internationally comparable. FAO encourages
countries to follow the Programme as closely as national conditions
and practices allow.
The publication has been prepared based on the lessons
learned from 50 years of FAO experience in agricultural censuses.
It presents the issues to be addressed in initial planning for a
census, as well as guidelines for conducting the census, methodological
considerations, and the recommended items to be included. Concepts,
definitions and standards are given. Proposals for processing, tabulating
and disseminating data are also provided. For the first time, the
2000 Programme addresses environment and sustainable development
issues. Also included are the International Standard Industrial
Classification of economic activities with special explanatory notes
on agricultural activities, and an alphabetic list of crops with
botanical names and code numbers.
View
the publication
Related publications
Guidelines
on Employment: Supplement to the Programme for the World Census
of Agriculture 2000
Guidelines
on the Collection of Structural Aquaculture Statistics: Supplement
to the Programme for the World Census of Agriculture 2000
GUIDELINES ON
EMPLOYMENT: SUPPLEMENT TO THE PROGRAMME FOR THE WORLD CENSUS OF
AGRICULTURE 2000, FAO Statistical Development Series No. 5a, 1997
(available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic)
Since its establishment, FAO has been promoting a
decennial Programme for the World Census of Agriculture. The publication
Programme for the World Census of Agriculture
2000 provides guidelines for the national censuses of agricultural
to be conducted during the decade 1996-2005.
A major component of an agricultural census is the
collection of data on agricultural labour; in particular, the amount
of labour resources used on agricultural holdings and the type,
level, and source of labour inputs. Collecting statistics on labour
is often very difficult, and the Guidelines on Employment
supplement provides more detail on the collection of this information
for the World Census of Agriculture 2000.
The publication sets out the basic concepts and definitions
used to measure economic activity, such as employment and unemployment,
and provides details on the definitions, concepts and standards
to be used in the collection of agricultural labour data in the
2000 Programme. Country experiences from Botswana, France, Philippines,
Poland, Thailand and United States are also presented.
GUIDELINES ON
THE COLLECTION OF STRUCTURAL AQUACULTURE STATISTICS: SUPPLEMENT
TO THE PROGRAMME FOR THE WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE 2000, FAO Statistical
Development Series No. 5b, 1997
(available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic)
A census of agriculture is a large-scale national
statistical operation for collecting quantitative information on
the structure of a country's food production sector. The Programme
for the World Census of Agriculture 2000 recommends extending
the scope of the programme to include aquaculture.
This supplement is intended to assist countries in
improving their current surveys of aquaculture and to provide a
framework for those countries planning to develop databases on aquaculture.
Its four chapters provide background information on the need for
the supplement as well as definitions, concepts, standards and guidelines
for collecting internationally comparable data on aspects such as
the location and size of farms, types of aquacultural activity,
employment structure, resource use and inputs. The items proposed
for collection address issues related to natural resource utilization
and sustainable aquaculture developmental issues.
In addition, the supplement provides examples of summary
tables which could be used to develop a questionnaire. Also included
are relevant notes from the main Programme
for the World Census of Agriculture 2000 and the species
classification list used by FAO for farmed aquatic species.
CONDUCTING AGRICULTURAL
CENSUSES AND SURVEYS, FAO Statistical Development Series No. 6,
1996
(available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese)
Since its establishment, FAO has promoted national
censuses of agriculture through the 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990
Programmes for the World Census of Agriculture. FAO published
the Programme for the World Census of
Agriculture 2000 to assist countries with the conduct of
their agricultural censuses, in the decade 1996-2005, by providing
definitions, concepts, standards and guidelines for this Programme.
