Table 12a. Suggested feed
quality norms (% "as fed" unless otherwise specified) for Penaeus monodon |
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Feed class |
Larvae (Z-M) |
Postlarvae |
Starter |
Grower |
Finisher |
Crude protein % (mean) |
45�52 (47) |
40�50 (45) |
38�42 (40)1 |
35�42 (38) |
35�40 (36) |
Non�protein nitrogen (%) |
|
<0.2 |
<0.2 |
<0.2 |
<0.2 |
Crude lipid % (mean) |
6�12 (7.5) |
6�10 (7.5) |
5.7�8 (6.7) |
3.5�8 (6.7) |
3.5�8 (6) |
Crude fibre % |
<3 |
<3 |
<4 |
<4 |
<5 |
Moisture % |
<11 |
<11 |
<12 |
<12 |
<12 |
Carbohydrate % |
10�15 |
10�15 |
10�15 |
15�25 |
20�30 |
Energy (kcal/100 g of feed) |
340�380 |
340�380 |
320�370 |
300�370 |
280�340 |
Ash (%) |
<14 |
<14 |
<14 |
<16 |
<16 |
Phosphorus (%) |
|
1.2�1.5 |
1.2�1.5 |
1.2�1.5 |
1.2�1.5 |
Calcium (%) |
|
<2.3 |
<2.3 |
<2.3 |
<2.3 |
Potassium (%) |
0.7�0.9 |
0.7�0.9 |
0.7�0.9 |
0.7�0.9 |
0.7�0.9 |
Essential fatty acid (%) |
Linoleic acid + Linolenic acid (min) |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + Docosahexaenoic
acid (DHA) |
1 |
>0.8 |
>0.6 |
>0.5 |
>0.5 |
Phospholipids (lecithin) (%) |
1 |
1 |
0.4�1 |
0.4�1 |
0.4�1 |
Cholesterol2 (%) |
0.5 |
0.4�0.5 |
0.2�0.5 |
0.2�0.5 |
0.2�0.5 |
Astaxanthin (ppm) |
|
200 |
� |
� |
50�200 |
Essential amino
acid (%) |
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Arginine |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.5�3.1 |
2.5�3.1 |
2.5�3.1 |
Isoleucine |
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|
1.33�1.67 |
1.33�1.67 |
1.33�1.67 |
Methionine |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.72�1.24 |
0.72�1.24 |
0.72�1.24 |
Methionine + Cystine |
1.6 |
1.6 |
>1.37 |
>1.37 |
>1.37 |
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine |
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1.62�2.16 |
1.62�2.16 |
1.62�2.16 |
Phenylalanine |
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|
1.50�1.70 |
1.50�1.70 |
1.50�1.70 |
Tryptophan |
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|
0.4�0.55 |
0.4�0.55 |
0.4�0.55 |
Histidine |
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|
0.63�1.00 |
0.63�1.00 |
0.63�1.00 |
Lysine |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.1�3.0 |
2.0�3.0 |
2.0�3.0 |
Threonine |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.37�1.7 |
1.37�1.7 |
1.37�1.7 |
Valine |
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1.52�2.1 |
1.52�2.1 |
1.52�2.1 |
Leucine |
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2.0�2.62 |
2.0�2.62 |
2.0�2.62 |
Target shrimp size (g) |
|
<0.5 |
0.5�5 � |
5�30 � |
>30 � |
Feed type |
|
Powders |
Crumble, short�cut pellets |
Pellet |
Pellet |
Feed size (mm) |
|
various �m |
0.4�2.0 mm |
1.8�2.5D x 2.0�5L |
1.8�2.5D x 2.0�5L |
Typical market prices US$ (CIF)3 |
|
$10 |
807�1 067 |
807�956 |
807�911 |
Pathogenic bacterium (Salmonella) |
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Not permitted |
Aspergillus |
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Not permitted |
Aflatoxin |
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<10 ppb |
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Adapted from Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence, 1991; Ahamad Ali, 1999,
2001; CIBA, 2000, 2003 (http://www.ciba.tn.nic.in/ (accessed March
2009); Conklin, 2003; FAO, 2007b; Glencross and Smith, 1999,
2001a,b; Gonz�lez-F�lixa et al., 2004; Perez-Velazquez, Gonz�lez-F�lix and
Lawrence, 2004; Lovell (1989);Penaflorida, 1999. |
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1Assuming a good level of natural
production contributing to the diet, the protein level of the starter can be
lower. |
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2Cholesterol in raw materials
should be accounted for and may supply all cholesterol needs (0.25 %) for
grower |
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pellets
(W.G. Dominy, personal communication, 1999). |
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3Cost including freight to port of
destination; FOB price quoted in 2007: US$ 650/tonne, 42 % protein (Sanfeng
Feed, China). |
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