Table 12a. Suggested feed quality norms (% "as fed" unless otherwise specified)  for Penaeus monodon
Feed class	Larvae (Z-M)	Postlarvae	Starter	Grower	Finisher
Crude protein % (mean)	45�52 (47)	40�50 (45)	38�42 (40)1	35�42 (38)	35�40 (36)
Non�protein nitrogen (%)		<0.2	<0.2	<0.2	<0.2
Crude lipid % (mean)	6�12 (7.5)	6�10 (7.5)	5.7�8 (6.7)	3.5�8 (6.7)	3.5�8 (6)
Crude fibre %	<3	<3	<4	<4	<5
Moisture %	<11	<11	<12	<12	<12
Carbohydrate %	10�15	10�15	10�15	15�25	20�30
Energy (kcal/100 g of feed)	340�380	340�380	320�370	300�370	280�340
Ash (%)	<14	<14	<14	<16	<16
Phosphorus (%)		1.2�1.5	1.2�1.5	1.2�1.5	1.2�1.5
Calcium (%)		<2.3	<2.3	<2.3	<2.3
Potassium (%)	0.7�0.9	0.7�0.9	0.7�0.9	0.7�0.9	0.7�0.9
Essential fatty acid (%)
Linoleic acid + Linolenic acid (min)	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)	1	>0.8	>0.6	>0.5	>0.5
Phospholipids (lecithin) (%)	1	1	0.4�1	0.4�1	0.4�1
Cholesterol2 (%)	0.5	0.4�0.5	0.2�0.5	0.2�0.5	0.2�0.5
Astaxanthin (ppm)		200	�	�	50�200
Essential amino acid (%)
Arginine	2.7	2.7	2.5�3.1	2.5�3.1	2.5�3.1
Isoleucine			1.33�1.67	1.33�1.67	1.33�1.67
Methionine	1.1	1.1	0.72�1.24	0.72�1.24	0.72�1.24
Methionine + Cystine	1.6	1.6	>1.37	>1.37	>1.37
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine			1.62�2.16	1.62�2.16	1.62�2.16
Phenylalanine			1.50�1.70	1.50�1.70	1.50�1.70
Tryptophan			0.4�0.55	0.4�0.55	0.4�0.55
Histidine			0.63�1.00	0.63�1.00	0.63�1.00
Lysine	2.4	2.4	2.1�3.0	2.0�3.0	2.0�3.0
Threonine	1.6	1.6	1.37�1.7	1.37�1.7	1.37�1.7
Valine			1.52�2.1	1.52�2.1	1.52�2.1
Leucine			2.0�2.62	2.0�2.62	2.0�2.62
Target shrimp size (g)		<0.5	0.5�5    �	5�30     �	>30     �
Feed type		Powders	Crumble, short�cut pellets	Pellet	Pellet
Feed size (mm)		various �m	0.4�2.0 mm	1.8�2.5D x    2.0�5L	1.8�2.5D x     2.0�5L
Typical market prices US$ (CIF)3		$10	807�1 067	807�956	807�911
Pathogenic bacterium (Salmonella)		Not permitted
Aspergillus		Not permitted
Aflatoxin		<10 ppb
Adapted from Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence, 1991; Ahamad Ali, 1999, 2001; CIBA, 2000, 2003 (http://www.ciba.tn.nic.in/ (accessed March 2009);  Conklin, 2003; FAO, 2007b;  Glencross and Smith, 1999, 2001a,b; Gonz�lez-F�lixa et al., 2004; Perez-Velazquez, Gonz�lez-F�lix and  Lawrence, 2004; Lovell (1989);Penaflorida, 1999.
1Assuming a good level of natural production contributing to the diet, the protein level of the starter can be lower.
2Cholesterol in raw materials should be accounted for and may supply all cholesterol needs (0.25 %) for grower
pellets (W.G. Dominy, personal communication, 1999).
3Cost including freight to port of destination; FOB price quoted in 2007: US$ 650/tonne, 42 % protein (Sanfeng Feed, China).