Консультации

Максимизация потенциального воздействия Десятилетия действий ООН по проблемам питания

С принятием Повестки дня в области устойчивого развития на период до 2030 года, мир стремится к искоренению голода и ликвидации всех форм неполноценного питания к 2030 году. Десятилетие действий ООН (2016-2025 гг.) по проблемам питания, провозглашенное 1 апреля 2016 года Генеральной Ассамблеей ООН, призывает к ускорению темпа действий на глобальном уровне для достижения этой цели.

Резолюция Генеральной Ассамблеи ООН определяет Десятилетие действий ООН по проблемам питания, как деятельность, следующую по итогам второй Международной конференции по проблемам питания (ICN2). Она ставит перед руководителями ICN2, ФАО и ВОЗ задачу по организации проведения Десятилетия на базе всеобъемлющего и основанного на участии процесса, в сотрудничестве с «существующими учреждениями и с использованием имеющихся ресурсов». ПКПООН поддерживает эти усилия, инициируя онлайн-дискуссии, для сбора идей всех соответствующих субъектов. В частности, а также принимая в качестве основы результаты ICN2, ПКПООН хочет выяснить, какие элементы, по вашему мнению, должны быть приняты во внимание при разработке Рабочей программы по осуществлению Десятилетия действий ООН по проблемам питания. В связи с этим, мы приглашаем вас поделиться своим мнением о том, как лучше максимизировать потенциал Десятилетия действий ООН по проблемам питания. Предлагаем вам рассмотреть следующие вопросы:

  1. Каковы ваши ожидания от Десятилетия действий ООН по проблемам питания, и какое положительное влияние оно может оказать на улучшение питания и продовольственной безопасности для ваших соотечественников в ближайшие десять лет?
  2. Какие важные мероприятия должны быть включены в Рабочую программу по осуществлению Десятилетия действий ООН по проблемам питания для достижения к 2025 году глобальных целей в области питания? Темп каких мероприятий в вашей стране должен быть ускорен, чтобы достичь этих целей? Как можно обеспечить финансирование этих мероприятий?
  3. Что можно сделать, чтобы ускорить и улучшить качество исполнения обязательств со стороны различных участников? Какую (-ие) роль (-и) играют государственные и частные субъекты в контроле за их осуществлением?
  4. Какой вклад могут внести другие форумы по данной тематике, такие как КВПБ и ПКПООН, и каким образом можно включить в рамки Десятилетия иные виды деятельности (например, в области прав человека, защиты окружающей среды)?

Эта консультация является частью более широкой дискуссии, направленной на помощь в разработке Рабочей программы для Десятилетия действий ООН по проблемам питания. Мы приглашаем вас распространить информацию об этой возможности среди соответствующих заинтересованных сторон в вашей стране и сетях, чтобы гарантировать вовлеченность и значительную степень участия всех субъектов.

Благодарим вас за ваш ценный вклад в этот обмен.

Кристин Кампо

Технический специалист, ПКПООН

 

Десятилетия действий ООН по проблемам питания

«Десятилетие» является глобальным усилием под руководством государств-членов Организации Объединенных Наций, созванноеПродовольственной и сельскохозяйственной организацией Объединенных Наций (ФАО) и Всемирной организацией здравоохранения(ВОЗ), в сотрудничестве сВсемирной продовольственной программой (ВПП),Международным фондом сельскохозяйственного развития(МФСР) и Детским фондом Организации Объединенных Наций (ЮНИСЕФ), включая органы ООН и других организаций, такие как Комитет по всемирной продовольственной безопасности (КВПБ) и Постоянный комитет системыОрганизации Объединенных Наций по проблемам питания(ПКПООН).

 

В настоящее время это мероприятие закрыто. Пожалуйста, свяжитесь с [email protected] для получения любой дополнительной информации.

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Г-н Martin Zerfas

Humane Society International
Соединенные Штаты Америки

Food security is often incorrectly used as a justification for the inhumane confinement of animals on industrial farm animal production facilities, while in reality, the industrialization of animal agriculture jeopardizes food security by degrading the environment, threatening human health, and diminishing income-earning opportunities in rural areas.

Although industrialized animal agriculture may increase production for larger farmers, it simultaneously crowds small farmers out of the market and reduces employment opportunities, demonstrating that economic growth at a national level does not necessarily improve food security. Small farmers who try to directly compete with large animal agribusiness are at risk of being pushed out of the market because they lack the political and economic power of the larger companies, or the ability to exploit economies of scale. For example, rural women in many developing countries tend to engage in smallholder egg and poultry meat production, but increased levels of intensification in egg and chicken meat production have been shown to decrease the number of women involved in poultry keeping.

Protein obtained from plant-based sources such as pulses is, according to the FAO, "significantly less expensive" compared to animal foods. Producing meat, milk and eggs actually takes more away from the world's total food supply than it provides. The FAO's report "Livestock's Long Shadow" estimated an annual deficit of 19 million tonnes of protein when comparing the protein contained in animal feed with the amount of protein yielded from animal source food production.

Animal agriculture also affects food security through its well-documented role in climate change, resource depletion, and public heath issues related to overconsumption and non-communicable diseases. Given forecasts for the continued expansion of animal agriculture production globally, and especially in emerging and developing economies, stakeholders should consider inceasing plant-based interventions to enhance food security, while also questioning the increasing reliance on meat, milk and eggs in this regard.

Г-н J.B. Cordaro

Private Sector Consultant, Food Security, Nutrition and Food Safety and Quality
Соединенные Штаты Америки

The Decade of Action on Nutrition

Ensuring Safer Food for All People

 

The Decade of Action on Nutrition is urged to embed food safety as a critical component at the highest level of importance within its agenda to ensure access to safe, affordable, nutritious food at all times for all people.

Food safety problems: Statistics and human health, social and economic impacts

Unsafe, contaminated food seriously undermines the food systems of every country and thwarts efforts to achieve food security and improve the nutritional status and well-being of vulnerable populations. Unsafe foods are significant and pervasive causes of food insecurity that touch almost every Sustainable Development Goal (SDG), especially SDGs 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 12, 13 and 17.  Unsafe foods contribute to the persistence of poverty, hunger, malnutrition, diseases and premature deaths, especially among women. Unsafe foods impede trade, economic opportunities, and human development for farmers and burden health care systems. Unsafe foods are as significant a silent killer as micronutrient deficiencies, but unfortunately have received little attention from global policy making bodies.

