Table 2. Summary of dietary
nutrient requirements and utilization of L.
calcarifer (requirement expressed for dry
feed except where mentioned otherwise) |
Nutrient
level |
Life stage/size class |
|
Larvae rearing |
Nursery phase |
Grow-out |
Grow-out |
|
2-25 days |
<10 g |
10-200 g |
>200 g |
Crude protein, % min |
50 (t) |
|
45�50 (m) ; 60 (h) |
40�45 (k) ; 52 (h) |
Crude protein, g/kg body
weight/day |
|
|
|
|
Amino acids, % min of
dietary protein |
|
|
|
|
Arginine |
|
|
3.8 (b) |
|
Histidine |
|
|
|
|
Isoleucine |
|
|
|
|
Leucine |
|
|
|
|
Lysine |
|
|
4.5 (b) |
|
Methionine |
|
|
2.24 (i) |
|
Phenylalanine |
|
|
|
|
Threonine |
|
|
|
|
Tryptophan |
|
|
0.41 (a) |
|
Valine |
|
|
|
|
Crude lipid, % min |
|
15�18 (j) |
|
19 (r) |
Essential fatty acids, %
min |
|
|
|
|
18:2n-6 |
|
|
|
|
20:4n-6 |
|
|
|
|
18:3n-3 |
|
|
0.45 (g) |
|
20:5n-3 |
|
|
0.75 (g) |
|
22:6n-3 |
|
|
1.15 (g) |
|
n-3 : n-6 ratio |
|
|
1.5�1.8 : 1 (g) |
|
Carbohydrate, %
recommended |
|
|
20 (l) |
|
Crude fibre, % max |
|
|
|
|
Gross energy, min kJ/g |
21(t) |
|
|
|
Digestible energy, min
kJ/g |
|
|
15 (o) ; 15.5 (g) |
17 (o) |
Metabolizable energy,
min kJ/g |
|
|
|
|
Protein to energy ratio,
mg/kJ |
|
|
26.7 (g) ; 30.7 (p) ; 22.5 (q) |
|
Minerals |
|
|
|
|
Macroelements (%) |
|
|
|
|
Calcium, max |
|
|
|
|
Phosphorus, min |
|
|
0.5�1 (n) |
|
Magnesium, min |
|
|
|
|
Sodium, min |
|
|
|
|
Microelements, min mg/kg
dry diet |
|
|
|
|
Potassium |
|
|
|
|
Iron |
|
|
|
|
Sulphur |
|
|
|
|
Chlorine |
|
|
|
|
Copper |
|
|
|
|
Manganese |
|
|
|
|
Zinc |
|
|
|
|
Cobalt |
|
|
|
|
Selenium |
|
|
|
|
Iodine |
|
|
|
|
Molybdenium |
|
|
|
|
Chromium |
|
|
|
|
Flourine |
|
|
|
|
Vitamins, min IU/kg |
|
|
|
|
Vitamin A |
|
|
|
|
Vitamin D |
|
|
|
|
Vitamins, min mg/kg |
|
|
|
|
Vitamin E |
|
|
Required (c) |
|
Vitamin K |
|
|
|
|
Thiamine |
|
|
Required (c) |
|
Riboflavin |
|
|
Required (c) |
|
Pyridoxine |
|
|
5�10 (d) |
|
Pantothenic acid |
|
|
15�90 (c); 60 (s) |
|
Niacin |
|
|
|
|
Folic acid |
|
|
|
|
Vitamin B12 |
|
|
|
|
Choline |
|
|
|
|
Inositol |
|
|
Required (c) |
|
Biotin |
|
|
|
|
Ascorbic acid |
|
|
25�30 (e) or 500�700 (f) |
|
Data source: (a) Coloso et al.
(2004); (b) Murillo-Gurrea et al. (2001); (c) Boonyaratpalin and Wanakowat
(1993); (d) Wanakowat et al. (1989); (e) Phromkunthong et al. (1997) based on
ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Mg or ascorbic acid glucose; (f) Boonyaratpalin et
al. (1989; 1994) based on crystalline ascorbic acid; (g) Williams and Barlow
(1999); (h) Williams et al. (2003a); (i) Millamena (1994); (j) Sakaras et al.
(1988, 1989); (k) Wong and Chou (1989); (l) Catacutan and Coloso (1997).
Recommended level with 6-18 % lipid and 42.5 % CP; (m) Sakaras et al. (1988);
(n) Boonyaratpalin and Phongmaneerat (1990); (o) Glencross (2003); (p)
Catacutan and Coloso (1995); (q) Williams et al. (2006). Fish reard in cool
water; (r) Glencross et al. (2003); (s) Mali et al. (1993); (t) Nankervis and
Southgate (2006b). |
|
|
|
|
|