XI WORLD FORESTRY CONGRESS Antalya, Turkey, 13 to 22 October 1997
	VOLUME 2, TOPIC 9 SUMMARIES OF VOLUNTARY PAPERS RESTORATION, CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF THE FORESTS ON THE FRENCH SOUTH-WESTERN ALPS Daniel Vallauri 1 The guiding principles of forest policy in south-western Alps reflect most of the modern forestry concerns, as expressed in Strasbourg, Rio, Helsinki and the mountain forests protocol of the Alpine convention: restoration, conservation of forests and their biodiversity, sustainable management and development in mountain areas, protective function of forest. Furthermore, the evolution of forest policy in south-western Alps for the two last centuries can be used as an example. The main characteristics of the ecology of the region are still partly the consequences of centuries of farming, deforestation and soils degradation that affected the region till the end of last century and the launching of the programme of forest restoration for erosion control in 1860. Close to the beginning of the 21st century, management of old forest stands on former agricultural lands, restoration of areas subject to erosion, sustainability of erosion control achieved through Black pine stands, are all questions faced by forest managers. This paper is a short introduction focused on the importance of the ecological background of those problems and emphasizes that knowledge of long-term ecological trends helps solving them. Keywords: Forest ecology, dynamics, restoration, afforestation, erosion. 1 Cemagref, Secteur Forêts de montagne, 2, rue de la papeterie, P.O. Box 76, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères, France. ESTIMATING THE UNIVERSAL SOIL-LOSS EQUATION'S COVER AND MANAGEMENT FACTOR FOR FOREST ECOSYSTEMS NEAR ISTANBUL, TURKEY A.N. Balci, N. Özyuvaci, S. Özhan, A. Hizal The regional application of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and its reliability should be tested by using local measured experimental data, particularly for various forest ecosystems. Although there has been some attempt to apply the USLE to forest lands (Hizal 1984, Balci 1996) in Turkey, a more elaborate estimation of the C factor based on experimental data published by Balci et al. 1993, and Uslu 1971 was made. In this paper, the C and P factors were combined in a single numerical value as cover and management factor (CP). The unknown CP factors were computed through the equation by using the known and measured numerical values of other factors. The CP factors were found to be varying from 0.011 to 0.024 for old-growth oak-beech forest and pseudo maqui ecosystems, respectively. Keywords: Erosion loss, forest ecosystems, sediment yield, cover and management factor. 1 Professors of Watershed Management, University of Istanbul, 80895 Bahceköy-Istanbul, Turkey. Facsimile: (90 212) 3233405 A STUDY OF SHATALARAB OR TIGRIS-EUPHRATES RIVERS WATERSHED, PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS M. Sait Ketene 1 The Shatalarab (Tigris-Euphrates) watershed, which is called Mesopotamia, covers about 900 000 km2, distributed in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Saudi Arabia. High rugged mountains, hills, plains and deserts are the main ecological regions in the watershed. The Euphrates and Tigris rivers originate from east and south-east Turkey, flow toward Syria and Iraq, join near Kurna to make Shatalarab and pour into the Basra Gulf. Tigris and Shatalarab receive many tributaries coming from Iran. Rainfall changes according to ecological regions, it increases from south to north and from west to east. In arid areas and low plains it is 100-180 mm, in upper plains and hills is 200-400 mm in the mountains it is 400-1200 mm. Average total stream flow of Euphrates is 35 500 million m3 , or which 90% originates in Turkey, 10% in Syria , none in Iraq. Tigris' flow south of Baghdad is 52 000 million m3/a, of which 40% originates in Turkey, 30% in Iraq and 10% in Iran. Tigris before, joining Euphrates, received the Karha tributary and Shatalarab received the Akroun tributary. Their average waterflow is 26000 million m3; accordingly the total flow of the watershed is (35000+52 700+26 000=114 300 million m3 . Irrigated land by the year 2000 will be about 2.1, 0.65, 2.7 and 1.0 million ha in Turkey, Syria , Iraq and Iran, respectively. They add up to 6.35 million ha. If the available water is used rationally, with a consumption of 10 000 m3/ha, the water used would be 63 500 million m3 in all sharing countries, which is about 60% of total water production of the watershed. Watershed problems are: physical as floods, droughts, erosion, sedimentation, vegetation cover destruction in the upper parts; salinity, high watertable and swamps in the lower parts. Among the technical problems are: the use of old irrigation systems, reservoirs sedimentation and lack of reliable measurements and data in some parts of the watersheds. So far the Tigris tributaries below the Diyala confluence and specially Karha and Karoun river flows have never been included as watershed production. All these waters have been controlled by Iran completely and caused many technical and ecological problems for southern Iraq. Among the legal problems: lack of agreements or treaties among the sharing countries for water use or the development of the watershed considered the most important. Every sharing country has different arguments and sometime they become hostile. To solve problems it is urgent to reach an agreement on equitable, reasonable and rational basis for water use and development of the watershed as one natural unit. Therefore it is suggested to establish a joint authority to deal with all aspects of the watershed. Cooperation between the participants should be based on good will and a better understanding for solving all problems in the watershed. 1 Former Dean, College of Agriculture Forestry, and Secretary General of Iraqi Scientific Research Fund, Baghad. Present address: 57 Mabelle Ave., Toronto, Canada M9A4Y5. RESULTS OF THE WORKS ON REVITALIZATION BY AFFORESTATION OF DEPOSOLS OF THE LIGNITE MINE KOLUBARA Slobodan Smit, Zoran Miletic 1 Production of energy from coal is accompanied by extremely unfavourable effects of degradation of the environment (soil, water, forest, etc.) Elimination and mitigation of degradation effects, by biological recultivation, is as necessary and urgent as the production of energy. Areas recultivated by afforestation will enable in the future the development of forestry and agricultural production, wildlife management, fishery, recreation tourism, as well as environmental protection. The newly established forest ecosystems on the deposols of the spoilbanks of REIK Kolubara perform several functions simultaneously: protection, amelioration, economic and aesthetic functions. The establishment of forest plantations over these substrates supplies the input of fresh organic substances on the surface of the ground, thus activating the biological processes of decomposition (fermentation, ammonification, saponification, etc.). Intensive processes of organic matter decomposition and the generation of inter-stage products enable new syntheses and the production of microbiological, mature humus. Consequently, under forest plantations on deposols, the process of humification and biological accumulation of nutritive substances is reflected on the permanent increase of potential fertility of soil and its complete revitalization. The correct choice of the species for afforestation according to the characteristics of the substrate, as well as adoption of all the necessary measures of timber stand improvement and protection, enables a good production of timber volume and confirms the economic function of these plantations. Visual appearance of the landscape with lakes, rolling hills, and mixed broadleaved/coniferous plantations, with a great number of ornamental species, satisfies all decorative/aesthetical criteria. Keywords: Afforestation, deposols, revitalization, recultivation. 1 Institute of Forestry, Kneza Viseslava 3, Belgrade, Yugoslavia. The following summaries are published only in the original language Previous Section Next Section   Download the Pdf file for this topic (195 K) What is a Pdf file ?   Back to Top of the page
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