Six food safety challenge areas--physical, chemical and biological hazards; food preparation and handling; and mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins--persist in one form or another among all income levels in every country. Global food safety data from WHO, FAO and other national data sources align to illustrate a gloomy global picture of the safety status of the world’s food supply. For example, FAO estimates that up to 25% of key food crops are contaminated by mycotoxins and WHO’s global burden of disease statistics highlight why food safety problems must be addressed immediately. The FAO and WHO report that over 4.5 billion people suffer human health, social and economic consequences from unsafe foods annually as illustrated in these compelling facts:

  • 600 million people fall ill after eating contaminated food;
  • Human and health impacts of cancers, anaemia, stunting and cognitive degradation are linked to 420,000 annual deaths, largely in Africa and among children under 5;
  • 33 million healthy years of livelihood are lost and not fulfilled;
  • 40% of food borne disease burdens are inflicted on children under 5 years, leading to 125,000 deaths while survivors bear a lifetime of cognitive deficiency from  stunting;
  • Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for the highest number of aflatoxin related liver cancers, especially among women;
  • Small holder farmers are unable to break the cycle of poverty as incomes remain depressed from unmarketable and rejected contaminated commodities; and
  • Unsafe foods contribute to the global food loss and waste stream, creating environmental stresses and economic consequences.

Unfulfilled linkages among food security, nutrition and food safety 

The food safety landscape is more challenging than 20 years ago. Food safety management struggles to keep pace with the growing globalization of the food supply chains. Climate change is introducing new threats from pathogens, adulteration, and mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins, in areas that were previously less at risk as population growth stresses international food trade.

The time to act was a decade or so ago, making immediate action today even more urgent, However, time remains for the Decade of Action for Nutrition to use its mandate as an umbrella platform to involve other UN entities, such as FAO, WHO, IFAD, UNIDO, CODEX Alimentarius, WFP, and SCN as well as multi-sector, multi-disciplinary stakeholders to collaborate in identifying solution pathways for more, safer foods that will enhance nutrition and food security.  

Food Safety: the orphan food security pillar

Food safety is essential to alleviate hunger, malnutrition and poverty and is one of the leading indicators to improve food security and adequate nutrition. In other words, where food safety increases, food security improves.  Solution pathways exist to raise the food safety bar, manage the harmful impacts from unsafe foods and prevent and address hazards early in the supply chain. Likewise, the use of appropriate agro-machinery, technology, equipment, and good agricultural practices will be critical to improve food safety and ensure adequate productivity.  The sustainability of these solution pathways will depend on building institutional and individual capacities and appropriate policy frameworks that ensure adequate amounts of safe and nutritious foods are moved from the farm to the consumers. Food systems and the food safety regulatory framework must include rigorous food safety management and assessment capabilities that detect and pinpoint problems at critical control points. Highlighting the need and value for establishing cadres of trained food safety and quality experts and agricultural extension workers—from the farm to the household—is essential for building and sustaining these systems.

No single entity can achieve the outcomes needed to move the needle towards ensuring more safe food at all times for all people with effective and sustainable progress. Thus, partnerships are essential for sustainable outcomes. National and regional success is dependent upon forging holistic multi-sector, multi-disciplinary partnerships with UN agencies, national governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders including business, to harness their tools, capabilities, innovations and expertise. Bold, global leadership is required to stimulate actions to address food safety challenges immediately. The Decade of Action on Nutrition can simulate actions and policies to enhance the likelihood of achieving the UN Secretary General’s goal of ending hunger and malnutrition by 2030.

In sum, unsafe foods are significant and pervasive global challenges that attack the human faces of nutrition, health, well-being and development in the daily lives of billions of people.  Unsafe foods impact access to nutrition, better health and improved economic status. Risks are prevalent throughout the food supply chain from production, harvesting, transportation, processing, storage, and manufacturing and at the consumer level. Food contamination is a significant, preclusive barrier to eliminating food insecurity, hunger and malnutrition and thwarts other development efforts.

 Conclusion

Food safety presents a global development challenge. Compelling social, economic and human statistics demonstrate that unless the negative consequences of food safety are managed that national development and nutritional improvement will be effectively thwarted and other development efforts will be wasted.

The UN Decade of Action on Nutrition is encouraged to embed food safety as a priority agenda item that encourages UN agencies and other stakeholders to take the necessary steps to improve the safety of food for consumption and better nutrition, reduce the harmful impacts of unsafe food and help enhance the likelihood of supporting elements of several SDGs.

 

The forum’s fourth question in this consultation -  How can other relevant forums, such as the CFS and the UNSCN, contribute, and how can other movements (e.g. human rights, environment) be involved in the Decade? – raises important issues and opportunities in the context of relevant environment and biodiversity forums and movements. We are actually in the midst of two relevant UN Decades: Action on Nutrition (2016-2025) and Biodiversity (2011-2020) which in many ways are of much relevance to each other. Biodiversity and the ecosystem services it provides play a significant role in making agriculture, forests and fisheries more nutrition sensitive and among other things can contribute to a global food system more capable of delivering healthier diets.

The first two weeks of December 2016 represents a crucial moment for the world’s biodiversity. Ten thousand  people, including the 192 Member States and European Union, ministers, observer countries, UN and other international agencies, private sector, civil society and Indigenous groups  are expected to descend on Cancun, Mexico for the 13th Conference of Parties (COP13) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the world’s most important global environment agreement. Both COP13 and the Ministerial High-Level Segment which will also take place will affirm that mainstreaming biodiversity for wellbeing is pivotal to the achievement of the SDGs. It is therefore essential that this vision and political impetus for mainstreaming integrates biodiversity and nutrition considerations and that the nutrition community plays a role in making it happen.

The CBD in recent years has made significant progress in recognizing the links between biodiversity, nutrition and human health, culminating in the first ever decision on this theme in 2014 at COP12 in Korea. This should be warmly welcomed by the nutrition community and furthers the aims of those working at the nexus of agriculture and nutrition and environmental sustainability. More recently, the lead up to COP13 has seen the release of three global reports highlighting the importance of biodiversity, ecosystems and nutrition and human health:  the Rockefeller Foundation - Lancet Commission Report on Planetary Health;  the CBD and WHO-led State of Knowledge Review, Connecting Global Priorities: Biodiversity and Human Health; and the UNEP Healthy Environment, Healthy People report. COP13 provides a unique opportunity for the parties to use the findings and recommendations from these reports to articulate a better vision for biodiversity and nutrition.

