Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationsfor a world without hunger
The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers and boundaries. Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. Part I Overview and main indicatorsPart II Narrative (2017)
Additional information⇧Part I Overview and main indicatorsPart I of the Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profile is compiled using the most up-to-date information available from the FAO Country briefs and Statistics programmes at the time of publication. The Country Brief and the FAO Fisheries Statistics provided in Part I may, however, have been prepared at different times, which would explain any inconsistencies. Country briefPrepared: June, 2018 Kiribati has a population of 114 400 in 2016, a land area of 810 km2, a coastline of 1 296 km and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 3.55 million km2. Fishing and seaweeds contribution to GDP in 2014 was estimated as USD 13.6 million, 8.6% national GDP. In 2015, the estimated exports of fish and fishery products were valued at USD121.4 million, with tuna as major species exported. Total capture fisheries production was 63 000 tonnes in 2011 and 172 820 tonnes in 2016 marking a great increase in comparison to previous years. This was due to increased tuna catches which grew from representing 30% of total catch in 2005 to around 96 % in 2016. Subsistence and small-scale commercial fishing is conducted throughout the islands using traditional canoes driven by sail or paddle, from plywood canoes powered by outboard motor and from larger outboard-powered craft. In 2016, an estimated 5 000 people were engaged in marine fisheries, either full or part time. There is a great reliance on marine resources for livelihoods, government revenue, and especially nutrition. According to several sources, Kiribati has one of the highest per capita consumption of fish in the world. FAO estimate of per caput seafood consumption amounted to 76.3 kg in 2013. Industrial scale of foreign flagged purse seine, longline, and pole-and-line vessels are operating within the Kiribati’s EEZ. Domestic industrial fishing activity in the country during the 1980s and early 1990s was dominated by Te Mautari Limited (TML), government-owned company established in 1981 to develop a pole-and-line tuna fishery in Kiribati’s EEZ. Coastal fishing is primarily carried out for subsistence purposes and for sales in local markets. In addition, there are some coastal fisheries that are export oriented, mainly aquarium fish and beche de mer (sea cucumber). One of the most productive small-scale commercial fisheries in the Pacific Islands is the tuna troll fishery of Tarawa. The ark shell or blood cockle (Anadara maculosa) inhabits sandy lagoon floors and seagrass beds and supports a fishery of traditional importance in several atolls, including Tarawa. Eucheuma seaweeds have been cultured in Kiribati since the early 1980s. Kiribati exports small quantities of dried seaweed, mainly from Tabuaeran and Christmas Islands, where it makes a useful addition to household incomes. FAO estimates Kiribati aquaculture production in 2016 to be of 2 tonnes of milkfish and 3 652 tonnes of Eucheuma seaweeds. Kiribati is a signatory to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the UN Fish Stocks Agreement and the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and central Pacific Ocean. Kiribati is also a party to a number of treaties and agreements relating to the management of regional fisheries. General geographic and economic indicators Table 1 - General Geographic and Economic Data - Kiribati
Key statistics
Source: FAO Country Profile FAO Fisheries statistics Table 2 in this section is based on statistics prepared by the FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit and disseminated in 2017. The charts are based on the same source but these are automatically updated every year with the most recent statistics. Table 2 — FAO fisheries statistics – Kiribati
Please Note:Fishery statistical data here presented exclude the production for marine mammals, crocodiles, corals, sponges, pearls, mother-of-pearl and aquatic plants. Updated 2017⇧Part II NarrativePart II of the Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profile provides supplementary information that is based on national and other sources and that is valid at the time of compilation (see update year above). References to these sources are provided as far as possible. Production sector Kiribati comprises 33 islands, with a total land area of only 810 km2, located in one of the world’s largest exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of about 3.5 million km2. There are three main island groups: Gilbert Islands in the