May 2000
MAIN
LANDING PLACES
Generally, fish landing places in Indonesia are classified into three categories, based on their capacity and facilities available. The first category is the Oceanic Fishing Harbour (Type A fishing harbour) that is able to provide daily shelter for at least 100 fishing vessels of more than 60 GRT each, especially those fishing in the waters of the Indonesian EEZ.
Additionally, Type A harbours are able to support annual landings of 18 000 to 120 000 t. The second category is the Nusantara Fishing Harbour (Type B fishing harbour), that are able to provide daily servicing of 75 fishing vessels of 15 - 60 GRT each, fishing in Indonesian home waters and the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The Type B harbours are able to support annual landings of 7 200 - 18 000 t. The third category is the Coastal Fishing Harbour (Type C fishing harbour), capable of daily harbouring 50 fishing vessels of 5 - 15 GRT and support annual landings of 3 000 - 7 200 t.
Harbour types A, B and C are managed by the Directorate General of Fisheries.
Additionally, there is a Type D, namely fish landing centres, that are under the management of Provincial governments.
Most of these fisheries harbours are in the western part of Indonesia (77%), with the rest in the eastern part (23%). Their location and the approximate quantity of fish landed in each are listed in Table 1:
|
Table 1. Fisheries harbour, type, target and actual fish landings (t) in 1997 |
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|
No |
Fisheries harbour |
Type |
Target of landings |
Actual landings |
|
1 |
Jakarta |
A |
18
000 |
73
577 |
|
Total |
143 400 |
279 621 |
||
|
Note: Total landing of national marine fisheries in 1997 was 3.6 million t |
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MANAGEMENT OF MARINE FISHERIES RESOURCES
As a maritime continent with 5.8 million km2 of marine waters, comprising 2.7 million km2 of territorial waters and 3.1 million km2 of EEZ, fisheries play a significant role in increasing export and foreign exchange earnings, providing employment opportunities, income for fishers as well as national income, and supplying fish and aquatic products to improve the nutritional standard of the nation.
Fisheries of Indonesia are more labour intensive than capital intensive. A huge number of fishers are engaged in the fisheries sector, namely 2.5 million in capture fisheries and 2.2 million in aquaculture (1996). Approximately 90% of the fisheries industry can be classified as small-scale industry.
The contribution of the fisheries sector to food security, employment, income and foreign exchange earning has played an influential role in the development plan of the country.
Overall strategy
Maximising benefits by:
- appropriate biological and economic levels of fishing;
- preventing conflict between users;
- utilizing fish better - more socially desirable distribution of economic rent;
- conserving the resource;
- preventing overexploitation by controlling effort;
- improving quality of fish by reducing post-harvest losses;
- developing the use of new fish resources, including fish farming, aquaculture, and
- use of little-known species; and
- improving marketing and presentation of the products.
Management objectives, measures and institutional arrangements for major fisheries
Basically, the main objective of Indonesia's fisheries policy is the promotion of sustainable development in the fisheries sector through responsible fisheries. A rational balance between production, distribution and conservation of the resources and their environment is the management aim.
The overall development strategies of the Government of Indonesia are:
- to
increase employment opportunities, income and welfare of fishers
and aquafarmers;
- to
increase foreign exchange earnings by increasing quality and quantity
of landings and aquaculture products; and
- to improve the nutritional standard of the people, especially those in lower-income strata.
In general, the management objectives include: income distribution; regional development; rural as opposed to urban growth; employment; technology and scale of operation; and ownership.
Biological management aims
Biologically, the management of the fisheries resources is based on fish quotas, i.e., the total allowable catch (TAC) that is determined on the basis of up to 80% of the estimated potential yield, namely 6.2 million t/yr. Currently the fisheries resources are classified into several groups, namely: (1) large pelagics (skipjack, tunas, billfish, oceanic sharks and small tuna); (2) small pelagics (including scads, mackerels, sardinellas, trevallies, engraulid anchovy, etc.); (3) demersal and coral reef fishes (groupers, snappers, rabbitfish, slipmouth, etc.); and (4) prawn, shrimp, other crustaceans, etc.
Most of the fisheries resources in the western part of Indonesian waters have been exploited intensively, while most resources in the eastern part still have room for development.
Government agencies that are responsible for fisheries administration, development and management are the Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF) and Provincial and Regential Fisheries Services. Administration of local fisheries is the responsibility of the Governor at the provincial level, and Bupati (Head of District) or Mayor at district or municipal level.
These regional offices are under authority of the Department of Home Affairs, and implement the fisheries programme under the technical guidance of DGF.
Aquaculture management
Since the total catch of marine capture fisheries has moved close to their potential yield, aquaculture will play an important role in providing fisheries products, both for domestic as well as for foreign markets. The total area under aquaculture in Indonesia has tended to increase recently, from 526 092 ha in 1996 to 574 219 ha in 1997.
