|
Annex 2: Definitions
LAND USE / LAND COVER
Land is defined as a physical entity which includes
natural resources: the soils, minerals, agriculture and forests.
These components are essential to maintaining the productive capacity
of an economically sustainable environment. Many problems which
are now being recognised in natural and agricultural land systems
have arisen because of inadequate technologies for assessing and
monitoring land resources, preventing land pollution and rehabilitating
contaminated lands
It should be borne in mind that definitions used by
reporting countries vary considerably and items classified under
the same category often relate to greatly differing kinds of land.
Definitions of land use (land cover) categories are as follows:
Total Area: The total area of the country,
including area under inland water bodies. Data in this category
are obtained mainly from the United Nations Statistical Division,
New York. Possible variations in the data may be due to updating
and revisions of the country data and not necessarily to any change
of area.
Land Area: Total area excludes area under inland
water bodies. The definition of inland water bodies generally includes
major rivers and lakes. Data in this category are obtained mainly
from the United Nations Statistical Division, New York. Possible
variations in the data may be due to updating and revisions of the
country data and not necessarily to any change of area.
Agricultural land: The sum of area under ”Arable
land”, ”Permanent crops” and ”Permanent pastures”.
Arable Land: Land under temporary crops (double-cropped
areas are counted only once), temporary meadows for mowing or pasture,
land under market and kitchen gardens and land temporarily fallow
(less than five years). The abandoned land resulting from shifting
cultivation is not included in this category. Data for arable land
are not meant to indicate the amount of land that is potentially
cultivable.
Permanent Crops: Land cultivated with crops
that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted
after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee and rubber; this category
includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees and
vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber.
Permanent Pasture: Land used permanently (five
years or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either cultivated or
growing wild (wild prairie or grazing land). The dividing line between
this category and the category "Forests and woodland"; is rather
indefinite, especially in the case of shrubs, savannah, etc., which
may have been reported under either of these two categories.
Forests and Woodland: Land under natural or
planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. This category
includes land from which forests have been cleared but that will
be reforested in the foreseeable future, but it excludes woodland
or forest used only for recreation purposes. The question of shrub
land, savannah, etc. raises the same problem as in the category
"Permanent meadows and pastures". In the year 1995 and onward there
will be no data for this category. Data relating to forest area
can be obtained from the FAO Forest Resources Division.
Non arable and permanent crops: From 1995 this
element includes any other land not specifically listed under arable
land and land under permanent crops, permanent pastures, forests
and woodland, built on areas, roads, barren lands, etc.
Irrigated Area: Data on irrigation relate to
areas equipped to provide water to the crops. These include areas
equipped for full and partial control irrigation, spate irrigation
areas, and equipped wetland or inland valley bottoms.
TRACTORS
Tractors: Data generally refer to total wheel
and crawler tractors (excluding garden tractors) used in agriculture.
PESTICIDES
Pesticides Consumption: Data refer to the quantity
of pesticides used in or sold to the agricultural sector expressed
in metric tons of active ingredients
FERTILIZER
Fertilizers Consumption: Quantity of fertilizer
consumed in agriculture expressed in metric tons of plant nutrient.
POPULATION
Population: The total population series have
been obtained from the UN Population Division, which prepares estimates
and projections of the total population by sex and age for each
fifth year from 1950 to 2050. These series are biennially revised
and the present ones refer to the 2000 revision ("World Population
Prospects: The 2000 Revision", United Nations, New York, 2001).
As part of this biennial exercise the UN also derives annual estimates
by interpolation. The urban/rural population, the economically active
population and the agricultural/non-agricultural population segments
were obtained by systematically applying to the total population
the series of relevant ratios (i.e. proportion of urban population,
proportion of economically active population by sex and age, etc).
The total population usually refers to the present-in-area (de facto)
population which includes all persons physically present within
the present geographical boundaries of countries at the mid-point
of the reference period.
Total economically active population: This
refers to the number of all employed and unemployed persons (including
those seeking work for the first time). It covers employers; self-employed
workers; salaried employees; wage earners; unpaid workers assisting
in a family, farm or business operation; members of producers' cooperatives;
and members of the armed forces. The economically active population
is also called the labour force.
Total Economically Active Population in agriculture:
The economically active population in agriculture is that part of
the economically active population engaged in or seeking work in
agriculture, hunting, fishing or forestry.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
Gross Domestic Product (current US$): Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) is the sum of gross value added by all resident
producers in the economy plus any product taxes minus any subsidies
not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without
making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion
and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using
single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the
official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied
to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion
factor is used.