west, Phoenix Islands in the centre and Line Islands in the east. With more water area than land, the people of Kiribati (I-Kiribati) rely heavily on fishing activities for subsistence and commercial purposes.Kiribati’s fishery sector has two main categories: (1) coastal fisheries, which are subsistence and small-scale commercial – also known as artisanal – fisheries that occur in lagoons, reefs, reef slopes and nearshore ocean areas; and (2) offshore fisheries, which are the industrial-scale commercial tuna fisheries in offshore1 waters. Subsistence and small-scale commercial fishing is conducted throughout the islands using traditional canoes powered by sail or paddle, plywood canoes with outboard motors, and larger craft also powered by outboards. Small-scale commercial fishing is concentrated around Tarawa, where a sizable population, cash-oriented economy, and ice and cold-store facilities provide suitable market conditions. A large amount of tuna is captured by the industrial offshore fisheries, but the vast majority of the catch is taken by vessels based outside the country. Kiribati’s small land area and poor soil limit agriculture production. There is heavy reliance on marine resources for livelihoods, government revenue and, especially, nutrition. By several estimates, Kiribati has the highest per capita consumption of fish of any country in the world. Fisheries statistics can be presented in different forms to cater for different purposes. In the statistics published by FAO (Part 1 of this profile), the presentation follows the international conventions and standards used by FAO and its Member States for reporting catches, which are given by the flag of the catching vessel. Accordingly, the fishery production of Kiribati in 2014 published by FAO (as given in Part 1) was 116 710 tonnes. In Table 3 below, the Kiribati fishery production statistics are based on FAO reporting standards, including estimates of production from other sources. The production shown in the various categories is from “Kiribati-flagged vessels” including (a) small vessels operated by nationals (e.g. canoes and skiffs), and (b) some fishing activity that do not involve a vessel (e.g. reef gleaning). For the offshore category, this is defined as the catch from Kiribati-flagged, industrial-scale fishing operations that are carried out anywhere (i.e. inside or outside the Kiribati zone). Table 3: Kiribati fisheries production (as per FAO reporting standards)
The amounts of production given in Table 3 differ from those shown in Part 1. Table 3 consists of production estimated from a variety of sources (see SPC study in Table 4 below). The offshore category in Table 3 is derived from the report of the Kiribati Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development (MFMRD) to the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). The fisheries statistics of Kiribati are presented in a different way in a recent study by the Pacific Community (SPC). Instead of catches given by the flag of the catching vessel (as in the FAO statistics in Part 1), the zone where the catch is made (the “offshore foreign-based” and “offshore locally based” columns in Table 4) is reported. These two different ways of allocating catch each have their purposes. Attribution by flag is important for consistency with international conventions, while attribution by zone is important for determining fishing contributions to GDP, and managing revenue from license fees for foreign fishing in a country’s zone. A summary of fishery production from the SPC study is given in Table 4 below. Table 4: Estimates of Kiribati fisheries production
(3)In the SPC study “offshore locally based” is the catch in Kiribati waters from industrial-scale tuna fishing operations that are (a) based at a port in Kiribati, and (b) generally harvested more than 12 nautical miles offshore. (4) “Offshore foreign-based” is the catch in Kiribati fisheries waters from catch from industrial-scale tuna fishing operations that are based at ports outside Kiribati. Under the international standardized System of National Accounts (SNA, 2009), those catches do not contribute to the GDP of Kiribati. (5) The production of several important aquaculture products is measured in pieces rather than in weight. Marine sub-sector Catch profile In 2014, Kiribati was considered the most productive tuna fishing EEZ in the western and central Pacific. A report on fishing license revenue by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MFED) and MFMRD showed that total annual offshore catches reached a record high of 725 854 tonnes in 2014 (MFED and MFMRD, 2015). This continued an increasing trend from previous years. Catches were dominated by skipjack in all years (Table 5). Table 5: Total offshore annual catches by target species (tonnes), Kiribati, 2010–2014
