XI WORLD FORESTRY CONGRESS

Antalya, Turkey, 13 to 22 October 1997


VOLUME 2, TOPIC 9


    DISTRIBUTION OF SNOW AND AVALANCHE DAMAGE IN THE TURKISH FORESTS ACCORDING TO REGIONS AND NECESSARY MEASURES TO BE TAKEN

    Mehmet Kanat1, Ali Küçükosmanoðlu 2

    Avalanche damage was recorded in six Forest Region Directorates of Turkey between 1987 and 1992. It was found that the most severe avalanche damage occurred in Artvin located in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey. Snow damage was also recorded in Kastomonu Forest Region Directorate. Protective measures against snow damage are proposed.

    Keywords: Snow, avalanche, damage, forest, Turkey.

    1 Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, K.S.U.K. , Maras, Turkey.

    2 Department of Forest Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, I.U. Istanbul, Turkey.

    THE BALANCED MULTIPLE USE AND PROTECTION OF WATERSHED RESOURCES THROUGH INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

    M.Y. Kilinç1, N. Gülbahar 2

    The innovation in the planning of natural resources of watersheds has been called "sustainable development" for the last decades. it could be defined as the wise-use of natural resources without wasting, deteriorating and polluting while keeping the natural resources productive forever for the dynamic equilibrium in nature. It requires interdisciplinary participation.

    The multiple-use concept may be either area-oriented or resource-oriented.

    There are continuously interactions among watershed resources. In other words, the relationships of several natural resource products to one another can be classified into three groups:

    a) complementary, b) supplementary, c) competitive.

    These relationships are dependent upon the range of the production functions. Before implementing the plan, which kind of relationship confronts it has to be determined.

    In this paper, detailed explanations are given for each concept and parameters mentioned above. Further in the paper, it an attempt is made to analyse and synthesize the parameters involved in planning sustainable development. As a result, certain solutions are given and some recommendations are made for the problems faced by the planners in practice.

    1 Professor, DPÜ Civil Engineering Department, Ktahya, Turkey.

    2 Ph.D. Candidate, DPÜ Civil Engineering Department, Ktahya, Turkey.

    A CASE STUDY OF PARTICIPATORY WATERSHED REHABILITATION FOR EROSION CONTROL IN TURKEY: "THE EASTERN ANATOLIA MICRO-CATCHMENT REHABILITATION PROJECT"

    Ismail Küçükkaya 1

    The Eastern Anatolia Microcatchment Rehabilitation Project is funded jointly by the Government of the Turkish Republic and the World Bank. Total project costs over the six-year disbursement period will be US$ 110 million, of which US$ 77 million is the foreign credit component. The remainder is funded by the Government of the Turkish Republic. Implementation began in March 1993.

    The project's primary objective is to stop the degradation of agricultural land, forests and pastures of the Central Euphrates basin. Investments in direct rehabilitation are supported by complementary investments targeted to raise the incomes of the villagers and farmers who are affected by the project, and upon whom the long-term sustainability of the improvements depends. The villagers and farmers in the micro-catchments participate in the planning and contribute to the implementation of the project in their local microcatchments. This is the first largescale application in Turkey of the participatory development approach for watershed rehabilitation.

    However, there are much larger areas of Eastern Anatolia which also require rehabilitation. Therefore, this project must also provide the basic model and lessons for rehabilitation of all these degraded areas. The project will rehabilitate a total of 54 microcatchments across three ProvincesAdiyaman, Malatya and Elazig. Three microcatchments are selected for investment in each province each year. Implementation in each microcatchment is over a 4 or 5-year period. The 54 microcatchments will account for approximately 400 000 ha, about 27% of the area and 25% of the number of micro- catchments of the central Euphrates basin.

    Highlights of the project's work to-date are described and discussed. Special emphasis is given to the evolution of the participatory approach used in the project. Lessons learned are described.

    1 Senior Forestry Engineer, General Directorate for Reforestation and Erosion Control, Ministry of Forestry, Ankara, Turkey.

    REHABILITATION OF TURKEY'S MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS: THE CASE FOR REFORM TO INCREASE PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT IN AGROFORESTRY

    Ismail Küçükkaya 1

    Deforestation is a major primary cause of erosion and resource degradation in the mountain ecosystems of Turkey. These mountain ecosystems are quick to degrade, and slow and expensive to reestablish, while lower altitude forest ecosystems in the country are more favoured. Additionally, the net removal of the forest systems is reducing the capacity of Turkey to meet the long-term national demand for timber.

    The solution of these large-scale problems will require investment by both the public and private sectors. Reforestation is the most powerful tool for rehabilitation of these areas. The public sector must focus its efforts on rehabilitation of the areas where the private sector will not invest because of the low returns or high risks involved. Additionally, Government must provide a policy environment which favours private investment in reforestation and related measures which will also serve to rehabilitate and protect the mountain ecosystems at risk.

    Private investments in forestrelated ventures can range from establishment of conventional poplar and walnut plantations, through to agroforestry applications including grafting and planting pistachio, using poplars as field boundaries, and planting selected areas to almond and oak for erosion control and income generation in formerly forested areas.

    However, there are currently legal and institutional barriers which limit private sector investment. The legal and institutional framework must be modernized to allow the full potential of the private sector to be achieved. This is also necessary to harmonize Turkey's situation with elsewhere in Europe. Only in this way will Turkey's forest industries be able to attract significant levels of private investment from Europe.

    This paper reviews the current legal and institutional situation in relation to the short and long term development of private forestry and agroforestry in Turkey. The impacts of the current laws and regulations on investment are described. Necessary reforms are suggested.

    1 Senior Forestry Engineer, General Directorate for Reforestation and Erosion Control, Ministry of Forestry, Ankara, Turkey.

    THE EASTERN ANATOLIA WATERSHED PROJECT ­ AN APPROACH TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT

    Jim Meiman 1, Ismail Özkahraman 2

    The Eastern Anatolia Watershed Project is an attempt to bring sustainable development to 400 000 ha in east-central Turkey in the Central Euphrates basin. Since its inception 3 1/2 years ago, good progress has been made on 15 of the 54 targeted micro-catchments. The major problem is related to rangelands. Solution to this problem requires both careful analysis of the related technical and social parameters, as well as clear legislation regarding the use of public lands.

    Keywords: Watershed, range, soil conservation, farmer participation, Turkey.

    1 Professor Emeritus of Watershed Science, Colorado State University, External Training Coordinator, Eastern Anatolia Watershed Project.

    2 Director-General, General Directorate of Reforestation and Erosion Control, Ministry of Forestry, Turkey.



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