Agriculture, value added (current US$): Agriculture
corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry, hunting,
and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production.
Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs
and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making
deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and
degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined
by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC),
revision 3. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
LIVE ANIMALS
Data refers to the number of animals of the species
present in the country at the time of enumeration in terms of livestock
unit (LU). It includes animals raised either for draft purposes
or for meat and dairy production or kept for breeding. Live animals
in captivity for fur or skin such as foxes, minks, etc., are not
included. The enumeration chosen, when more than one survey is taken,
is the closest to the beginning of the calendar year.
Live animals data is reported in livestock unit (LU)
for comparison of different species across geographical regions.
The livestock unit is a standardized animal units obtained by multiplying
total number of animals with a conversion factors that takes into
account "feed requirements" for the animal. The following
conversion factors have been used for compiling the livestock unit
for each country/region.
| |
Cattle |
Buffalo |
Sheep |
Goats |
Pigs |
Horses |
Camels |
Chickens |
Ducks Turkeys Geese |
Rabbits |
| North Africa |
0.70 |
0.70 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.20 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
| Sub Saharan Africa |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.20 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
| South Africa |
0.70 |
0.70 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.20 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
| North America |
1.00 |
1.00 |
0.15 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
| Central America |
0.70 |
0.70 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
| South America |
0.70 |
0.70 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
| Asia |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
| Eastern Europe |
0.70 |
0.70 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
| Oceania Developing |
0.50 |
0.50 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
| USSR |
0.60 |
0.60 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
| OECD |
0.90 |
0.90 |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.25 |
0.8 |
1.1 |
0.01 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
VALUE OF AGRICUTURAL PRODUCTION IN INTERNATIONAL
DOLLAR
Value of Agricultural production (Net production
at 1989-91 International dollar prices): The value of agricultural
production has been derived by multiplying net production (i.e.
gross production after deductions of quantities used as seed and
feed) with international commodity average (average of 1989, 1990
and 1991) prices. These ”international prices”, expressed in so-called
”international dollars”, are derived using a Geary-Khamis formula
for the agricultural sector. This method assigns a single ”price”
to each commodity. For example, one metric ton of wheat has the
same price regardless of the country where it was produced.
AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENT
Capital Stock in Agriculture and Investment in
Agriculture: The estimates of Investment in Agriculture have
indirectly been derived by the FAO Statistics Division using physical
data on livestock, tractors, irrigated land and land under permanent
crops, etc. and the average prices for the year 1995. These data
enabled the derivation of the Capital Stock in Agriculture and the
annual change in the latter is taken to reflect Investment in Agriculture.
EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE TO AGRICULTURE
External Assistance to Agriculture (EAA): The
External Assistance to Agriculture (EAA) is the commitments made
by bilateral and multilateral donors to the developing countries
and countries in transition for the development of agriculture.
The EAA consists of data on commitments from Development Assistance
Committee (DAC located in Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development), OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries),
the World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
and International Development Association),, Asian and African Regional
Development Banks, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
FAO, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR),
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The commitments
made in the form of grants, grant-like and loans are only included.
The data does not cover some of the donors like European Economic
Community (EEC), Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and
some of the regional banks due to availability of data. The assistance
also does not cover food aid and other technical cooperation provided
in kind. The term ”Agriculture” is used in broad sense to cover
agriculture, forestry, fisheries, land & water, agro-industries,
environment, manufacturing of agricultural inputs & machineries,
regional & river development and rural development.
PRESSURE FOR AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION
Net Export of Agricultural and Food Products (Export
Value less Import Value at Base Period Price): import value
and export value are compiled multiplying the current quantity with
the base period unit value (the 3-year weighted mean unit value
of the period 1989-1991). This covers trade for agricultural products
and food products. Food products include commodities that are considered
edible and contain nutrients, except for animal feed products and
alcoholic beverages. Coffee and tea are also excluded because, although
edible, they have practically no nutritive value. Value represents
the current values of export (f.o.b.) and of import (c.i.f.), all
expressed in US dollars. If any country reports import values on
f.o.b. basis, these are adjusted to approximate c.i.f. values.
Import and Export values at base year prices are not
available (calculated) for Czechoslovak, Czech Rep and Slovakia;
Yugoslavia SFR, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia
and Montenegro and Slovenia; USSR, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova
Rep, Russian Fed, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan,
Ethiopia PDR, Eritrea, Ethiopia. As a consequence, for these sets
of indicators totals for World, Developed, Transition Markets and
Developing countries exclude above mentioned countries
|