As is the case for other countries in the region, estimating the total catches for coastal fisheries in Kiribati has been difficult. There have been several attempts made in both past and recent years to consolidate information on coastal fisheries production (e.g. Dalzell et al., 1996; Gillett and Lightfoot, 2001; Preston, 2008; Gillett, 2009; Gillett, 2016). While coastal subsistence fishing has been predominant in the past, fishing has become more commercialized in recent years; Gillett (2016) has provided an estimate of production from coastal subsistence fisheries for 2014 of 11 440 tonnes valued at USD 16 259 016, and for coastal commercial fisheries of 7 600 tonnes valued at USD 15 459 836. The total number of coastal, artisanal fishing vessels during the same year was estimated to be 4 766 (MFMRD, 2015). The main general trend in coastal fisheries appears to be the increasing exploitation of coastal resources, especially those close to urban markets. Gillett (2016) gathered findings from various sources and studies to report major influences affecting coastal fisheries in Kiribati in the last few years:
The majority of Kiribati’s offshore catches are destined for export and thus are not landed but rather transshipped locally at three designated ports or at overseas ports. In 2014, 81 percent of catches caught by Kiribati-flagged purse seiners were transshipped in Kiribati as frozen tuna while the remainder were offloaded in other ports, mainly the Marshall Islands (MFMRD, 2015). In the same year, all pole-and-line catches were transshipped locally, while 90 percent of longline catches were transshipped in Samoa (MFMRD, 2015). In 2012, the Kiribati Government also established a joint-venture tuna processing plant called Kiribati Fish Limited (KFL), based in Betio, Tarawa (MFMRD, 2015). Catches from the company’s vessels are landed and processed at the plant and destined for export to the US and Japan (MFMRD, 2015). The catches from small-scale commercial fishing are mostly landed in South Tarawa, but much smaller quantities are landed at villages throughout Kiribati. Small-scale commercial landings at locations other than Tarawa have expanded in recent years due to increasing ice production in outer islands. Many islands have cold storage, enabling storage for local sale and shipment to Tarawa. Subsistence fishery landings occur at coastal villages throughout the country, roughly in proportion to the distribution of the population. Fishing practices/systems Kiribati’s offshore tuna fisheries include Kiribati-flagged vessels and foreign-flagged vessels, which comprise longline, purse-seine and pole-and-line vessels, with additional support vessels (bunkers and reefer carriers). In the period 2010–2014, offshore tuna catches were mainly caught by purse-seine vessels, which took up to 96 percent of total offshore catches (Table 6). It is presumed that good catches, particularly in 2014, were strongly influenced by El Niño conditions providing favourable fishing conditions (Gillett, 2016). To a certain extent, catch size was also influenced by the number of vessels licensed by Kiribati during the same period (Table 7). According to the Ministry’s annual report to the Scientific Committee of the WCPFC, Kiribati-flagged purse seiners in 2014 concentrated their fishing efforts in the Kiribati EEZ, with some effort expanded to other areas such as the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, Papua New Guinea and the high seas. Table 6: Total offshore annual catches by gear (tonnes), Kiribati, 2010–2014
Table 7: Number of Kiribati offshore vessels7 by vessel/gear type, 2010–2014
Subsistence and small-scale artisanal fishing is conducted throughout the islands. The most common fishing location for fishing households is the lagoon, followed by the lagoon flat, reef flat and outer reef (NSO, 2016). Fishing vessels used include traditional canoes powered by sail or paddle, plywood canoes with outboard motors, and larger outboard-powered skiffs. The skiffs or craft used for artisanal tuna fishing are usually less than 7 m long with 15–40 horsepower engines (MFMRD, 2015). Canoes were the most common type of fishing boat owned by fishing households (NSO, 2016) (Table 8). Table 8: Number of households and corresponding number and type of fishing boats owned in Kiribati, 2015
Coastal fishing is by bottom handlining, trolling, pole-and-line fishing, mid-water handlining, spearing, trapping, netting and reef gleaning or collecting. According to the latest population census in 2015, the most common fishing method used by fishing households was net fishing (Table 9). Gillnets of various sizes are the most popular type of fishing nets used in the lagoon and reefs (Ram-Bidesi, 2011). Table 9: Type of fishing methods used by fishing households in Kiribati, 2015
