In early 2020, the unprecedented nature of COVID-19 prompted India, among many other countries, toput in place stark measures to stem the virus’ spread and the cost of human lives. We analyze data fromphone-based surveys on disruptions to agricultural production and food security, administered with1515 smallholder producers in the states of Haryana and Odisha. We find substantial heterogeneity inhow the lockdown affected farmers in these two states, which is likely related to existing structural differences in market infrastructure and to differences in state-specific COVID-related policies. In Odisha,where mechanization is limited, farmers spent more on labor to harvest their crops, and distress sellingwas more prevalent due to the absence of a well-functioning procurement system for their crops. InHaryana, preexisting market infrastructure allowed the state to sustain procurement at stable prices, lim-iting impacts on smallholder production. As consumers, farmers in Haryana faced more disruptions thanthose in Odisha, due to reduced availability of foods in the markets, whereas farmers in Odisha benefitedfrom more diverse cropping patterns and increased local supply of foods following transport restrictions.Ó2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This isanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBYlicense