表1. 孟加拉国不同类型水产养殖生产系统收益率比较(ICLARM,2002年)
饲料和劳力是孟加拉国多数养殖系统中总生产成本的2个最重要成分,分别占总生产成本的约20% 和17%。在孟加拉国沿海养殖的主要种类包括斑节对虾、虾、褐虾、白虾、青蟹、大海鲈和黄尾鲻。
来源:根据哈桑的修订(2001b) 池塘养殖 预计该国有130万口池塘,面积为15.1万公顷,其中55.30%用于养殖,28.52%可用来养殖和16.18%未利用。2002年来自上述3个系统的产量百分比分别是72.09、20.01和7.90(BBS,2002年)。池塘规格一般在0.02和20公顷之间,平均为0.30公顷。在孟加拉国,巴里萨尔县的池塘数量最高(12.11%),其次为寇米拉(9.36%)、锡尔赫特(9.10%)、吉大港(8.02%)和诺克哈利(7.75%)(BBS,2002年)。历史上人们主要依赖自然水域提供鱼类,但由于人口增加产生捕捞强度的提高导致野生鱼类产量下降以及环境退化,人们开始在沿海水域养殖鱼类。主要鲤和外来鲤的混养以及条斑鱼芒、尼罗罗非鱼和爪哇四须魮以及一定程度上的蟾胡鲇的单养是孟加拉国最广泛采用的养殖系统。3种主要印度鲤,即南亚野鲮、喀拉鲃和印鲮以及1种外来鲤(鲢)目前占池塘总产量的78%强(ICLARM,2002年)。但由于可以通过实施更高强度的养殖系统,包括施肥、投饲和改进管理方式,在单一小型养殖单位鲤鱼混养有最大潜力扩大(Gupta等,1999年),这种方式为大大提高潜在收入提供了机会,可提高57%或每公顷717美元,比其他养殖方式要高(DoF,2003年)。目前池塘年平均鱼的单产为2609公斤/公顷(DoF,2005年)。 对虾养殖 孟加拉国南部和东南部沿海带对虾养殖开始于70年代早期。1980年咸水池塘不到2万公顷,到1995年养殖面积扩大到约14万公顷(Wahab,2003年)。最近预计养殖对虾总面积的全面调查在1993 1994年进行,此后未再更新。DoF(2005年)预计2003-2004年养殖总面积扩大到了203071公顷。对虾主产区是巴格尔海、赛黑拉、皮罗基普、库尔纳、科克斯巴扎尔和吉大。最近,特别是巴格尔海和皮罗基普县的养殖者开始在稻田养虾。传统的对虾养殖开始是通过将潮水引入到邻近海边的称为“gher”的封闭水域,不投饲、不施肥或没有其他投入,随着国内或国际市场需求的增加,养殖者开始转为改进的粗养和半精养系统。半精养于1993年开始于科克斯巴扎尔区域,该系统的池塘投放10 35尾后期幼体(PL)/平方米和辅助颗粒饲料,但没有蓄水池。1994年在科克斯巴扎尔区域的半精养场首次爆发对虾病毒传染病(Larkins,1995年;Karim 和Stellwagen,1998年)。1996年发现该病传播到其他沿海区影响粗放型对虾养殖场(Karim和Stellwagen,1998年)。2001年该病再次发生,导致科克斯巴扎尔和库尔纳区域对虾生产的崩溃,该病尚不能被完全根除,依然对对虾生产造成大的破坏。对虾养殖是资金密集型产业,总生产成本粗养为每季每公顷735美元,改进的传统系统为每季每公顷1837美元和半精养每季每公顷9184美元,但相应的净收入分别为每季每公顷1275美元、2204 美元和153061美元(ICLARM,2002年) 网箱养鱼 70年代后期网箱养殖被引入到孟加拉国进行实验,在孟加拉国农业大学(BAU)(哈桑等,1982年;阿哈姆德等,1984年和阿哈姆德等,1997年)进行的系列实验显示了网箱养殖的潜力。渔业局于1985 1986年在卡普泰湖进行了网箱养殖项目,实现产量6900吨(哈桑,1990年)。CARE,一个国际非政府组织从1995年年底到2000年在国际开发局(DFID)支持下进行了一个项目,名为“更大经济安全的网箱养殖(CAGES)”。由于网箱养殖要求的启动投入成本高和相对复杂的管理技术,养殖者还未普遍接受 综合养鱼 开始于迈门辛BFRI的水产养殖与鸭和鸡综合生产实验得出了有希望的结果。