Table 2a. Summary of dietary nutrient requirement and utilization of the giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon
Nutrient level (as g/kg)			Life stage/size class
		Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence (1991), 38% CPt	Larvae	Post-larvae (PL)	Juvenile	P. monodon bodyu	Adult/ broodstock	Data source
			[a]	[b]	[c]	[d]	[e]
Crude protein, % min		38	45	45, 40�44d	35�40, 40d, 33�44, 35, 40, 40b, 44b	70	35�38d	[a] 34 [b] 34, 26 [c]28, 26, 23, 15, 16, 20, 20 [d] 30  [e] 26
Amino acids, g/kg diet for feed and g/kg dry matter for P. monodon
	Arginine	22			18.5�25.0�30, 37.1, 25	49.9		[c] 1,5,7, 21, 27 [d] 30
	Histidine	8		8	6.9�9.2	11.8		[b] 6, [c] 21,7 [d] 30
	Isoleucine	13.2		10.1	6.1�17.6	26.5		[b] 6, [c] 21,7 [d] 30
	Leucine	20.5		17	10.3�29	59.6		[b] 6, [c] 21,7 [d] 30
	Lysine	20.1			20.8�27.5�31.6	44		[c] 5,7,21
	Methionine	9.1		8.9	10, 12.4, 6r	15		[b] 2, [c] 7, 21, 64
	Methionine + Cysteine				10.6r	23		[c] 64
	Phenylalanine	15.2		14	16.2, 17	29.7		[b] 6, [c] 7, 21 [d] 30
	Threonine	13.7		14	15.6, 16.1	26.9		[b] 4, [c] 7, 21 [d] 30
	Tryptophan	3		2	4.4	6.6		[b] 6, [c] 7, 21 [d] 30
	Valine	15.2		13.5	20.3	30.4		[b] 3, [c] 7 [d] 30
Crude lipid, % min		6.0�7.5	7.5	7.5	7, 3.5�8.0, 5�8	5.88		[a] 34 [b] 34 [c] 23, 21,34,37 [d] 30
Essential fatty acids, % min
	18:2n�6 Linoleic acid	0.4			0.05		0.8712	[e] 8, [c] 21
	20:4n�6 Arachidonic acid						0.79	[e] 8
	18:3n�3 Linolenic acid	0.3			0.1		0.4598	[e] 8, [c] 21
	20:5n�3 Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)�	0.4			0.01		1.43; 1.77	[e] 8, 9, [c] 21
	22:6n�3  Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)	0.4			0.005		0.75; 0.9	[e] 8, 9, [c] 21
	n3/n6 ratio				2.5:1		1.81	[c] 38 [e] 8
Lecithin (%)		>1	1	1	0.1�2			[a] 60 [b] 60 [c] 21
Cholesterol (%)		0.3�0.4	0.4, 1	0.4, 1	>0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.17, 0.1			[a] 34, 60 [b] 34, 60 [c] 39, 34, 21, 61, 62
Carbohydrate, % max					32			[c] 23
Crude fibre, % max		<4.0			<4			[c] 41
Gross energy, min kJ/g						19.17		[d] 30
Gross energy, min kcal/100 g					330a, 280�370, 263�331, 330e			[c] 22, 21, 23, 29
Digestible energy, min kJ/g
Metabolizable energy, min kJ/g
Protein to energy ratio, mg/kcal					146�150, 125, 121a			[c] 23, 24, 25
P/E ratio (mg protein/kJ)					28, 29.86			[c] 25,35
Lipid:carbohydrate ratio					1:4.6c			[c] 23
Minerals (%)
Ash (%)				<14	<16	16.35		[b] 26 [c] 26 [d] 30
Macroelements (%)
	Calcium, max				<2.3			[c] 31 [d] 31
	Calcium: Phosphorus				01:01			[c] 42
	Phosphorus, min	1.5h (0.8)i		0.5g	1�2f			[b] 33 [c] 32 [d] 32
	Potassium, %	0.9			1.2�1.5 g/100 g			[c] 17
	Magnesium, min	0.2		0l	0l			[b] 45 [c] 45
	Sodium, min	0.6
Microelements, min mg/kg dry diet
	Iron	300		0l	0l			[b] 45 [c] 45
	Copper	35			15�21, 30k			[c] 44
	Manganese	20
	Zinc	110			15j			[c] 43
	Cobalt	10
	Selenium	1		<0.3	<0.3			[b] 45 [c] 45
	Iodine			1	1			[b] 45 [c] 45
Vitamins, min IU/kg
	Vitamin A	10 000 IU/kg			8 400			[c] 56
	Vitamin D	5 000 IU/kg			0.1 mg/kg (4 000 IU/kg)�			[c] 50
Vitamins, min mg/kg
	Vitamin E	300			85�89 (179n)			[c] 57
	Vitamin K (menadione)	5			5o, 35p, 30�40			[c] 50, 63
	Thiamine (B1)	50			13�14			[c] 13, 27
	Riboflavin (B2)	40			22.3, 22.5			[c] 46, 27
	Pyridoxine (B6)	50			72�89			[c] 47
	Pantothenic acid	75			101�139			[c] 14