(7) Reported by MFMRD as Kiribati-flagged fishing vessels that have been registered on the WCPFC Record of Fishing Vessels to fish in the WCPFC area.Main resources Kiribati’s offshore fisheries target four main tuna species: skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin (Thunnus albacares), bigeye (Thunnus obesus) and albacore (Thunnus alalunga). In 2014, total offshore catches were approximately 79 percent skipjack, 16 percent yellowfin, 5 percent bigeye and <1 percent albacore (MFED and MFMRD, 2015). In terms of the status of the above resources in the region, recent information from the Scientific Committee of the WCPFC (WCPFC, 2016) shows that for:
Sullivan and Ram-Bidesi (2008) reported the main finfish species sold at the fish market and on the roadside in Tarawa (Table 10). Table 10: Common fish species sold in South Tarawa, Kiribati
A more recent study by Campbell and Hanich (2014) also reported key artisanal and subsistence fishery species (Table 11). Table 11: Key artisanal and subsistence coastal fishery species in Kiribati.
Offshore fisheries management At the national level, the management measures for offshore fisheries fall within the mandate of the Kiribati National Tuna Development and Management Plan (2014–2017). Two out of the three goals of the plan have a direct focus on offshore tuna fisheries, i.e. to provide opportunities to harvest and process tuna, and to ensure proper conservation and protection of tuna resources. A Kiribati Shark Sanctuary was also established under the Shark Sanctuary Regulations 2015. It prohibits commercial fishing and finning of five species of shark within all Kiribati waters. At the subregional level, Kiribati cooperates with other member countries of the Parties to the Nauru Agreement (PNA), which is described below (Box 1). Box 1: Parties to the Nauru Agreement
Box 2: PNA Vessel Day Scheme
At the regional level, there has been, and continues to be, a large amount of regional cooperation in the management of Kiribati’s offshore fisheries. Kiribati is a member of the WCPFC, which was established by the 2004 Convention for the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. As a member of the Commission, Kiribati is obligated to comply with its conservation and management measures (CMMs). A management plan for fish aggregation devices (FADs) was also developed in 2014 under these measures to ensure sustainable FAD use by offshore fishing fleets. Kiribati participates at meetings of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, which manages and controls tuna fisheries in the eastern Pacific (MFMRD, 2013). Kiribati is also a member of SPC, FFA and PNA. The management of the tuna fishery is mainly exercised through the PNA and its VDS (Box 2). In 2012 alone, Kiribati earned USD 60 million from implementing the VDS for purse-seine vessels fishing in its EEZ (MFMRD, 2013). Coastal fisheries management Some long-standing fisheries legislation related to coastal fisheries management still exists. It includes prohibitions on the use of explosives, poison or other noxious substances for killing, stunning, disabling or catching fish (Fisheries Ordinance 1977), protection of customary fishing rights (Fisheries Ordinance 1977) and designated ‘prohibited fishing areas’ in coastal areas (Prohibited Fishing Areas (Designation) Regulations 1978). Preston (2008) reviewed coastal fisheries management in Kiribati and reported that coastal fisheries management was ineffective. Resource-specific regulations existed only for one species (rock lobster) and for bonefish on Christmas Island. There were no quotas and no limits on the number of licences issued, and only two formally established, local fishery management areas (in North Tarawa and on Christmas Island). In recent years, with the intensifying impacts on Kiribati’s coastal resources, such as increasing population, immense fishing pressure, climate change and pollution, there has been a growing need to strengthen coastal fisheries management. Since 2014, there has been some progress in efforts to strengthen coastal fisheries management in Kiribati. Some recent efforts are highlighted below:
Management objectives Kiribati’s Fisheries Act 2010 provides general guidelines for fisheries management through the development of fisheries management plans with management objectives. However, it does not identify any specific management objectives. Kiribati’s National Fisheries Policy covers five overarching goals and strategic objectives:
Management measures and institutional arrangements In Kiribati, the main institution involved with fishery management is the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development (MFMRD). The role of this agency is covered in more detail in section 8 below.Fishing communities The concept of “fishing communities” has limited applicability to Kiribati, as a majority of households in the country are involved in fishing activities. The Kiribati 2015 census found that a total of 12 196 households (67 percent of total households) had at least one member who fished regularly. The majority of these households fished for consumption purposes and were from South Tarawa and Betio. It could therefore be stated that all villages in Kiribati are “fishing communities”.Inland sub-sector There are no freshwater fisheries in Kiribati.Aquaculture sub-sector In the past, there have been attempts to culture a wide variety of aquatic species in Kiribati, including seaweed, brine shrimp, cockles, mojarra, mullet, pearl oyster, tilapia and giant clams. Currently, the only significant aquaculture production is milkfish, seaweed and giant clams (Gillett, 2016). Recreational sub-sector The only significant sport fishery in Kiribati is on Christmas Island. Overseas tourist anglers visit the island to fish for bonefish and, to a lesser extent, for large coastal pelagic species such as trevallies, wahoo, tunas and occasionally marlins. Christmas Island also attracts small numbers of divers. Tourists originate mainly from the United States, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. The sport fishery generates economic benefits for Christmas Island, with an estimated total economic benefit of USD 1.9 million per year (Campbell and Hanich, 2014). This is generated through sport-fishing licence fees, jobs for professional fishing guides, and tourist expenditure in island hotels. In the Line Islands, tourists from the United States primarily target bonefish and trevally (Campbell and Hanich, 2014). Post-harvest sector Fish utilization The majority of Kiribati’s offshore tuna catches are not landed in the country but are destined for export for canning. Offshore fishing vessels either transship locally at three designated ports or at overseas ports. In 2014, 81 percent of catches caught by Kiribati-flagged purse seiners were transshipped in Kiribati as frozen tuna, while the remainder were offloaded in other ports, mainly the Marshall Islands (MFMRD, 2015). In the same year, all pole-and-line catches were transshipped locally, while 90 percent of longline catches were transshipped in Samoa (MFMRD, 2015). Although there are several Kiribati-flagged purse seiners and longliners, they are not based in Kiribati. Longliners have been feeding fish into the tuna processing plant, Kiribati Fish Limited (KFL), in Tarawa since 2012. Processed tuna from this plant is mainly exported to the US and Japan (MFMRD, 2015). In the outer islands, catches are mainly used for home consumption or shared. Some excess catch may be salted and dried for later consumption or sale. The Kiribati 2015 census reported that for those households engaged in fishing, 75 percent fished for home consumption only, 19 percent for both consumption and sale, and 4 percent for sale only. Many islands have cold storage, enabling storage for local sale and shipment to Tarawa. In the past, schemes to transport fish to urban markets have met with limited financial success due to the difficulties and cost of maintaining the infrastructure and transporting the product.Fish markets Catches taken by small-scale commercial fishers in South Tarawa are mainly sold on the roadside from insulated ice boxes. Some catches are disposed of through small commercial fish markets. Socio-economic contribution of the fishery sector Role of fisheries in the national economy A recent study by SPC (Gillett, 2016) attempted to quantify the fishery-related benefits received by Kiribati. The study gave the available information on the contribution of fishing or fisheries to GDP, exports, government revenue and employment. With respect to estimates of the contribution of fishing to GDP:
Since the introduction of the VDS, there has been a significant increase in total revenue collected by the Kiribati government from the fishing industry in the period 2009–2014 (MFED and MFMRD, 2015). In 2014, the total revenue earned from fishing licence fees alone was USD 116 million, which was 75 percent of total government revenue, exceeding its budget estimate by USD 84.9 million (Gillett, 2016). The total revenue from fishing licence revenue sources was USD 116 million, with transshipment fees being the second most important (unpublished MFED data from Gillett, 2016).Trade Gillett (2016) summarized Kiribati’s fishery exports from 2009 to 2014 from unpublished data from the Kiribati National Statistics Office:
As reported in Part 1, FAO import/export data for 2014 show that the value of fishery product exports was USD 133 348 000 and imports were USD 705 000. Food security Employment Some fisheries employment information is provided by Gillett (2016) based on the Kiribati 2010 census of population and housing (Table 12). Table 12: Fisheries employment information by sex, age, and occupation
A recent review by Gillett (2015) of employment opportunities for Kiribati offshore fishing crew members compared crew jobs between 1997 and 2014. The report found that the total number of jobs on offshore fleets declined by 15 percent. Only purse-seine jobs increased, while they decreased for longliners and pole-and-line vessels.Rural development Trends, issues and development Constraints and opportunities Major constraints for fisheries sector development include the following:
As mentioned in Section 4.2.5, Kiribati’s National Fisheries Policy has five overarching goals and strategic objectives:
Research, education and trainingResearch The Fisheries Division, usually with the support of external donors or organizations, undertakes fisheries and aquaculture research in Kiribati. The objectives are typically to conduct research on marine resources that have potential for development and to coordinate collaborative research activities with regional research organizations. Recent research projects include, but are not limited to, the following:
Education and training Education related to fisheries in Kiribati is undertaken in a variety of institutions:
Foreign aid Bilateral programmes of technical cooperation, collaboration and assistance in fisheries have been provided by the Governments of Japan, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and USA, and by multilateral donors including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Asian Development Bank (ADB), FAO and the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF). Kiribati also enjoys technical assistance, or the channelling of multilateral donor assistance from various regional agencies including FFA, SPC and the University of the South Pacific (USP). A few ongoing projects in 2017 with MFMRD include the second phase of the Community-based Fisheries Management project (partnered by the ministry, ACIAR, SPC, the University of Wollongong and WorldFish), improving community-based aquaculture, sea cucumber (sandfish) culture, sustainable coastal fisheries, maritime safety awareness and artisanal tuna data sampling (T. Teemari, personal communication, May 2017). Upcoming projects with the ministry include revitalizing milkfish pond farming in the outer islands, milkfish cage farming, and aluminium boat welding in South Tarawa (T. Teemari, personal communication, May 2017). Institutional framework The Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development (MFMRD) is the Kiribati Government agency responsible for developing and managing the nation’s fisheries as well as other marine resources (marine aggregates, deep-sea minerals). The ministry comprises Administration and Finance sections as well as the two main technical divisions, the Fisheries Division and Mineral Resources Division. The Coastal Fisheries Branch alone currently employs around 82 staff (T. Teemari, personal communication, May 2017). The Fisheries Division comprises three technical branches:
Each branch is managed by a Principal Fisheries Officer, under the overall supervision of the Director of Fisheries. A separate unit of the division exists to deal with fishery issues in Christmas Island and the Line Islands, which administratively falls under the Aquaculture Research and Development Branch, along with the division’s extension and research vessel. A competent authority, the Kiribati Seafood Verification Agency (KSVA), was established to regulate and control fish processing establishments and make provision for the verification of all seafood exports (Campbell and Hanich, 2014). KSVA is a unit managed under the Coastal Fisheries Branch. Several other institutions in Kiribati are considered fishery stakeholders, including government ministries and other agencies. Campbell and Hanich (2014) list the relevant ministries and agencies and summarize their involvement:
Table 13: Pacific Island regional organizations involved in fisheries
The Convention on the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stocks in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean entered into force in June 2004 and established the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. Kiribati is a member of the commission, along with 26 other countries. The WCPFC has its headquarters in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, and has held 13 annual meetings to date. Legal framework The main fisheries law of Kiribati is the Fisheries Act. The current (2010) Act’s purpose is to make provision for the promotion and regulation of fishing and fishing industries in Kiribati and its fishery limits. Important aspects of the Act are as follows:
