Herbs, spices and essential oils: post-harvest operations in developing countries: App.I, table 4

Appendix I: Spice and Essential Oil Products and their Growing Regions

Table 4: Spice and Essential oil crop products from roots and rhizomes for world climate zones (Köppen's)

Species	Common Name	Family	Habit	Plant part(s) used as source(s) of product oil	Product 1	Climate Zone 2
Acorus calamus	Sweet Flag	Acoraceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes	EO, E	Aw, Ar, Bs, Cf, Cs, Cw, Dc
Allium ascalonicum	Shallot	Alliaceae	Perennial herb	leaf/bulb	S	Aw, Ar, Bs, Cf, Cs, Cw, Do, Dc, Df, Dw
Allium cepa	Onion	Alliaceae	Biennial herb	Bulbs	S, EO, O,	Aw, Ar, Bs, Cf, Cs, Cw, Do, Dc, Df, Dw
Allium fistulosum	Welsh onion	Alliaceae	Perennial herb	Leaf, bulb	S	Aw, Cf, Do, Dc, E
Allium sativum	Garlic	Alliaceae	Biennial herb	Bulbs	S, EO, O	Aw, Ar, Cf, Cs, Cw, Do, Dc, Df, Dw, E
Allium ursinum	Wild garlic	Alliaceae	Bulbous perennial	bulb, leaf	S	Do*
Alpinia galanga	Greater galanga	Zingiberaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes, Leaves	S, EO, O	Aw, Ar
Alpinia officinarum	Lesser Galanga	Zingiberaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes	S, EO, O	Aw, Ar
Alpinia zerumbet	Shell Ginger	Zingiberaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes, Flowers	S, EO, O	Aw, Ar*
Angelica archangelica	Angellica	Apiaceae	Biennial herb	Roots, Seeds	S, EO, O, C, A	Bs, Do, Dc, Df, Dw, E
Armoracia rusticana	Horse radish	Brassicaceae	Perennial herb	Roots	S	Bs, Cs, Do, Dc, E*
Asarum canadense	Wild ginger	Aristolochiaceae	Perennial herb	Roots	S, EO	Cf, Dc, E*
Bunium persicum	Black caraway	Apiaceae	Perennial herb	Root,Seed	S, EO	Bs, Bw, Dc, E*
Curcuma longa	Turmeric	Zingiberaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes	S, EO, O, E	Aw, Ar, Cs
Curcuma zedoaria	Zedoary	Zingiberaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes	S, EO	Aw, Ar
Cyperus longus	Galingale	Cyperaceae	Perennial herb	Roots	S	Aw, Bw, Bs, Cf, Cs
Cyperus rotundus	Cypriol	Cyperaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes, roots	EO	Aw, Ar, Bs, Cs, Cw
Cyperus scariosus	Cypriol	Cyperaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes, roots	EO	Aw, Ar, Bs*
Geranium macrorrhizum	Cranesbill	Geraniaceae	Perennial herb	Leaves, roots	EO	Cf, Cs, Dc, Do*
Inula helenium	Elecampane	Asteraceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes	EO, E	Bs, Cs, Dc, Do*
Iris germanica	German Iris	Iridaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes	EO,	Cs, Do
Iris pallida	Florentine Orris	Iridaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes	EO,	Cs, Do*
Kaempferia galanga	Galangal	Zingiberaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizome	S	Aw, Ar, Cf
Moringa oleifera	horseradish tree	Moringaceae	Perennial tree	Roots, leaves, fruit, seed	S	Aw, Bs, Cs
Narcissus jonquilla	Jonquil	Liliaceae	Annual herb	Roots, rhizomes	C, A	Cs, Cf, Dc, Do*
Nardostachys chinensis	Spikenard	Valerianaceae	Perennial herb	Roots, rhizomes	EO	Aw, Cw*
Nardostachys jatamansi	Spikenard	Valerianaceae	Perennial herb	Roots, rhizomes	EO	Aw, Cw*
Panax ginseng	Ginseng	Araliaceae	Perennial herb	Root	S	Cf, Do, Dc
Sassafras albidum	Sassafras	Lauraceae	Perennial tree	Root bark	EO	Cf, Dc
Saussurea lappa	Costus	Asteraceae	Perennial herb	Roots	EO	Bs
Valeriana officinalis	Valerian	Valerianaceae	Perennial herb	Roots, rhizomes	EO	Do, Dc
Vetiveria zizanoides	Vetiver	Poaceae	Perennial herb	Roots	EO, R	Aw, Ar, Cw*
Wasabia japonica	Wasabi	Brassicaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes	S	Cf, Do*
Zingiber officinale	Ginger	Zingiberaceae	Perennial herb	Rhizomes	S, EO, A, O, E	Aw, Ar, Cf

1 The p roduct classification used is: A: absolute; C: concrete; E: extract; EO: essential oil; R: resin; S: spice (or herb).

2 The climate biome classifications as per FAO website ( http://ecocrop.fao.org ) are: Ar: tropical wet, Aw: tropical wet & dry, Bw: desert or arid, Bs: steppe or semiarid, Cf: subtropical humid, Cs: subtropical dry summer, Cw: subtropical dry winter, Dc: temperate continental, Df: temperate with humid winters, Do: temperate oceanic, Dw: temperate with dry winters, E: boreal.

When the species did not have a biome requirement listed on the FAO ecocrop web site, this was estimated by the authors and acknowledged with an asterisk.