The question remains though, how can we better ensure that biodiversity and environment forums/platforms and those of the nutrition community work together more during the ‘decade’ and in a way that helps realize greater gains as we move into the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. One possible option for greater collaboration could be a role for the CBD in the Committee on World Food Security (CFS), also mentioned in the fourth question above, and which happens to be meeting this coming week in Rome.

Dear Friends,

Almost 2 years have elapsed since ICN 2 produced its Framework for Action. There are just 14 years left to achieve the nutritional goals set by ICN2 and reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals set for 2030. And here we are still discussing what to do rather than getting on with implementing the agreed Framework.

We seem to be doing well in building political commitment to do more about all aspects of malnutrition but, as so often seems to happen, we are not getting much closer to improving people’s lives on a significant scale.

The danger is that we shall spend the Decade endlessly, as in this Forum, discussing what to do and have nothing more than a pretty website to show at the end of it. Many people will have died prematurely because of our repeated failures to translate good intent into practical actions.

I often look to Brazil’s example what can be achieved when commitments are translated into determined action and are given the highest political backing. On his first day in office in January 2003, Lula swung into immediate action. He made getting rid of hunger his government’s highest priority; launched a multi-component programme; put new institutional arrangements in place (bringing together government, civil society and the private sector) and made the necessary budgetary allocations to get the programme started and sustained. At the heart of the Zero Hunger programme was the recognition that hunger was a consequence of poverty and that direct targeted moves to increase the incomes of the poor by regular and predictable cash transfers would be the main instrument for empowering them to eat better. The Zero Hunger strategy evolved steadily in the coming years, learning continuously from its experience. It has been subject to lots of criticism , but, in a very short period, it made a huge difference to the lives of the poor in Brazil and narrowed the gap between rich and poor.

The UN Secretary General’s Zero Hunger Challenge was intended to get other countries to follow Brazil’s example, with leaders translating their commitments into genuine action. Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) was launched with similar intent, and the UK government used the London Olympics to launch Nutrition for Growth (N4G) as yet another attempt to build political commitment. But, after much fanfare, each of these well intended initiatives runs out of steam and money. There is a real danger that the Decade of Action will not be endowed with a secretariat and the resources needed to achieve the expected results and will have to compete with the remnants of earlier fading initiatives.

It is good that FAO and WHO have been tasked with leading the implementation of the Decade by the UN GA, but, if they are to really make a difference, the Secretariat must be endowed by its two god-parent Organizations with a clear mandate and targets, a high measure of autonomy, dynamic leadership, a multi-disciplinary team of professionals (hopefully drawing in those who have worked well in the earlier initiatives), the backing of a strong technical committee and access to  substantial financial resources to “prime” promising activities in committed countries.  It is possible that this is what is envisaged but this is not clear. The Proclamation of the Decade for Action legitimises a huge high-profile effort which will not be possible if the work is embedded deeply in the hierarchies of the two Organization, tucked away in a corner of their bureaucracies.

ICN2 was rightly proclaimed as a success, but its legacy will be small unless the governments that approved the Framework for Action and the launch of the Decade provide FAO and WHO with the authority, resources and staff to orchestrate effective implementation, building on  and drawing together – rather than competing with – the various well-intended but under-resourced initiatives set up in recent years with similar goals.

Andrew

Hello members



As a young man based in Kampala Uganda, my expectations for the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition are high, because I believe the UN has better plans and better ways that it can use to implement it's Programmes of improving nutrition and food security in different countries including the most poorest countries in Africa.



My expectations for the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition are, I expect to see some development in poor countries mostly those affected by hunger, at the same time changing the lives of those living in rural areas mostly those who deal in agriculture, improving the markets of agricultural products and finding better ways in which rural farmer can get better training programmes, education and knowledge that they can use in improving their agricultural products and livelihoods.



I believe the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition can really make a lasting difference in improving nutrition and food security of the people in my country, because if people feed well, that means they live a healthy life and farmers will also gain from their agricultural products due to the better markets that will be put in place by the UN programs that are being negotiated by World leaders to improve nutrition and food security of the people in the World, and food security will be improved because farmers will have enough knowledge that they can use to grow better crops that can be stored for future use and they will also  practice better agricultural activities to increase their yields. Thank you



Warm regards



Mwesigye Siryebo

Dear FSN- Moderator,

Kindly find below ideas regarding activities that need to be implemented or accelerated to improve the food security and nutrition of the people of Tanzania

Regards

Stella

FAO Tanzania

___

Introduction

Tanzania recognizing that malnutrition is a developmental challenge, and a national threat to achieving our national socio-economic objectives, especially of being an industrial knowledge driven Middle Income Country by 2025. Therefore, we expect UN Nutrition Action Plan to interpret well the decade of Food and Nutrition into an evidence-based strategic action plan that also contextualizes adaption of the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and regional nutrition relevant strategies that a country can state party to take practical steps to ensure nutrition sector policies, strategies, programmes are nutrition sensitive.

Tanzania has gone through demographic, epidemiologic and nutrition transition. Nutrition has, however, contributed to the current   and   future rate of disease burden. Reasons for the transition are contested. The causal linkages however, may   be   more   complicated   especially   in   recent   times,   where   advances   and diffusion in technology have contributed to changes in mortality and morbidity. This level of stunting (50% to 34% (1992 to 2015/16) is categorized as severe in public health significance and is above the 30% average for Africa. Moreover, a double burden of malnutrition has emerged where undernutrition exists together with a rapidly increasing problem of diet-related non-communicable diseases (DRNCDs), especially overweight, obesity, hypertension and type -2 diabetes that have doubled in adults during the last decade.

QI: What are your expectations for the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition and how could it make a significant difference in improving nutrition and food security of the people in Tanzania within the next ten years?

