Herbs, spices and essential oils: post-harvest operations in developing countries: App.I, table 3a

Appendix I: Spice and Essential Oil Products and their Growing Regions

Table 3: Spice and Essential oil crop products from flowers and buds for world climate zones (Köppen's)

Species	Common Name	Family	Habit	Plant part(s) used as source(s) of product	Product 1	Climate Zone 2
Acacia dealbata	Silver Wattle	Fabaceae	Perennial tree	Flowers	O, C, A	Cf, Cs, Cw, Do
Acacia farnesiana	Cassie	Fabaceae	Perennial tree	Flowers	EO, C, A	Aw, Bs, Cs
Achillea millefolium	Yarrow (milfoil)	Asteraceae	Perennial herb	Flowers	EO	Cs, Do
Alpinia zerumbet	Shell Ginger	Zingiberaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes, Flowers	S, EO, O	Aw, Ar*
Borago officinalis	Borage	Boraginaceae	Annual herb	Flowers, seed	S, A, E	Bs, Cs, Do, Dc, Df, Dw
Boronia megastigma	Boronia	Rutaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	O, A, E	Cs, Cf*
Cananga odorata	Ylang ylang	Annonaceae	Perennial tree	Flowers	EO	Aw, Ar
Capparis spinosa	Caper	Capparaceae	Perennial shrub	buds , flowers	S	Bs, Cs, Do, Dc
Chamaemelum nobile	Roman chamomile	Asteraceaee	Perennial herb	Flowers	EO	Bs, Cs, Do, Dc, Df, Dw
Citrus aurantium	Sour Orange	Rutaceae	Perennial tree	Flowers, Fruit rind, Leaves,	EO	Aw, Bs, Cf, Cs, Cw
Convallaria majalis	Lily of Valley	Liliaceae	Perennial herb	Flowers	EO, A	Do, Dc, E
Crocus sativus	Saffron	Iridaceae	Annual corm	Stigma	S	Cs, Do, Dc
Dianthus caryophyllus	Carnation	Caryophyllaceae	Perennial herb	Flowers	A	Cs, Dc, Do*
Dimocarpus longan	Longan	Sapindaceae	Perennial tree	Leaves, flowers	S	Aw, Ar, Cf, Cw
Etlingera elatior	Torch ginger	Zingiberaceae	Perennial herb	Flower bud	S	Aw, Ar
Helichrysum italicum	Curry Plant; Immortelle	Asteraceae	Perennial herb	Flowers	EO	Bs, Cs*
Hibiscus sabdariffa	Roselle	Malvaceae	Annual herb	Flowers, fruit	S	Aw, Ar, Bs
Humulus lupulus	Hops	Cannabaceae	Perennial vine	Flowers	EO, E	Bs, Cf, Cs, Cw, Do, Dc, Df, Dw
Hyacinthus orientalis	Hyacinth	Liliaceae	Perennial herb	Flowers	A, E	Cs, Dc, Do*
Jasminum auriculatum	Jasmine	Oleaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	C, A, E	Aw, Ar*
Jasminum grandiflorum	Catalonian Jasmine	Oleaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	C, A, E	Aw, Bs, Cs*
Jasminum officinale	Jasmine	Oleaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	C, A, E.	Aw, Ar*
Jasminum sambac	Arabian Jasmine	Oleaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	C, A, E	Aw, Ar*
Lonicera caprifolium	Honeysuckle	Caprifoliaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	EO	Cs, Do, Dc
Lonicera japonica	Japanese honeysuckle	Caprifoliaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	EO, E	Cs, Do, Dc*
Matricaria chamomilla	Chamomile	Asteraceae	Annual herb	Leaves, Flowers	EO	Cs, Do, Dc, Df, Dw
Michelia champaca	Champaka	Magnoliaceae	Perennial tree	Flowers	A, EO	Aw, Cw, Do, Dc, Df, Dw
Myroxylon Pereira	Balsam of Peru	Fabaceae	Perennial tree	Flowers	EO	Aw, Ar *
Myrtus communis	Myrtle	Myrtaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	S, EO	Bs, Cs, Do
Origanum onites	Pot marjoram	Lamiaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	EO	Cs, Do, Dc, Df, Dw
Osmanthus fragrans	Sweet olive	Oleaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	C, A, E	Aw, Ar*
Pandanus tectorius	Pandanus	Pandanaceae	Perennial tree	Flower	A, EO	Aw, Ar*
Polianthes tuberosa	Tuberose	Agavaceae	Bulbous Perennial	Flowers	EO, A	Aw, Cs, Bs
Ribes nigrum	Black currant	Grossulariaceae	Perennial shrub	Flower buds	A, E	Bs, Do, Dc, Df, Dw, E
Rosa centifolia	Rose	Rosaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	EO, A, E	Bs, Cs, Dc, Do*
Rosa damascena	Damask Rose	Rosaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	EO, A, E	Bs, Cs, Dc, Do*
Rosa rugosa	Turkestan rose	Rosaceae	Perennial shrub	Flowers	EO, A, E	Bs, Cs, Dc, Do*
Ruta graveolens	Rue	Rutaceae	Perennial shrub	Leaves, flowers, fruits	EO	Aw, Bs, Cs, Do
Ruta montana	Mountain rue	Rutaceae	Perennial shrub	Leaves, flowers, fruits	S, EO	Cs, Dc, Do*
Sambucus nigra	Elder	Caprifoliaceae	Perennial tree	Flowers, fruit	S	Aw, Cs, Cw, Do, Dc
Syringa vulgaris	Lilac	Oleaceae	Perennial tree	Flowers	EO, A	Cs, Dc, Do*
Syzygium aromaticum	Clove	Myrtaceae	Perennial tree	Flower buds,leaves	S, EO, O, C, A, E	Aw, Ar, Cs
Tagetes erecta	Mexican Marigold	Asteraceae	Annual herb	Flowers	EO	Aw, Bs, Cs, Cf, Do, Dc*
Tagetes minuta	Wild marigold	Asteraceae	Annual herb	Flowers	EO, C, A	Aw, Bs, Cs, Cf, Do, Dc*
Tagetes patula	French marigold	Asteraceae	Perennial herb	Flowers	EO	Aw, Bs, Cs, Cf, Do, Dc*
Tropaeolum majus	Nasturtium	Tropaeolaceae	Annual herb	Flowers	S	Cs, Do
Viola odorata	Violet	Violaceae	Perennial herb	Leaves, flowers	A	Bs, Cf, Cs, Dc, Do*

1 The p roduct classification used is: A: absolute; C: concrete; E: extract; EO: essential oil; R: resin; S: spice (or herb).

2 The climate biome classifications as per FAO website ( http://ecocrop.fao.org ) are: Ar: tropical wet, Aw: tropical wet & dry, Bw: desert or arid, Bs: steppe or semiarid, Cf: subtropical humid, Cs: subtropical dry summer, Cw: subtropical dry winter, Dc: temperate continental, Df: temperate with humid winters, Do: temperate oceanic, Dw: temperate with dry winters, E: boreal.

When the species did not have a biome requirement listed on the FAO ecocrop web site, this was estimated by the authors and acknowledged with an asterisk.