	Niacin	200			6.4, 17.4�37.5, 6.83			[c] 27, 48, 49
	Folic acid	10			1.9�2.1, 2�8			[c] 52, 27
	Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)	0.1			0.2, 0.05�0.4			[c] 53, 27
	Choline	400			6 200, 600			[c] 51, 50
	Inositol	300			3 400			[c] 12, 50
	Biotin	1			1, 2�2.4			[c] 50, 10
	Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)		>>40 ppm to 2000 ppm		2 000�2 500, 209�220m, 100�500m			[a] 11, [c] 27, 54, 55
Astaxanthin (mg/kg)					50�100			[c] 58
Paraaminobenzoic acid (mg/kg)					270q			[c] 57
Chitin					5%			[c] 59
1Chen, Leu and Roelants (1992); 2Millamena, Bautista Teruel and Kanazawa (1996a); 3Millamena, Bautista Teruel and Kanazawa (1996b); 4Millamena et al. (1997);
5Millamena et al. (1998); 6Millamena et al. (1999); 7Donghui et al. (2000); 8Millamena (1989); 9Chayaburakul et al. (1999); 10Shiau and Chin (1998); 11Swings (1999);�
12Shiau and Su (2004); 13Chen, Wu & Tang (1991); 14Shiau and Hsu (1999); 15Dayal et al.  (2003); 16Alava and Lim  (1983); 17Shiau and Hsieh (2001);
19Liao and Liu (1989); 20Shiau, Kwok and Chou (1991); 21Ayyappan and Ahamad Ali (2007); 22AQUACOP (1977); 23Chuntapa et al. (1999); 24Shiau and Peng (1992);�
25Bautista, 1986; 26FAO, 2007b; 27Chen, 1993; 28Lin et al., 1982; 29Shiau and Chou, 1991; 30Sarac et al, 1993; 31Davis and Lawrence, 1997;
32Davis, Lawrence & Gatlin, 1993b (L. vannamei); 33Penaflorida, 1999; 34Akiyama, Dominy and Lawrence, 1991; 35Shiau and Peng, 1992;�
36Hajra, Ghosh and Mandal, 1988; 37D�Abramo, 1989; 38Glencross et al., 2002b; 39Sheen et al.,1994; 40Goh, 2005; 41Hertrampf, 2006; 42Piedad�Pascual, 1988;�
43Davis, Lawrence and Gatlin, 1993a; 44Lee and Shiau, 2002; 45Davis and Lawrence, 1997; 46Chen and Hwang, 1992; 47Shiau and Wu, 2003; 48Shiau and Suen, 1994;�
49McVey, 1993; 50Conklin, 1997; 51Shiau and Lo, 2001; 52Shiau and Huang, 2001; 53Shiau and Lung, 1993; 54Chen and Chang, 1994 ; 55Guillaume, 2001;�
56Shiau and Chen, 2000; 57Lee and Shiau, 2004; 58Meyers and Latscha, 1997; 59Shiau and Yu, 1998; 60Paibulkichakul et al., 1998;�
61Smith, Tabrett, and Barclay, 2001; 62Hunter and Chamberlain, 2006; 63Shiau and Liu, 1994; 64Smith, Tabrett and Glencross, 2007;
aAt 40 % feed protein level; b44 % in brackish (16 ppt) water and 40 % in seawater (32 ppt); cAt 35 % protein in diet;
dPostlarvae 0.7�1.0 cm, juvenile 3.0�6.0 cm and adult >6 cm (FAO, 2007b); eAt 36 % feed protein level; fAt calcium levels of 2%; gIn the absence of Ca;
hTotal phosphous; iAvailable phosphorus; jLitopenaeus vannamei, basal zinc in diet 18 mg/kg; kLevel for "nonspecific immune response";
lOceanic seawater has high levels and plant ingredients contain element, so shrimp may not require a supplemental dietary source;�
mAscorbyl polyphosphate, stable form of vitamin C (polyphosphorylated L�ascorbic acid); nLevel to achieve maximum tissue concentration;�
oNot the water-soluble form of vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinones are fat soluble); pIf menadione, the water-soluble form of vitamin K is used;
qIncluded in diets, but not researched; r38 % protein; sThe balance of cholesterol is provided by the raw materials.�
tSuggested amino acid levels for juvenile growout with a feed crude protein (CP) level of 38%.
uPenaeus monodon of initial weight of 1.5 grams fed an artificial diet for 42 days.