Introduction
Freshwater
discharge from rivers influences oceanic circulation at
interannual to decadal time scales and records of discharge
from pristine river basins are also useful in detecting
climate change. It has a role in driving the climate system,
as the freshwater inflow to the oceans may influence thermohaline
circulations.
ECV
River Discharge
GTOS
is currently assessing the status of the development of
standards for each of the essential climate variables in
the terrestrial domain, as requested by UNFCCC SBSTA/COP
for its 23rd Session in Montreal, November 2005. The following
report, documentation and other resources have been compiled
for river discharge. We welcome your comments and inputs
in improving and completing the analysis. Please send any
material and comments to the GTOS
Secretariat.
Download
current report
1.77 Mb, v08, 8 January 2009
Note
that a status final report will be submitted to SBSTA 27,
December 2007.
References
Listed
below are the major references that have been identified
in regards to methodology and standards for river discharge.
Please inform us if you are aware of any other documentation
or material which could be considered.
Alsdorf
D.E., Melack J.M., Dunne T, Mertes L.A.K, Hess L.L., Smith
L.C. (2000): Interferometric radar measurements of water
level changes on the Amazon flood plain. Nature 404: 174–177.
Alsdorf D.E,
Smith L.C, Melack J.M., (2001a): Amazon floodplain water
level changes measured with interferometric SIR-C radar.
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 39(2):
423–431.
Alsdorf D.E.,
Birkett C.M., Dunne T, Melack J, Hess L. (2001b): Water
level changes in a large Amazon lake measured with space
borne radar interferometry and altimetry. Geophysical Research
Letters 28: 2671–2674.
Costa J.E., Spicer
K.R., Cheng R.T., Haeni P.F., Melcher N.B., Thurman E.M.,
Plant W.J., Keller WC. (2000): Measuring stream discharge
by noncontact methods: a proof-of-concept experiment. Geophysical
Research Letters 27: 553–556.
Hirsch
R. M, Costa J. E., (2004):U.S. Stream Flow Measurement and
Data Dissemination Improve EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical
Union. Vol. 85, No. 20, 18 May 2004, 197-203 pp.
GCOS
(2000): Establishment of a Global Hydrological Observation
Network for Climate. Report of the GCOS/GTOS/HWRP Expert
Meeting, Geisenheim, Germany, June 26-30, 2000. Cihlar J.,
Grabs W., and Landwehr J. (eds), (GCOS-63; GTOS-26) (WMO/TD-No.
1047). ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-13
GCOS
(2002): Report of the GCOS/GTOS/HWRP Expert Meeting on the
Implementation of a Global Terrestrial Network - Hydrology
(GTN-H), Koblenz, Germany, June 21-22, 2001. Grabs W, Thomas
AR (eds), (GCOS-71; GTOS- 29) (WMO/TD-No. 1099). ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-17
GCOS
(2003a): Global Terrestrial Network-Hydrology (GTN-H). Report
of the GTN-H Coordination Panel Meeting, Toronto, Canada,
21-22 November 2002. Harvey KD, Grabs W, Thomas AR (eds),
(GCOS-83; GTOS-33) (WMO/TD-No.
1155).
GCOS
(2003b): Report of the GCOS/GTOS/HWRP Expert Meeting on
Hydrological Data for Global Studies, Toronto, Canada, 18-20
November 2002. Harvey KD, Grabs W (eds), (GCOS-84; GTOS-32)
(WMO/TD-No. 1156). ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-19
GCOS
(2003c) Second Report on the Adequacy of the Global Climate
Observing Systems. Developed on request of the United Nations
Framework Convention for Climatic Change/ Subsidiary Body
for Scientific and Technological Advice (UNFCCC/SBSTA).
ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-?
GCOS
(2003d): Status Report on the Key Climate Variables. Technical
Supplement to the Second Report on the Adequacy of the Global
Observing Systems for Climate. Draft Version 2.7 10th September
2003 ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-?
GCOS
(2004a) Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System
for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC. Developed on request
of the United Nations Framework Convention for Climatic
Change/ Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological
Advice (UNFCCC/SBSTA). ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-?
GCOS
(2004b) Analysis of Data Exchange Problems in Global Atmospheric
and Hydrological Networks. Initial Summary Report (for SBSTA-20).
ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-?
International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), (1988): Liquid Flow
Measurement in Open Channels: Vocabulary and Symbols. Third
edition, ISO 772, Geneva.
International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), (1981): Liquid Flow
Measurement in Open Channels. Part 1: Establishment and
operation of a gauging station and Part 2: Determination
of stage-discharge relation. ISO 1100, Geneva.