The publication Conducting Agricultural Censuses
and Surveys provides a practical guide for national statisticians
in conducting an agricultural census either on a complete enumeration
or sample basis and is a supplement to Programme for the World
Census of Agriculture 2000. The publication has been prepared
based on the lessons learned from 50 years of FAO experience in
agricultural censuses and surveys. It discusses the steps involved
in preparing for and conducting a census, including initial planning,
recruitment of staff, preparation of cartographic material, survey
design, design and testing of questionnaires, preparation of a tabulation
plan, publicity, field instruction manuals, enumerator training,
field organisation and quality control. Data processing and dissemination
of results are also discussed.
The publication is an updated edition of the earlier
publication Taking Agricultural Censuses.
The revisions refer particularly to new technical advances in computer
techniques, frame preparations and sampling methods.
View
the publication
MULTIPLE FRAME AGRICULTURAL
SURVEYS: VOLUME 1 - CURRENT SURVEYS BASED ON AREA AND LIST SAMPLING
METHODS, FAO Statistical Development Series No. 7, 1996
(available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Farsi)
National Current Agricultural Survey Programmes, established
to obtain reliable and timely baseline data on the agricultural
sector, are based on one of three sampling survey methods: list
sample designs (commonly farm sampling designs), area sample designs,
and multiple frame designs. Multiple frame designs are those which
combine an area sample with complementary list (farm) samples. Multiple
frame sampling methods should constitute the statistical foundation
of the National Agricultural Survey Programmes in a larger range
of countries, because of their advantages to the traditional farm
sampling methods.
This is the first volume of a two-volume book on Multiple
frame agricultural surveys, which is a comprehensive introduction
for establishing and conducting area and multiple frame probability
sample survey programmes, with a special view on methods and practices
applicable in developing countries. This first volume provides a
general classification of alternative agricultural survey designs
with an indication of their respective advantages and limitations.
It examines the several aspects which have to be considered to establish
and conduct a periodic agricultural survey programme based on multiple
frame sampling methods, i.e. the probability selection and estimation
methods, the survey organization, the equipment and materials needed,
data collection, summarization and processing. The book includes
a detailed description of a category of multiple frame survey designs
considered especially useful for developing countries.
The second volume presents
the area and multiple frame survey methods for Agricultural Survey
Programmes currently used in a wide range of countries. It provides
actual examples of the application of the survey methods presented
in the first volume.
A SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC
ACCOUNTS FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, FAO Statistical Development Series
No. 8, 1996
(available in English, French, Spanish, Chinese)
A System of Economic Accounts is a framework for providing
a coherent, consistent and interrelated set of economic accounts
for a particular sector. The accounts are compiled as part of the
nation's national accounts, which summarise the overall position
of the national economy.
The publication System of Economic Accounts for
Food and Agriculture provides a framework for economic accounts
for the food and agriculture sector. The system has been formulated
using the concepts given in the United Nations System of National
Accounts (1993), and is designed to meet the requirements of analysts,
policy makers and planners dealing with food and agricultural issues.
The publication is intended to be used by national statisticians
to plan agricultural statistics systems and organise the statistics
in an integrated way so that the information may be more useful.
System of Economic Accounts for Food and Agriculture
discusses the overall structure of the system and the linkages with
Food Balance Sheets. Basic national accounting concepts and definitions
are provided. A description of how to compile the accounts for crop
and animal husbandry activities is also given, along with a discussion
of data sources and statistical techniques to deal with missing
data. The publication primarily focuses on crops and livestock,
but also includes a consideration of the forestry and fisheries
sectors.
The publication is an updated edition of the earlier
publication Handbook of Economic Accounts for Agriculture
(FAO, 1974). The present revision updates the national accounting
framework and concepts used in compiling the accounts, and expands
the accounts to also cover forestry and fisheries.
View
the publication
REPORT ON THE
1990 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE: INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON AND PRIMARY
RESULTS BY COUNTRY (1986-1995), FAO Statistical Development Series
No. 9, 1997
(available in English)
Since its establishment, FAO has been promoting a
decennial Programme for the World Census of Agriculture designed
to provide information on the structure of a nation's agricultural
sector.