Other legal instruments relevant to fisheries include:
More information at: Annexes References Basabe, P. 2012. Analysis of the aquarium trade on Kiritimati, August 2012. Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia. Campbell, B. & Hanich, Q. 2014. Fish for the future: Fisheries development and food security for Kiribati in an era of global climate change. WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia. Project Report: 2014-47. Campling, L. 2013. FFA Fisheries Trade News. Vol. 6: Issue 2 March–April 2013. Forum Fisheries Agency, Honiara, Solomon Islands. . Clark, L. & Clark, S. 2014. The PNA Vessel Day Scheme. A presentation to the ANU Pacific Update 2014. Canberra, 16–17 June 2014. Dalzell P., Adams, T. & Polunin, N. 1996. Coastal fisheries in the Pacific Islands. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 34: 395–531. Gillett, R. 2009. Fisheries in the economies of the Pacific Island countries and territories. Kiribati. Asian Development Bank, Manila. . Gillett, R. 2014. Pacific perspectives on fisheries and sustainable development. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. 50 pp. Gillett, R. 2015. Trends in industrial fishing vessel employment opportunities for Kiribati in the Pacific Islands region. Gillett, Preston and Associates Inc. Gillett, R. 2016. Fisheries in the economies of Pacific Island countries and territories. Pacific Community, Forum Fisheries Agency, and Australian Aid. (ISBN 978-982-00-1009-3.) (also available at http://www.spc.int/fame/en/component/content/article/237-benefish-study-2016). Gillett, R. & Lightfoot, C. 2001. The contribution of fisheries to the economies of Pacific Island countries. Pacific Studies Series. Asian Development Bank, World Bank, Forum Fisheries Agency and Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Manila. . Havice, E. 2013. Rights-based management in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean tuna fishery: Economic and environmental change under the Vessel Day Scheme. Marine Policy (42): 259–267. MFMRD. 2013. Kiribati National Fisheries Policy 2013–2025. Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development, Government of Kiribati. MFMRD. 2014. Kiribati Tuna Management Plan 2014–2017. Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development, Government of Kiribati. MFMRD. 2015. Annual Report to the 11th Scientific Committee Meeting (SC11) of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. WCPFC-SC11-AR/CCM-11. MFMRD. 2017. Live Reef Fish Management Plan. Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development, Government of Kiribati. NSO. 2016. 2015 population and housing census. Vol. 1: Management report and basic tables. National Statistics Office, Ministry of Finance. Government of Kiribati. Preston, G. 2008. Coastal fisheries development and management. Working paper 3, Institutional strengthening scoping study report. Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development, Government of Kiribati. Purcell, S.W., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2012. Commercially important sea cucumbers of the world. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 6. Rome, FAO. . Ram-Bidesi, V. 2011. An economic assessment of destructive fishing methods in Kiribati: A case study of te ororo fishing in Tarawa. SPC Fisheries Newsletter No. 135, May–August 2011. Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia. Sullivan, N. & Ram-Bidesi, V. 2008. Gender issues in tuna fisheries – case studies in Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Kiribati. DevFish Programme, Forum Fisheries Agency, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Tarte, S. 2002. The Nauru Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Management of Fisheries of Common Interest – A review of the agreement and an analysis of its future directions. A consultancy report prepared for the Forum Fisheries Agency and Parties to the Nauru Agreement. Uriam, T. 2016. Stakeholders of the Kiribati Community-based Fisheries Management project gather to discuss lessons learned and way forward. SPC Fisheries Newsletter No. 149, January–April 2016. Pacific Community, New Caledonia. WCPFC. 2016. Report of the 12th Regular Session of the Scientific Committee. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, Pohnpei. ⇧Additional informationFAO Thematic data bases PublicationsMeetings & News archive⇧ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fisheries and
Aquaculture Department
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