Within the period 1999 - 2003, the Indonesian Government plans to develop aquaculture through intensification on an existing area of 256 555 ha and extending to another 123 800 ha.
The species to be cultured are primarily penaeid shrimps, barramundi, groupers, pearl oyster and seaweed.
Investment in the fisheries sector can be estimated from the number of fishing vessels in the period 1994-1997, when there was an increase from 396 185 to 433 054 units, an increment of 3% per year.
In addition, increasing investment is also demonstrated by the growth in area under aquaculture in the same period, which reached 3% per year.
The potential yield of marine fish resources of Indonesia has been estimated to be 6.2 million t/yr, while total marine fish landings were 3.6 million t in 1997.
Based on the precautionary approach principle in fisheries management, it is advisable to catch only 80% of the potential yield as the TAC, i.e., 4.96 million t/yr.
Within three to four years this TAC is expected to be reached.
Indonesia's population is currently more than 200 million. If fish consumption per caput is 20 kg/yr, it will need more than 4 million t.
Assuming an annual population growth rate of 2-3%, Indonesia's population have doubled after 25 years. The demand for fish for national consumption will be as much as 8 million t/year, a quantity far beyond the potential yield of marine fish resources.
MAIN FISHERY REGULATIONS, INCLUDING FOREIGN FISHING
A number of laws and regulations currently control the sector, both for fisheries management and both domestic and foreign fishing in the Indonesian EEZ:
- Act
No. 9/1985: Fisheries Act;
- Government
Decree No. 15/1984 or Regulation No. 15 on Fisheries Resources;
- Management
in the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone;
- Government
Regulation No. 15/1990: Regulation of Fishing Businesses;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 144/1993: on appointing a Port as a Fishing Base for
Chartered Foreign Flag Fishing Vessels for Fishing in the Indonesian
EEZ;
- Ministerial
Decree 57/1995: on the Modification of Decree No. 144/1993;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 473/1985: on the Amount of Allowable Catch in the Indonesian
EEZ;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 475/1985 on Permit for Private and Foreign Companies
to Fish in the Indonesian EEZ;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 476/1985 on Reporting Requirements for Fishing Vessels
Permitted to Fish in the Indonesian EEZ;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 477/1985 on the Fishing Fees Imposed on Foreign Persons
or Legal Entities (with further amendments by the Ministerial Decree
No. 438/1986 and the
- Ministerial
Decree No. 477/1988);
- Ministerial
Decree No. 277/1986 on Fishing Permits in Indonesian Waters and
EEZ;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 417/1988 on Control of the Utilization of Fishery Resources
in the Indonesian EEZ;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 900/1988 on the Requirements for Foreign Fishing Vessels
to Export Their Harvests from Indonesian Ports or to Sell Them in
Domestic Markets;
- Letter
of Instruction from Minister of Research and Technology 557/1985
on the Development of Fishing Fleet;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 815/1990: on Fishing Business Licensing;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 816/1990: on the Use of Chartered Foreign Flag Fishing
Vessels for Fishing in the Indonesian EEZ;
- Ministerial
Decree No144/1993: on Appointment of Ports as a Fishing Base for
Foreign Vessels Chartered by Indonesian Companies for Fishing in
Indonesian EEZ (with further amendment by the Ministerial Decrees
No. 57/1995 and No. 14/1996);
- Ministerial
Decree No. 375/1995 on the Prohibition of Catching Napoleon Wrasse
(Cheilinus undulatus Ruppel);
- Ministerial Decree No. 805/1995 on the Use of Fish Carrier Vessels.
Two ministerial decrees are now in preparation concerning estimation of potential yield of Indonesian marine fisheries resources and concerning revision of the zonation of coastal fishing.
Laws and regulations on fisheries enacted prior to Act No. 9/1985 were:
- Ministerial
Decree No. 561/1973 on the Utilization of By-catch (with further
Amendment by the Ministerial Decree No. 40/1974);
- Ministerial
Decree No. 1/1975 on the Establishment of Ministry's Authority to
Limit Fishing Effort;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 123/1975 on Minimum Mesh Size of Purse Seine Used to
Catch Small Pelagic Fishes;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 607/1976 on Coastal Fishing Zones;
- Ministerial
Decree No. 608/1976 on Fishing Zones of the Government-owned Companies'
Fishing Vessels;
- Presidential
Decree No. 39/1980 on Banning All Trawlers from Waters off Java
and Sumatra;
- Presidential
Instruction No. 11/1982 on the Extension of the Trawl Ban Throughout
Indonesia to be effective from 1 January 1983.
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF FISHERIES INSTITUTIONS AT NATIONAL LEVEL
The Directorate General of Fisheries (DGF) is the government agency responsible for administration, development, and management of fisheries in Indonesia is located in the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries in Indonesia.
Organizational chart (organigram) of the Directorate General of Fisheries
of Indonesia