International
Organization for Standardization (ISO), (2003): ISO 19115:
Geographic information – Metadata
Kresse, W, Fadaie,
K (2004): ISO Standards for Geographic Information, Springer,
ISBN 3-540-20130-0
Maurer,
T (2004a): Globally agreed standards for metadata and data
on variables describing geophysical processes. A fundamental
prerequisite to improve the management of the Earth System
for our all future, GRDC Report No. 31, Global Runoff Data
Centre, Koblenz, Germany. ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-?
Maurer,
T (2004b): Transboundary and transdisciplinary environmental
data and information integration - an essential prerequisite
to sustainably manage the Earth System. INDUSTRY IDS-Water
Europe 2004 Online Conference ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-14,
10 May - 28 May 2004, 14pp. See
also
Maurer,
T (2003a): Development of an operational internet-based
near real time monitoring tool for global river discharge
data. A contribution to the Global Terrestrial Network for
Hydrology (GTN-H). GRDC Report No. 30, Global Runoff Data
Centre, Koblenz, Germany. See
document
Maurer,
T (2003b): Intergovernmental arrangements and problems of
data sharing, In: Timmerman JG, Behrens HWA, Bernardini
F, Daler D, Poss P, Van Ruiten KJM, Ward RC (eds): Information
to support sustainable water management: From local to global
levels, Monitoring Tailor-Made IV Conference, St. Michielsgestel,
the Netherlands 15-18 September 2003, RIZA, Lelystad, The
Netherlands See
document
Maurer,
T (2003c): Challenges in transboundary and transdisciplinary
environmental data integration in a highly heterogeneous
and rapidly changing world - A view from the perspective
of the Global Runoff Data Centre. In: Harmancioglu NB, Ozkul
SD, Fistikoglu O, Geerders P (eds): Integrated Technologies
for Environmental Monitoring and Information Production
, Proc. NATO Advanced Research Workshop, 10 - 14 September
2001, Marmaris, Turkey. Nato Science Series IV Volume 23,
Kluwer Academic Publishers See
document
Maurer,
T., (2005): The Global Terrestrial Network for River Discharge
(GTN-R) - Near real-time data acquisition and dissemination
tool for online river discharge and water level information.
Proc. First International Symposium on Geo-Information for
Disaster Management, 21-23 March 2005, Delft, The Netherlands,
18pp. ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-12
Morlock,
S.E., (1996): Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
measurements of river discharge. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4218 Indianapolis,
Indiana. ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-23
Rantz,
S.E., (1982): Measurement and Computation of Streamflow:
Volume 1.Measurement of Stage and Discharge. Geological
Survey Water-Supply Paper 2175. ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-25
Smith,
L.C., Isacks, B.L., Bloom, A.L., and Murray A.B., (1996):
Estimation of discharge from three braided rivers using
synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite imagery: Potential
application to ungaged basins', Water Resources Research,
32(7): 2021-2034 pp. ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-29
Smith,
L.C., (1997) Satellite remote sensing of river inundation
area, stage, and discharge: A review. Hydrological Processes,
11, 1427-1439. ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-28
Vörösmarty,
C.J., B. Fekete, and B.A. Tucker. 1998. River Discharge
Database, Version 1.1 (RivDIS v1.0 supplement). Available
through the Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and
Space / University of New Hampshire, Durham NH (USA).
Vörösmarty,
C.J., B. Fekete, and B.A. Tucker. 1996. River Discharge
Database, Version 1.0 (RivDIS v1.0), Volumes 0 through 6.
A contribution to IHP-V Theme 1. Technical Documents in
Hydrology Series. UNESCO, Paris
World Meteorological
Organization (WMO), (1980): Manual on Stream Gauging. Volumes
I and II, Operational Hydrology Report No. 13. WMO-No. 519,
Geneva.
World Meteorological
Organization, (1994): Guide to hydrological practices. Data
acquisition and processing analysis, forecasting and other
applications. WMO-No.168, Geneva. (File code: ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-16-WMO-guide-hydrological-practices-ENG)
World
Meteorological Organization (WMO), (2001a): Exchanging hydrological
data and information, WMO policy and practice, WMO brochure
No. 925, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
World
Meteorological Organization (WMO), (2001b): Exchange of
Hydrological Data and Products, WMO Technical Reports in
Hydrology and Water Resources No.74, P. Mosley, World Meteorological
Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. (WMO/TD-No. 1097). (fle
code: ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-20
World
Meteorological Organization (WMO), (2004): WMO
Core Metadata Standard (v0-2).
World
Meteorological Organization (WMO), (2006) Technical Regulations”
Vol. III Hydrology, WMO No.49 Geneva. ECV-T1-riverdischarge-ref-01z
Xu K., Zhang
J., Watanabe M., Sun C. (2004): Estimating river discharge
from very high-resolution satellite data: a case study in
the Yangtze River, China. Hydrological Processes. Volume
18, No 10: 1927-1939 pp
Relevant
Web links
Please
send us relevant Web links which will be listed below:
GTN-R