该项目显示1公顷鲤鱼池可生产出500只黄坎贝尔鸭以及4.5吨/公顷的鱼,而不需要为鱼提供辅助饲料或肥料。但孟加拉国最有希望的综合养殖是稻田养鱼,阿米(1987年)报告了孟加拉国许多地方的技术。传统上在稻田最低的角上建造一个或多个池塘,水位下降时鱼集中于此,这样可以从坑中捕捞而不需要额外的放养或管理。依斯拉姆和阿哈姆德(1982年)在实验4个月内获得346公斤鱼,方法是在稻田投放小鲤鱼、鲶鱼、攀鲈和鲤鱼,另一方面,阿米(1987年)报告了一个事例,在 131 175天内收获了约457公斤鱼/公顷和6公斤虾/公顷 牛轭湖养鱼 最成功的以养殖为基础的渔业例子是在孟加拉国西南部牛轭湖获得的(哈桑和 Middendrop,1998年,哈桑,2001年a)。孟加拉国有大约600个牛轭湖,预计面积为5488公顷(DoF,2003年)。大多数牛轭湖位于孟加拉国西南的5个县(库尔纳专区:杰索尔、切尼达、查丹格和库什提亚县以及达卡专区:法里得普县)。23个湖通过牛轭湖项目(OLPII,1997年)受到以养殖为基础的渔业的管理。2003-2004年报告的牛轭湖渔业平均单产为780公斤/公顷(DoF,2005年) 卡普泰湖养鱼 卡普泰湖(纬度22o22¢-23o18¢N;经度92o00¢-92o26¢E)于1961年通过在吉大山区卡普泰的卡纳普里河建水坝形成,面积约68800公顷,开始该湖只有捕捞渔业,但目前每年定期投放约35吨的鲤科鱼幼鱼,作为渔业管理计划的一部分。投放的种类是3种主要鲤和外来鲤(鲢、草鱼和鲤鱼)(ARG,1986年;Rahman和哈桑,1992年),该湖还有76种其他淡水鱼类,其中68种为当地种,其余为外来种,还有几种淡水虾类。开始时在1965/66年当地主要鲤科鱼占产量的主要部分,约81%,但在过去的38年时间这一百分比下降到约5%,而小型草食鱼类的产量增加到目前的占总产量的90%(Alamgir,2004年)。该湖目前渔业年收益约为42万美元(Alamgir,2004年)。
其他涉及水产养殖的法律包括《改进蓄水池法案》(1939年)规定为灌溉和水产养殖目的改进蓄水池质量。《对虾养殖中使用者税收法令》(1992年)规定对虾养殖区由政府通过建设堤坝、挖沟或其他管理水的建筑进行开发,使用者需要纳税。除这些法律外,水产养殖和其发展条件受多种法律影响,例如土地法、水资源法和环境规定。 渔业和畜牧部(MOFL)通过其渔业局(DOF)具有对渔业和水产养殖的总体责任。其以管理和发展为取向的职能在《产业规则计划表1》(1975年)得到了明确,包括起草发展计划、协调渔业方面的国家政策、预防鱼病、渔业资源养护、管理和发展、养鱼场管理、培训和收集信息。DOF的活动得到孟加拉国渔业研究所(BFRI)的支持,其负责渔业研究和研究协调。此外,依据《孟加拉国渔业发展社团法案》(1973年) 建立的孟加拉国渔业发展社团(BFDC)支持DOF 发展捕捞产业。BFDC的职能包括建立单位进行捕捞、保藏、加工和销售鱼和渔业产品。 1998年通过了国家渔业政策,通过最佳利用资源促进和提高鱼的产量、满足对动物蛋白的需求、通过出口鱼和渔业产品促进经济增长和创汇、通过创造自营机会改进渔民的社会经济条件来减轻贫困、保护生态平衡和生物多样性以及改进公众健康。该政策含盖所有涉及渔业和渔业所用水体的所有政府组织,包括内陆封闭水域鱼类养殖、沿海对虾和鱼类养殖的单独政策。该政策还提及许多有争议的问题。例如,涉及对虾养殖的冲突问题,并强调需要制定适当准则。为配合进行养护努力,其规定暂停进一步的砍伐红树林进行养虾的活动。其还支持在稻田结合养殖鱼、虾和稻的生产。此外,该政策涉及许多其他有关问题,例如质量控制、工业污染和土地使用。 关于孟加拉国水产养殖法律的更多信息请点击以下链接: 国家水产养殖法律回顾-孟加拉国。
未来要求处理以下问题:
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