This publication provides a summary of data from the
1990 World Census of Agriculture Programme for 80 countries. Data
are presented in an internationally comparable form for characteristics
such as the number and area of holdings, land tenure, agricultural
holders and land use.
The publication includes two parts, namely:
Part I: International Comparison, containing
comparable census data for those countries conducting census
of agriculture during the period 1930-1990, with emphasizes
in the 1990 census round.
Part II: Primary Results by Country, includes,
for each country a technical note on the census methodology
and census data for selected variables in a standardized format.
The Primary
Census Results by Country have been subsequently updated.
View
the publication
MULTIPLE FRAME
AGRICULTURAL SURVEYS: VOLUME 2 - AGRICULTURAL SURVEY PROGRAMMES
BASED ON AREA FRAME OR DUAL FRAME (AREA AND LIST) SAMPLE DESIGNS,
FAO Statistical Development Series No. 10, 1998
(available in English, French, Spanish, Arabic)
National Current Agricultural Survey Programmes, established
to obtain reliable and timely baseline data on the agricultural
sector, are based on one of three sampling survey methods: list
sample designs (commonly farm sampling designs), area sample designs,
and multiple frame designs. Multiple frame designs are those which
combine an area sample with complementary list (farm) samples.
This is the second volume of a two-volume book on
Multiple frame agricultural surveys, which is a comprehensive introduction
for establishing and conducting area and multiple frame probability
sample survey programmes, with a special view on methods and practices
applicable in developing countries.
This second volume presents the area and multiple
frame survey methods for Agricultural Survey Programmes currently
used in a wide range of countries. It provides actual examples of
the application of the survey methods presented in the first
volume. The purpose is to allow the reader to make the necessary
comparisons and to facilitate the application of the most appropriate
statistical methods and practices.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS ON STATISTICAL
METHODS AND STANDARDS
REPORT ON THE 1950 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE;
FAO, 1955
PROGRAM FOR THE 1970 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE; FAO, Volume
I-V, 1966-1970
REPORT ON THE 1960 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE; FAO, 1969
NATIONAL METHODS OF COLLECTING AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS (VOLUME
1); FAO, 1974
NATIONAL METHODS OF COLLECTING AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS (VOLUME
2); FAO, 1975
PROGRAMME FOR THE 1980 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE; FAO,
1976
REPORT ON THE 1970 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE; FAO, Volume
I and II, 1977 and 1981
TAKING AGRICULTURAL CENSUSES,
FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 1; FAO, 1978
COLLECTING STATISTICS ON AGRICULTURAL POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT,
FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 7; FAO, 1978
ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF DATA ON POST-HARVEST FOODGRAIN LOSSES,
FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 13; FAO, 1980
FARM AND INPUT PRICES: COLLECTION AND COMPILATION, FAO Economic
and Social Development Paper No. 16; FAO, 1980
ESTIMATION OF CROP AREAS AND YIELDS IN AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS,
FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 22; FAO, 1982
ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF DATA ON PRE-HARVEST FOODGRAIN LOSSES,
FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 28; FAO, 1983
COMMUNITY LEVEL STATISTICS, FAO Economic and Social Development
Paper No. 33; FAO, 1983
USE OF HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS FOR COLLECTION OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL
STATISTICS, FAO Economic and Social Development Paper No. 35;
FAO, 1983
AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS IN THE 1970 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE:
A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, FAO Economic and Social Development
Paper No. 47; FAO, 1984
NATIONAL METHODS OF AGRICULTURAL PRICE DATA COLLECTION, FAO
Economic and Social Development Paper No. 58; FAO, 1986
1980 WORLD CENSUS OF AGRICULTURE: METHODOLOGICAL REVIEW;
FAO 1992
GUIDELINES FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF STATISTICS ON WOMEN: OBTAINING
STATISTICS FROM NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL SURVEYS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
OF THE NEAR EAST; FAO, 1996.
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