UN Decade of Action on Nutrition should include the following critical activities to the Work Programme,

  • Strengthening private sector contribution to improve complex nature of nutrition and health  
  • Supportive cross-cutting strategies that requires the effective contribution of multiple actors, sectors and administrative levels, such us Social and behavior change communication (SBCC), Community-Public-Private Partnerships(C-PPP) and integrate  nutrition and gender.
  • Ensure national and global scientific evidence-based sharing of experience and intergenerational transfer of knowledge. contribute significantly towards country’s vision of eliminating malnutrition as a problem of public health significance by 2030 as adopted by the UN General Assembly’s Agenda 2030 on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
  • Provide appropriate nutritional guidelines  and support to communities during emergencies and disasters;
  • Provide evidence base guideline of nutritional care/information and support for disabled people particularly those with impaired vision and deaf.
  • Strengthening prevention and management of Diet Related Non-Communicable Diseases (DRNCDs)
  • Integrate comprehensive methods that take on healthy diets, lifestyles, and sustainable food systems
  • Establishing a multisectoral food security and nutrition information system that can capture both nutrition specific and sensitive interventions
  • Provide food based approach guidelines to tackle problem of malnutrition though agriculture related nutrition sensitive interventions
  • Support reviewing of education programme curriculum for certificates and diploma level so as to increases food and nutrition scientist who can work at community level
  • Develop tools for monitoring and evaluation of nutrition in view of multisectoral approach

Q2; Which activities would need to be accelerated in your country to reach these targets?

  • Strengthening private sector contribution to improve complex nature of nutrition and health increase investments in production, processing, storage and marketing of high-value nutritious and healthy products and in the provision of essential basic social services (food, health, water, sanitation and hygiene) for nutrition improvement;
  • Advocacy and Social mobilization to sustain political Will and Government commitment to nutrition and to mobilise adequate resources for nutrition.
  • Link Research to the programmes and training to assure national and global scientific evidence-based sharing of experience and intergenerational transfer of knowledge.
  • Nutrition emergency response action plan to disaster and crisis
  • Review the integrated Maternal, Infant, Young Child and Adolescent Nutrition training packages and orient different ministries and agencies nutrition officers and Development partners on the packages
  • Advocate and develop guidelines for multiple micronutrients supplements
  • Mapping of economic groups in the community and train them on food base approach to tackle the problem of Vitamin A rich foods at lower level
  • Promote Evidence based interventions to address micronutrients deficiencies include both nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions.
  • Develop Social and behavior change communication (SBCC) for nutrition through interpersonal communication and mass media communication to support adoption of appropriated behavior and practices for improved nutrition
  • Support reviewing of education programme curriculum for certificates and diploma level so as to increases food and nutrition scientist who can work at community level
  • Undertake formative research to identify barriers and motivating factors that influence behaviours which increase demand for iodized salt
  • Provide evidence based guideline of nutritional care/information and support for disabled people particularly those with impaired vision and deaf.
  • Develop advance tools of nutrition indicator that capture impact of Nutrition sensitive interventions on future positive impacts on nutrition status.
  • Strengthening prevention and management of Diet Related Non-Communicable Diseases (DRNCDs)
  • Integrate comprehensive methods that take on healthy diets, lifestyles, and sustainable food systems interpretation to total dietary consumption.
  • Develop/update pre-service  IMAM training curriculum and revise in-service IMAM training package (guidelines, protocol, monitoring tools and job aids)
  • Develop a comprehensive community outreach and mobilization package to address negative social norms, IMAM barriers, early SAM/MAM detection and treatment
  • Conduct advocacy with the Government and Development Partners to ensure adequate funding and prioritization of IMAM in Tanzania
  • Review/develop and validate and print comprehensive guidelines (for community, clinical and e-learning) on healthy lifestyles for Tanzania
  • Provide technical capacity to strengthening routing nutrition data collection, management and interpretation by health care provides/nutritionist through available health information systems

Q3: What can be done to accelerate and improve the quality of commitments from the various actors? What role(s) should public and private actors play in monitoring their implementation?

 

The key nutrition implementers: Government Ministries, Departments and Agencies Development Partners; NGOs, the Private Sector; Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) including NGOs and Faith-Based Organizations (FBO); the Private Sector, political parties and communities

 

Government;

Coordinate the overall national response to nutrition including ensuring effective contribution by Ministries, Departments and Agencies. Support the multi-sectoral response to nutrition and ensuring that nutrition is adequately mainstreamed in policies and strategies of the key line ministries (Provide oversight for governance and accountability of all sectors and actors in nutrition)

Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDA)

To ensure that nutrition is adequately reflected in MDA policies, strategic plans, programs, legislation, regulations and guidelines as well as monitoring the integration of nutrition interventions

NGOs, CBOs, FBOs

 

Integrate nutrition issues in their programs, projects and activities targeting communities and households; and align their nutritional plans with the government plans at the respective level within the context of the national nutrition action plans.

Professional Bodies

 

Will issue professional guidance in nutrition, conduct research, set professional standards and participate in the development of nutrition curricula for pre-service, in-service and continuing education; and supporting outreach activities on nutrition in communities

Political Parties

 

Political parties are in a unique position to promote nutrition improvement, given their reach and influence in mobilizing for social goals Incorporate food and nutrition improvement issues in their election  manifestos and campaigns; Advocate for the prioritisation of nutrition in national Support initiatives for improvement of food and nutrition especially in vulnerable groups

Private Sector Institutions and media

Private sector.

The private sector will partner with Government in the provision of nutrition-relevant services at all Increase investments in production, processing, storage and marketing of high-value nutritious and healthy products and in the provision of essential basic social services (food, health, water, sanitation and hygiene) for nutrition improvement; Invest in production and marketing of appropriate low cost-labour saving technologies that enhance food and nutrition improvement at community level;

The Media

The mass media will be responsible for advocating and conveying accurate information to the public and create awareness so as to influence positive behavioral changes for nutrition improvement in line with National Social and Behavioral Change Communication (SBCC) Strategy. 

Development Partners

Development Partners, including the UN agencies, multilateral and bilateral organizations need to mobilise technical and financial resources for implementation, capacity development, monitoring and evaluating the UN decade for action on nutrition, also bring in international experience, norms and standards, evidence-based guidance and insights to adjust strategy and promote international cooperation in the implementation of nutrition interventions.

Q4: How can other relevant forums, such as the CFS and the UNSCN, contribute, and how can other movements (e.g. human rights, environment) be involved in the Decade

  • Encourage international platform for partnership on nutrition, opportunities to exchange information and share technical resources.
  • Promote cooperation among UN agencies and DPs in support of community national regional and international efforts to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in viscous cycle of malnutrition.
  • Effectively engaging in high level decision making, support strong leadership at all level
  • Develop a nutrition contingency plan for addressing nutrition needs of populations that are prone to climate change hazards, right to food approach etc.
  • Increased coverage of nutrition sensitive interventions from key development sectors (Agriculture and Food Security; Health and HIV; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene; Education; Social Protection and Environment and Climate Change).
  • Good nutrition is a human right. CFS and the UNSCN can contribute enhance nutrition as a human right in the identification of the policy that explicitly mention the right to health and nutrition. These include among others the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women and the African Charter on Human Rights.
  •  CFS and the UNSCN greatly expected to contribute to Tanzania’s political agenda of peace and stability and propelling the country into middle income country (MIC) status by 2025. Thus contributes to global security and peace and provides national anchor for the implementation of the global development and normative agendas. Hence, the UN Nutrition Action plan  galvanizes both global and national social and development agendas into national action plans for sustainable development
  • In this decade, Tanzania expected to become a MIC without the shifts that characterize middle income countries! The pattern of current economic growth is dominated by physical infrastructure (industry, minerals including gas and the service sector with little growth in the Agriculture and Food Security Sector which employ the majority of Tanzanians and more directly related to enhancing malnutrition. Moreover, despite a strong economic growth for over a decade some key areas like poverty reduction, inequality, stunting and uptake of critical services like family planning have not progressed as well as expected. Thus CFS and the UNSCN will ensuring that Tanzania enters MIC status without sliding backwards in its human capital development.
  • Technical and financial support to Multi-Sectoral High-Level Steering Committee for Nutrition (HLSCN) at the Prime Minister’s Office to facilitate multi-sectoral coordination and synergy.

 

Submitted by:

Ms. Stella Kimambo,

National Food Security and Nutrition Officer,

FAO, Dar es salaam, Tanzania

Maximizing the Impact of the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition- WCC-EAA contribution

A key priority

It is our hope and expectation that the Decade will lift up Nutrition to among the highest of priorities of governments and society. We also expect the decade to mobilise commitment and sustained engagement with governments, communities, civil society, faith-based communities, private and public sector. Our work together should end hunger and all forms of malnutrition. 

Human dignity and rights

We consider the right to food and nutrition, as the right to life itself. We also believe in collectively taking the responsibility to ensure that all people can enjoy and benefit from exercising their rights. We are convinced by the interrelatedness and indivisibility of human rights. Be it access to land, water, sanitation, education, markets, decent work and earning living wages or gender justice- malnutrition can only be overcome by protecting the rights and entitlements of all people. We are obliged to respect the dignity of each person in our society and acknowledge, value and uphold even those who are on the margins of society.

Back to the basics

We are convinced that it is only by the dynamic support of local and small-scale farmers, small-scale food producers, fisher folk, herders and local markets, can we bring about sustainable progress in the nutrition status of the community. It is only agricultural systems based on food sovereignty, biodiversity, and sustainable the use of natural resources that will promote resilience and innovation to deliver adequate diets for all.

Working together

We believe that the Decade will bring people across disciplines - (namely- health workers, farmers, fisher folk, agriculture workers, teachers, scientists, development professionals, faith leaders, women, business adolescents and the youth) to work together to hasten the eradication hunger and eliminate all forms of malnutrition. It will be critical to developing targets, milestones, and mechanisms to monitor the progress of the work, especially at the local level.

Our commitment

We will mobilise our communities and leadership to work with all partners to develop and implement the Decade of Action on Nutrition in our context. We will also work with the Decade in the context of the SDG’s, the WHO Global Nutrition Targets, and the ICN2 Framework for Action.

We will also work with civil society to encourage and support the commitment of the state to ensure that we all stay on track to achieve this- in a collaborative manner, protecting the people's health, their livelihood their culture; the lands, water bodies and the environment; and the genetic diversity of our resources.

Dr. Manoj Kurian

Compassion in World Farming is grateful for the opportunity to share our views on how best to maximise the potential of the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition (DAN). We are pleased that the DAN, as well as SDG2, includes action to eradicate all forms of malnutrition and provides data for obesity-related as well as hunger-related malnutrition.
 

While Compassion works primarily to improve farm animal welfare, we find that this is consistent with improving nutrition, as well as reducing malnutrition in all its forms.

Overview: Consequently, Compassion would like to present four key related issues:

1. Research shows that animal sourced foods (ASF) from higher welfare farms (e.g. free-range/organic) tend to be of higher nutritional value than intensively farmed ASF[i];

2. Due to limited resources and capacity to cope with pollution, research shows that high meat-consuming diets cannot be accommodated across the world[ii], and grain-based animal farming detracts from the food base[iii] putting the most food insecure at further risk[iv].  

3. The recent HLPE report to the CFS finds that “The consensus of expert medical advice is that, in developed and some emerging countries, people should reduce their consumption of a number of ASF, in particular of red and processed meats”[v];

4. Through public policy, education, regulation of the market, and business practices, shifts in consumption patterns can be encouraged to allow contraction and convergence of consumption of foods, particularly ASF, with benefits to malnutrition in all its forms.

Discussion: Compassion in World Farming works primarily on improving Farm Animal Welfare for the 70bilion animals farmed for food each year. Around two thirds of farm animals are farmed intensively[vi], typically bred for very rapid growth and high yield, and are fed concentrated feeds and grains; with extreme confinement, physical mutilations, and other physical and psychological suffering. However, research finds that intensively farmed ASF are of lower nutritional value than ASF from animals that are longer-lived, slower growing breeds, have space to roam and can graze and foragei. The iron content was higher in free-range/organic pig-meat, chicken and trout than intensively farmed counter-parts. Similar findings were found for levels of carotenoinds and Vitamin E, where data was available for beef, pig-meat, chicken, milk and eggs. And the proportion of Omega-3 to Omega-6 was consistently better in free-range/organic/slower-growing lamb, beef, pigs, chickens, trout, and with milk and eggs. Other nutrients have not been examined yet.

Many animals, particularly sheep, goats, and cattle, can contribute positively to human nutrition by producing ASF which people can eat, from animals that eat roughage and grass that humans can not eat, and from marginal lands that are not adequate for growing crops for human consumption. Pigs and poultry can be used to re-cycle crop residues and wastes and forage in woodlands and rough pasture.

The shift to intensive livestock farming in many industrialised nations has lead to an increasingly heavy dependence upon grain-based concentrated feeds that are high energy, to drive high growth rates and high milk and egg yields. Removed from the land, animals can no longer graze or forage for food, or utilise crop residues and wastes as the excessive breeding and yields renders them reliant on high-energy feed. Thus, they are competing with humans for land and grain that could otherwise be used to feed people. Using human-grade crops to feed to animals is inherently inefficient, as much of the energy inputted into the animal is lost in the process, and only a fraction is available to the consumer.  The Earth, her resources and capacity to process pollution must be considered as finite; and industrial farming a heavy burden on our resources: the more ASF that are over-consumed in some populations, the less food is available for under-nourished malnourished people.

Additionally, the use of grade, land and other resources for over-consuming diets can have negative economic impacts on the nutrition of the poor – by inflating grain prices.

Intensive industrial farming has also fuelled over-consumption of ASF and lead to a public health crisis. High consumption of some meats, particularly processed meats, are linked to some cancers, heart disease and some forms of strokes.  Ischaemic heart disease and stroke are the two most prevalent causes of death in the world, each twice as common as the third and fourth causes of death[vii].

A reduction in obesity through a reduction in the over-consumption of ASF will bring triple benefits:

1.     improve the malnutrition and general health of those suffering with obesity and associated high-meat-diet related-diseases;

2.     reduce the impact of these diets on the climate and therefore improve the food production capacity of small-scale rural poor farmers who may suffer malnutrition;

3.     free up grain and grain-grade land, phosphorus and other resources for food production for under-nourished malnourished people.

Raising the nutritional status of undernourished people is vital, and while ASF can be an important source of nutrients, ASF are not always the most culturally or economically most suitable option. Supporting small-scale, extensive, mixed farming is important to optimise the contribution that animals can provide to eradicating malnutrition, and government support through veterinary services and insurances is vital. Government intervention to protect access to markets and the livelihoods, and access to land of poor farmers, especially of women, is key. It is important that public policy prevents industrialisation of livestock farming in regions where water, high-grade land and soil, fossil fuels, and high-grade grain are not in surplus.

1  What are your expectations for the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition and how could it make a significant difference in improving nutrition and food security of the people in your country within the next ten years?

Compassion in World Farming is based in the UK, founded by a dairy farmer, and operates in several EU nations, and the USA primarily. Thus, in these countries the primary contribution that the Decade of Action on Nutrition (DAN) can play is to address obesity from the over-consumption of Animal Sourced Foods (ASF) as this is directly related to several diseased linked with premature mortality, but also a serious driver of malnutrition from over consumption.

Diets high in ASF from industrial intensive farming also have a disproportionately and unsustainably high use of inputs and pollution outputs, degrading the food and farming option space available for others on Earth, especially people and farmers in environments and climates that are marginal for food production. Therefore, addressing overconsumption in the UK, EU and USA will also help provide resource space for addressing malnutrition from undernourishment in the global south. Addressing overconsumption in the UK, EU and USA successfully will also create and demonstrate a set of usable methodologies and approaches for success which can be a role model and rolled out by other nations and regions which are increasingly suffering from this public health and malnutrition crisis, as the western diet, saturated in ASF spreads globally.

The DAN is the best opportunity to open a frank and constructive discussion around over-consumption; starting with defining the issue; agreeing on acceptable terms that can be used in the CFS and other fora. Currently, debate is stifled by taboo and a lack of agreed language on this issue.

2  What critical activities need to be included in the Work Programme for the implementation of the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition to reach the 2025 global nutrition targets? Which activities would need to be accelerated in your country to reach these targets? How could these activities be funded?

Funding should be through public finances, rather than business or foundation donations, to maintain impartiality, democracy, and public accountability. An assessment of perverse subsidies, taxes, tax-breaks, policies, market activities, trade agreements, and practices that contribute to malnutrition in all its forms should be undertaken and actions implemented. The true cost, including externalities, of malnutrition in all its forms should also be undertaken, to identify opportunities to lever the action on nutrition. Prevention programmes to reverse the shift to high ASF diets and overconsumption the most effective way of eradicating over-nutrition related malnutrition, as such youth initiatives and school programmes should be considered.

3  What can be done to accelerate and improve the quality of commitments from the various actors? What role(s) should public and private actors play in monitoring their implementation?

The role of private companies and major donor countries and foundations must be very carefully scrutinized and regulated to ensure that the nutrition, food security, and food production capacity of small-scale mixed farming and pastoralists are protected; and that farm animal welfare is not compromised.

How can other relevant forums, such as the CFS and the UNSCN, contribute, and how can other movements (e.g. human rights, environment) be involved in the Decade?

Open dialogue, consultations and other means of seeking the input of civil society, scientists, and other knowledge and opinion holders who are dedicated to the eradication of malnutrition in all its forms should be sought through mechanisms sich as the FSN forum, and other means as used effectively in The World We Want process for example. For CFS, it is of prime importance that the dialogue about addressing overconsumption related malnutrition is not closed down by member states or other stakeholders. Agreed language will be important to establish in 2016/17 during the production and revision of the HLPE report and the policy recommendations that come from this process.

Conclusion: malnutrition from both under and over nutrition affects approximately half of the world, and obesity related malnutrition is increasing. Fortunately, there are win-wins available: reducing the over-consumption of ASF and moving away from intensive grain-fed farming systems and supporting small-scale extensive mixed farming can help bring about improvements in nutrition and food security for those people who are malnourished through obesity and those who are malnourished through under-nourishment; as well as improving the lives of farm animals significantly.

The development of open dialogue and agreed language will be key to facilitating progress on addressing over-consumption related malnutrition and overconsumption related over-use of resource and food production option space. Managing the influence of large foundations, companies and others who may inadvertently exacerbate malnutrition should be comprehensive; while balancing this with the important and valuable participation of civil society, researchers, and the views, needs, opinions, and preferences of those most affected by malnutrition in all its forms. Again, Compassion would like to thank the organisers for this opportunity to input into this process.

Emily Lewis, October 16th 2016. [email protected]


[i] Pickett, H. 2012. Nutritional Benefits of Higher Welfare Animal Products. Pp1-43. https://www.ciwf.org.uk/media/5234769/Nutritional-benefits-of-higher-we… (For a quick guide to the results, see summary table 3 on page 33.)

[ii] Karl-Heinz Erb, Andreas Mayer, Thomas Kastner, Kristine-Elena Sallet, Helmut Haberl, 2012: The Impact of Industrial Grain Fed Livestock Production on Food Security: an extended literature review. Pp 1-82.

[iii] FAO (2011) World Livestock 2011: Livestock in food security, UN FAO, Rome.

[v] HLPE, 2016. Sustainable agricultural development for food security and nutrition: what roles for livestock? A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2016. Full report www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe.

 

Dear Christine and colleagues

Many thanks for this interesting consultation.

I am delighted to share the contribution of the Coordinator on behalf of the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement.

We look further to continuous collaboration

Best wishes

Florence

Director of SUN Movement Secretariat

 

 

The Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement’s contribution to the Decade of Action on Nutrition – 16 October 2016

1. What are your expectations for the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition and how could it make a significant difference in improving nutrition and food security of the people in your country within the next ten years?

2. What critical activities need to be included in the Work Programme for the implementation of the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition to reach the 2025 global nutrition targets? Which activities would need to be accelerated in your country to reach these targets? How could these activities be funded?

3. What can be done to accelerate and improve the quality of commitments from the various actors? What role(s) should public and private actors play in monitoring their implementation?

4. How can other relevant forums, such as the CFS and the UNSCN, contribute, and how can other movements (e.g. human rights, environment) be involved in the Decade?



1)  The goal of ending malnutrition in all its forms by 2030 is as ambitious as it is urgent, but above all, it is achievable. In 2010, when the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement was launched, there were 165 million stunted children. Figures released in September 2016 show that that number is now 156 million.



2)  We have a long way to go: every nation in our world is affected by malnutrition. Poor nutrition stunts cognitive development and educational success, has devastating consequences for the social and economic potential of individuals and undermines the peace and prosperity of societies. With more than 3 million deaths of children under 5 every year as a result of under-nutrition and a rapid rise in non-communicable diseases caused by overweight and obesity, the complex, overlapping and inter-related multiple burdens of malnutrition affect people living in every country in the world, across the socio-economic spectrum. Whilst women and children in the world’s poorest countries bear a disproportionate share of the global malnutrition burden, marginalised groups in all countries and communities, are particularly vulnerable. The Decade of Action on Nutrition is timely: it can help communicate the human, social and economic impacts on nutrition and amplify the focus on implementation in countries, for results.



3)  The Movement’s new Strategy and Roadmap 2016-2020 – From Inspiration to Impact- seeks to accelerate the achievements of results through the strengthening of in-country capabilities to a) improve country planning and implementation, mobilise; b) advocate and communicate for impact; c) collaborate cross sectorally and with multiple stakeholders and d) ensure equity, equality and non- discrimination for all. As such, the members of the SUN Movement will have an important contribution to make towards the goals of the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition.



4)  Lessons from the SUN Movement’s experience to date shows that attention to several areas is needed to improve nutrition. These relate to encouraging an enabling environment for scale up to happen at country level, working across sectors and with multiple stakeholders, aligning with national plans and priorities, increasing access to, and effective use of, financial resources for nutrition, and building on and sharing experiences learned to date.  The experience of those countries in the SUN Movement will be invaluable in achieving the goals of the Decade of Action on Nutrition. Their experiences indicate that:



5)  First and foremost, ending malnutrition is a political choice. With governments accountable for the nutrition of their citizens, political leadership, at all levels, is essential. With nutrition being a cross - sectoral issue, the convening power of the country’s top leadership can encourage convergence and collaboration. The involvement of Ministries of Planning and Finance alongside those responsible for improvements in agriculture, social protection, education, water and sanitation, health can leverage impact not just in nutrition but for sectoral outcomes too, in a virtuous circle of development and nutrition wins. The Decade of Action on Nutrition has the opportunity to elevate and sustain a focus on good nutrition at the highest-levels, guided by data and shared learning. The SUN Movement will work to amplify the progress and highlight the challenges faced by those that are scaling up nutrition.  



6)  Secondly, whilst national ownership is essential, efforts to end malnutrition in all its forms will also require innovative alliances and engagement from all stakeholders, young and old, women and men, and from all in society. These alliances will include civil society and social movements, business, parliamentarians and local authorities, the UN system and multilateral institutions - working together for measurable and scalable impact. Their partnering will be different in each country, in each community and in each context, and open dialogue is essential. The Decade of Action encapsulates this approach, offering a truly inclusive space for countries to share their progress and challenges, and seek ways to collaborate together to translate dialogue into action for all people everywhere. The SUN Movement will play its part encouraging each national Movement to focus on the issues that will have the best results for them, and encouraging the actors at the regional and global level to adapt their support accordingly. This collaboration is being built on 10 guiding principles of engagement that have been developed and adopted by stakeholders in the SUN Movement are also being adopted by other global partnerships and will help transform our ways of working[1].



7)  Thirdly, the alignment of stakeholders with national priorities and plans will increase efficiency, improve efficacy and maximize collective impact. As the Decade of Action galvanizes SMART Commitments that can translate the outcomes of the ICN2 Framework for Action into concrete outcomes, experiences in the SUN Movement indicate that commitments to action must also be aligned, and that all stakeholders must be mutually accountable for achieving results, facilitated by clear expectations, and measurable achievements. The SUN Movement will seek to encourage this alignment, and commitment to SMART actions.



8)  Fourthly, the type of knowledge required to meet the challenge of ending malnutrition is as much about experience as it is about evidence, building upon what already exists, implementing actions and course correcting as we learn. In the SUN Movement we will encourage and facilitate the sharing of experiences across sectors, countries and stakeholder groups.  In doing so, we will contribute to the implementation of national policies, programs and investments under the ICN2 framework in line with the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.



9)  Fifthly, increased resources are needed, but efficient use of these resources is also required. Improving financing for nutrition is a collective responsibility and will require national government, donors, innovative financing mechanism, business and consumers to act in solidarity behind shared goals to collectively accelerate progress. But financing is also linked to results. The Decade of Action, through showcasing the results of efforts to improve nutrition can help drive forward further investments, and the SUN Movement will share the learning and experiences of its members, and will mobilise our members to do so.



10) Finally, if we are to end malnutrition in all its forms, we must ensure that we leave no-one behind and reach the hardest to reach first. This means we must be prepared to adapt our ways of working to assist those in fragile contexts, failed states, and humanitarian situations and build resilience to climatic, political and economic shocks. And in all countries, we must ensure continued attention to women and children, to marginalised groups, and to those for whom nutrition justice must be served in order to leave no-one behind.  



11) The Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement is not an institution programme or fund. It is a voluntary Movement whose stakeholders are bound together by a collective vision to end malnutrition in all its forms. The 57 Member States in the Movement, with the 3 Indian States and the 2,500 civil society groups, 200 businesses, donors, scientists, and UN system agencies will have their own ways of contributing to the Decade of Action on Nutrition. As the SUN Movement we will share our experience and our progress and our challenges in ways that support coordinated action, strengthen collaboration, and monitor impact within the shared framework of the ICN2 outcomes, the SDGs, and the global nutrition targets.



12) In conclusion, nutritional status is both a driver and marker of inequity. If the full ambition of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is to be realized, improved nutrition of all people, everywhere will be essential. The 2030 Agenda is everyone’s agenda. It guides us towards a better future for us all now, and for future generations, on a healthier planet. The international community is committed to eradicate poverty and hunger, build resilient societies, address climate change and put the world on a path for sustainable development. The United Nations’ Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016-2025 can be an invaluable contribution to this agenda and an unprecedented opportunity to increase the world’s attention to the individual, social and economic impacts of malnutrition. More importantly, it is an unprecedented opportunity to further galvanize action to achieve results so that children, families and communities thrive.



Gerda Verburg

United Nation’s Assistant Secretary General

Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) Movement Coordinator


[1] Partnerships Playbook http://ucx3x320eshgjxppibt1rqg0.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Partnerships-Playbook.pdf.pdf 1. Be country led; 2. Be rights based; 3. Be inclusive; 4. Be transparent about intentions and impact; 5. Be predictable and mutually accountable; 6. Be evidence – based; 7. Communicate conscientiously; 8. Act with integrity and in an ethical manner; 9. Be mutually respectful; and 10. Do no harm.

 

Welthungerhilfe welcomes this online consultation and appreciates this possibility to comment and to contribute to a successful Decade of Action on Nutrition in the follow up of the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2).

Achieving Zero Hunger and tackling all forms of malnutrition need a strong political will and must be on top of the political agenda. Coherent action in the context of the Decade, from all actors, such as UN agencies, governments, civil society, academia and private sector is key. We recognize the UN Decade as a unique opportunity to jointly contribute to sustainable and healthy diets and lifestyles.

All action under the Decade must be based on human rights and existing human rights obligations and commitments, particularly the right to adequate food, and recognizing human rights principles such as non-discrimination, participation, transparency and accountability.

To allow the Decade to have a real impact on the lives of the people who are most affected by malnutrition, it needs to be a people´s decade. Governments need to set up and support processes at country level that enable the most affected groups to participate in the design, implementation and monitoring of policies and programs in the context of the Decade. These processes should be coordinated with those put in place in the context of the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.

The Committee on World Food Security (CFS), based on its mandate, has an important role to play in the coordination and orientation of action between a range of actors, improving policy coherence and monitoring progress on the Implementation of the Decade in line with the Right to adequate food. The report of the CFS´s High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on “Food systems and nutrition” to be endorsed by the CFS 44 can provide guidance on national and international policies on nutrition.

The monitoring of the implementation of CFS decisions and policies at country level will be a critical activity to be implemented in the work program for the implementation of the Decade as a contribution of the CFS to verify progress, identify successful policies, failures and challenges and hold governments to account on their commitments and human rights obligations with regard to nutrition. As drivers of the Decade, member states should convene and support inclusive national monitoring events. 

Germany has endorsed the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition and is a signatory and supporter of the outcome documents of ICN2, the WHA nutrition targets, and the Voluntary Guidelines on the Right to adequate Food. With the endorsement of the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development, Germany has recognized its domestic relevance as well as its responsibilities at international level with regard to nutrition.

The recently revised National Sustainability Strategy (NSS) aims to illustrate Germany´s contribution to the achievement of the SDGs, however, it still lacks relevant indicators which would be important, particularly to monitor the impacts of Germany´s policies on food and nutrition security and the right to adequate food on those most affected by malnutrition.

On a national level, Germany faces the growing problem of overweight and obesity. Germany is active in promoting healthy and sustainable diets and lifestyles, but mainly focuses on consumer education for behavior change which do not seem to have a significant impact on overweight and obesity rates in Germany. Within the Decade of Action on Nutrition, the government should set the legal and political framework conditions to promote healthy and sustainable diets. This includes situational prevention measures, e.g. taxes on unhealthy foods, labelling, the removal of persuasive elements from packaging, mandatory regulations for public procurement to ensure that food which is provided in canteens, schools etc. contributes to diversified healthy diets and is from environmentally and socially sustainable production.

On an international level, Germany should move forward towards monitoring and reducing adverse impacts of its policies on food and nutrition security and the right to adequate food beyond its own national borders. This requires closer coordination of public policies in different sectors (agriculture, health, education, environment, trade, finance and others) and at different levels and the definition of clear responsibilities.

Germany is a main donor in the field of sustainable food and nutrition security. The Decade provides the momentum for a significant increase of ODA funding for nutrition. This should be focused on least developed countries and the groups most affected by malnutrition and address the structural determinants of malnutrition.

To conclude, for a successful and lasting international Decade of Action on Nutrition it is necessary to formulate a systematic, detailed and coherent strategy to implement the actions proposed in the ICN2 Framework for Action at different levels. A monitoring system should be set up which allows for meaningful participation of civil society actors, particularly those most affected by malnutrition, and should, at a global level be led by the UN, especially WHO, FAO and UNSCN, and at a national level, by member states.