1. Overview
1.1 Geography and administrative
units
1.2 Socio-economic features
1.3 Climate
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1.1 Geography and
administrative units
(It is at the discretion of the person compiling the report
to make appropriate links to already existing internet sites
in order to avoid redundancy of internet-based information on
land, water, and plant nutrition. This principle applies to
all the following sections)
• Geographical location (description,
localization map)
• Administrative units (regions, countries, capital cities,
provinces, other administrative units and areas). Include the
name and the area of the different administrative units in the
country.
[Map 1.1.1: e.g. Outline Map]
[Map 1.1.2: e.g. Administrative Map]
1.2 Socio-economic
features
• Population (population statistics: size,
density, %rural and urban population, population growth rate,
major employment sectors, per capita income and per capita arable
land).
• Economy (brief description of the main economic sectors
of the country).
• The role of agriculture in the country's economy (trends
in the role of agriculture in the economy, contribution to GDP
and employment, history and institutional arrangements of the
agricultural sector, information on infrastructure, education,
health, agriculture, transport and communication).
• Major food crops and cash crops and trends in production
• Food security (major food source, present and future
food demand, methods to achieve this _ cropping intensity, crop
diversification)
• Crop diversification (crop diversification programmes,
results)
[Chart 1.2.1: e.g. Population Growth Rate]
[Chart 1.2.2: e.g. Employment Rate]
1.3 Climate
• Climate description (general climate
type; length of growing period). The growing period is the period
of the year when both moisture and temperature conditions are
suitable for crop production (FAO).
• Climatic data (humidity range, temperature data, mean
annual rainfall, monsoons and average seasonal rainfall, rainfall
distribution pattern) preferably presented in maps.
[Map 1.3.1: e.g. Distribution of Annual Rainfall]
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2. Land resources
2.1 Physiography
2.2 Soils
2.3 Agroecological systems
2.4 Wetlands, mangroves and inland valley
bottoms
2.5 Inundation Land Types
2.6 Natural hazards
2.7 Land cover
2.8 Land use
2.9 Land use change
2.10 Land Productivity
2.11 Environmental Impact of land uses
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2.1 Physiography
• Geomorphology
• Physiographic units (definition of physiographic units;
map and area covered by physiographic units)
[Table 2.1.1: e.g. Physiographic regions and subregions]
[Map 2.1.1: e.g. Main physical regions]
2.2 Soils
• Soil types and distribution (soil map
according to FAO classification, wherever available; area and
proportions occupied by general soil types)
• Soil Map legend according to FAO Classification (see
Annex 2 of the Guideline and Report Profile) whenever available.
Countries that are yet to convert their local soil classification
data into the FAO standard classification can present their
own soil classification, with a full description and clear definition
of the method and systems used to classify the soils.
[Map 2.2.1: e.g. Soil associations]
[Table 2.2.1: e.g. Soil associations]
2.3 Agroecological
systems
• Agroecological zones (definition of
AEZ, AEZ map): Agro-ecological Zones are land resource mapping
units, defined in terms of climate, landform and soils, and/or
land cover, and having a specific range of potentials and constraints
for land use (FAO).
• Land capability classes (definition of LCC, % cover)
• Land suitability for major crop types (definition of
land suitability, land suitability maps) (See Annex 3 of the
Guideline and Report Profile).
[Table 2.3.1: e.g. Suitability class and areas of selected crops]
[Map 2.3.1: e.g. Agroecological map]
2.4 Wetlands, mangroves
and inland valley bottoms
• Location; size of wetlands, mangrove
areas or inland valley bottoms; size of catchment area
• Present use (bio-diversity, agriculture, water treatment
and use, fuel wood, building material, tourism, pasture, fishing,
etc. etc.)
• Importance for the environment versus agriculture
• Role of the areas in the society (food security, etc.)
• Types of soil (organic, mineral, etc.)
• Topography (slopes)
• Hydrological situation (waterlogged, dry in part of the
year, violence of flooding, water availability and quality over
time and place, etc)
• Natural vegetation
• Pollution
If used for agriculture:
• Type of management (traditional, fully
equipped or controlled, etc)
• When first cultivated
• Cultivated all year round or only part of the year
• Main crops grown per season
• Who are the main cultivators
• If irrigation or drainage equipment is present, what
type, indication of costs, etc.
• Changes noticed over the years (drying up, waterlogging,
decrease or increase in fertility, etc.)
• Changing role over the years (positive or negative from
different perspectives, such as social, economic, agricultural,
bio-diversity)
2.5 Inundation
Land Types
• This section is relevant only if the
country has land that is seasonally inundated and regularly
used for arable agriculture. Inundation land types (definition
of inundation land types; inundation map, area and percentage
cover of inundation land types)
• Inundation land types and cropping patterns
2.6 Natural
hazards
• Incidence of fire, drought, floods,
cyclones, type, location, frequency, damage to food crops, control
methods adopted and their effectiveness.
2.7 Land cover
• Definition of land cover, land cover
map and area occupied by different land cover types
• (Indicate classification scheme used)
• Trends in land cover (the period over which the trend
has occurred should be specified)
2.8 Land use
• Definition of land use, land use map
and area occuped by different land use types
• (Indicate classification used)
• Land use types (LUTs): Uses of land defined in terms
of a product, or products, the inputs and operations required
to produce these products, and the socio-economic setting in
which production is carried out (FAO).
• The following major land use types, (and subtypes) are
recognized:
- Cropland: land used for cultivation of crops, including fallow
(field crops, orchards)
- Annual field cropping: land under temporary/annual crops harvested
within one year (e.g. maize, rice, wheat and vegetables).
- Cropping intensity (Defined as number of times crops cultivated
per year on a piece of land: i.e. single, double and triple
crop. Current figures which are significant should be used as
much as possible)
- Perennial field cropping:land under perennial crops. Crops
harvested more than one year after planting (e.g. sugar cane,
banana, sisal, pineapple).
- Tree and shrub cropping: producing several crops (e.g. coffee,
tea, grapevines, oil palm, cacao, coconut, apple, pear).
- Grazing land: land used for animal production
- Extensive grazing land: grazing on natural or semi-natural
grasslands, grasslands with trees/shrubs (savannah vegetation)
or open woodlands (for livestock and wildlife).
- Intensive grazing land: grass production on improved or planted
pastures, including cutting for fodder (for livestock production).
- Forest land: land used mainly for wood production and other
forest products or for protection.
- Mixed land: mixture of land use types within the same land
unit: agroforestry (trees and crops), agro-pastoralism (crops
and livestock), agro-silvo-pastoralism (crops, trees and livestock).
- Other land: recreation areas, road sites, construction sites,
etc...
• Area percentage of the land use type: for each land use
type, the relative area should be assessed as a percentage of
the total land use area and displayed in a pie chart.
• Notes to the area under temporary and permanent crops
should provide details on area under mixed, monoculture, shifting
cultivation, subsistence cultivation, large scale plantation.
[Table 2.8.1: e.g. Land use types]
[Map 2.8.1: e.g. Vegetation and land use]
[Table 2.8.2: e.g. Land types and sizes]
2.9 Land use
change
• As land use is dynamic only major changes
should be recorded, but the time period over which the estimate
was made should be indicated.
• The change with time in the distribution
of land by land use type (and/or land cover type), LUT can be
represented by one of the following five classes:
-2: area coverage is rapidly decreasing in
size, i.e. >2% per year of that specific LUT area
-1: area coverage is decreasing in size, i.e. 0.5-2% per year
of the LUT area
0: area coverage remains ± stable as a percentage of
the LUT area, i.e. change between -0.5 and +0.5% per year
1: area coverage is increasing in size, i.e. 0-2% per year of
the LUT area
2: area coverage is rapidly increasing in size, i.e. > 2%
per year of the LUT area
• Land use intensity trends (intensification of agriculture)
• A change in the intensity of land use is expressed through
changes in inputs, management, or cropping intensity (number
of harvests per year), over approximately the last 10 years.
Only changes within the same LUT and on the same area (change
of intensity) are to be considered here - not changes from one
LUT to another.
-2: A major decrease in land use intensity
-1: A moderate decrease in land use intensity
0: No major changes in inputs, management level, etc.
1: Moderate increase, e.g. switch from no or low external input
to some fertilizers/pesticides; switch from manual labour to
animal traction
2: Major increase, e.g. from manual labour to mechanization,
from low external inputs to high external inputs, major increase
in cropping intensity, ...
2.10 Land Productivity
• US$ equivalents for the average production
value per hectare per year for each land use type will be used
as a relative indicator for productivity, and for estimating
trends and regional differences. Figures for cropland will generally
be easier to give than for other land uses, but if figures are
known for grazing land or forest land, they should be reported
as well.
• Trends in use of major inputs: The production value for
each LUT is related to inputs of materials, equipment and labour
per hectare per year. Inputs: labour (own and hired), high yielding
variety/improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, mechanization/hire
of ox, cost of irrigation (source of funds for inputs may include
income from outside farm, income from livestock)
• The data might be affected by several factors such as
shift in government policy; subsistence/commercial farming,
illiteracy, etc.
• Productivity trends: Although changes in productivity
of crop and livestock LUTs can be attributed to a wide variety
of causes, they may also be an indication of soil degradation
or, if positive, of effective soil conservation and appropriate
land management. Only a rough indication of trends in productivity
(change with time in the rate of growth of yield per hectare
of important crops or LUTs) is required here, but the period
should be specified in view of variation in crop types and farming
practices.
2.11 Environmental
Impact of land uses
• Agricultural inputs: effects of nutrient
imbalance on soil fertility; the application of mixed fertilizer
programmes and results.
• Increase over time in degradation of cultivated fields
resulting from deficiency of nutrients, lack of balance in the
use of N,P and K, or excessive depletion of micro-nutrients.
• Extent of eutrophication of water bodies, soil acidification
resulting and contamination of water supply with nitrate resulting
from excessive levels of nutrients in the soil.
• Deforestation and land management: Extent of gaseous
nitrogen losses and CO2 and methane emissions adding to the
total emissions of nitrous oxide, CO2 and methane contributing
to problems of climate change.
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3. Water resources
3.1 Hydrography
3.2 Irrigation and drainage
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3.1 Hydrography
Country information on water resources is available
at AQUASTAT. In case there is more information available, describe
as follows.
• Water resources: Surface water, groundwater,
non-conventional water resources, fossil resources. Major basins
(surface and groundwater).
International rivers, agreements...
• Dams, flood control, mobilization of water resources
• Water withdrawal: Water use by sector and trends (trends
in agricultural water withdrawal - irrigation and livestock
watering - domestic water withdrawal and industrial water withdrawal,
other uses,
• future: competition between sectors.
• Wastewater, treatment, reuse (agriculture)
3.2 Irrigation
and drainage
• Irrigation potential (method of calculation):
• Place of irrigation/drainage in agriculture, percentage
of cropland which is irrigated.
• History of irrigation in the country, trends. Description
of the different irrigation systems.
• Irrigation methods (spate, flood recession, full control...).
• Irrigation techniques, breakdown by technique (sprinkler,
surface..),. Trends in development of drip and sprinkler irrigation.
Breakdown by source of water (river, groundwater..), Waste water
reuse in irrigation.
• Irrigated schemes: typology by size and by operating
modes: scheme size, number of beneficiaries, management, performances,
cropping intensity, fees.
• Cost of irrigation development, cost of O&M, return
form irrigation
• Irrigated crops: major crops, areas and production, comparison
rainfed/irrigated yields for major crops.
• Institutional environment: Institutions in charge of
water resources assessment, development of irrigation: mandates
of the main institutions.
• Legislation on water and land status, implementation.
• Trends in water resources and irrigation development,
constraints to development, institutional changes, perspectives.
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4. Plant nutrient resources
4.1 Plant nutrient
use and nutrient balance
4.2 Fertilizer production and costs
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4.1 Plant nutrient
use and nutrient balance
• Use of plant macro nutrients (forms
of plant nutrients used, trends in plant nutrient use, projections
in plant nutrient consumption).
Change over time in the content of organic matter, macro-nutrients
(nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and micro-nutrients ( zinc,
boron, manganese, etc..) in the soil
• Use of mineral fertilizers and micro-nutrients
• Change over time in the amount (in kilograms) of nutrients
applied per hectare of arable land and yields per main food
crops (also rice types) and cash crops, broken down into three
important nutrient components- N, P2O5 and K2O, as well as (
where the necessary crop related information on the usage of
nutrients is available) trend in the application of nutrients
per hectare of land under important crops and comparison of
nutrients used with recommended dosages.
• Change over time in the amount of nutrients applied per
hectare of arable land, broken down into main types of nutrients
_ fertilisers, manure, sewage sludge, and crop residue resulting
from leguminous crops in rotation with other crops.
• Change over time in the use of micro-nutrients such as
sulphur, zinc, boron and manganese.
• Extent of nutrient balances (i.e. total withdrawal of
nutrients from the soil in the form of nutrient content of the
outputs from harvested and fodder crops minus total inputs of
nutrients from the application of fertilizers, manure, etc.).
[Table 4.1.1: e.g. Nutrient budgets]
4.2 Fertilizer
production and costs
• Types of fertilizer produced locally
or imported
• Cost of different fertilizer products (port handling,
transport price, storage price)
• Fertiliser subsidies
• Farm budgets in different cropping systems
• Farmer cash flow
[Table 4.2.1: e.g. Farm budgets]
[Table 4.2.2: e.g. Farm budgets - Inland]
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5. Hot spots (Critical issues)
5.0 Overview: constraints
to sustainable agriculture
5.1 Land-related constraints
5.2 Water-related constraints
5.3 Plant Nutrition-related constraints
5.4 Other constraints
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5.0 Overview:
constraints to sustainable agriculture
Summary of hotspots.
5.1 Land-related
constraints to sustainable agriculture
• Problem soils (definition of problem
soils, localization map and area of problem soils).
Human-induced soil degradation (types, extent, localization
and effect on crop yield)
• Dystrification: lowering of soil pH through the process
of mobilizing or increasing acidic compounds in the soil.
• Compaction and crusting: deterioration of the soil structure
due to trampling by cattle or by the weight or frequent use
of machinery; and clogging of soil pores causing development
of a thin impervious layer. Change over time in percentage area
on which compaction or crusting is frequently observed. Change
over time in the numbers of agricultural machinery (tractors
and harvester-threshers) in use.
• Water erosion (on site effects): loss of topsoil by sheet
erosion/surface wash and "terrain deformation" by
gully and/or hill erosion or mass movement. Trend in the amount
of soil removed by water (in tons per hectare per year). Trend
in the land area eroded by water (in hectare per year). Trend
in nutrient loss caused by the removal of top soil. Change in
the impact of soil nutrient depletion on agricultural productivity.
• Wind erosion (on-site effects): loss of topsoil by wind
action and terrain deformation, deflation hollows, hummocks
and dunes. Trend in the amount of soil removed by wind in tons
per hectare per year. Trend in the land area eroded by wind
(in hectare per year).Trend in the area affected by terrain
deformation (e.g. gullies and dunes).
• Wind erosion (off-site effects): overblowing of terrain
with wind-borne soil particles from distant sources.
• Map of areas affected by different types of soil degradation
and trend in incidences
• Agricultural prime land encroachment/land conversion
• Land tenure and land policy
• Conflicts in land use
• Abandonment of land because of salinity or other kinds
of degradation
• Resettlement/reclamation and effects of industrialization
on land use
5.2 Water-related
constraints
• Water erosion (off-site effects): sedimentation
of reservoirs or waterways, flooding and pollution of water
bodies with eroded sediments. Trend in the incidence of sedimentation
levels in rivers or behind dams. Trend in the deposit of sediment
in coastal areas.
• Waterlogging: effects of human induced hydromorphism
(rising water tables and flooding). Change over time in the
extent of area waterlogged (in ha); in the depth of stagnant
water (in metre); and in the duration of waterlogging in a year
or season.
• Conflicts related to use of water resources
• Inadequate use of water resources
5.3 Plant Nutrition-related
constraints to sustainable agriculture
• Fertility decline: net decrease of
available nutrients and organic matter in the soil. Trend in
soil nutrient depletion.
5.4 Other constraints
to sustainable agriculture
• Salinization: net increase of salt
content in the topsoil leading to productivity decline.
• Concentration of agrochemicals and pollutants
• Genetic erosion and biodiversity depletion (risk areas)
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6. Bright spots (Responsive measures)
6.0 Overview: society's
response to ameliorate the situation
6.1 Land-related response indicators
6.2 Water-related response indicators
6.3 Plant Nutrition-related response
indicators
6.4 Other response indicators
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6.0 Overview:
society's response to ameliorate the situation
Summary of bright spots.
6.1 Land-related
response indicators
• Available lands for sustainable agricultural
development
Sound policies for land allocation and use. Number and proportion
of local governments and local communities to which resource
management has been devolved.
• Examples and perspectives of sustainability of production
systems: sustainable land use systems. Success stories in land
use
• Land care programmes. Number and type of farmer organisations
or associations promoting soil conservation practices, conservation
tillage practices or treating lands suffering from salinity,
etc.
• Number of farmers participating in soil conservation
and other land improvement technologies promoted by government,
e.g. soil conservation structures, soil conservation tillage,
use of special inputs (manure, lime) etc.
6.2 Water-related
response indicators
• Sustainable use of water resources
• Implementation of schemes to provide adequate drainage
and ensuring proper maintenance; improving water management
practices, particularly discouraging over-watering; improving
maintenance of canals and on-farm ponds and reducing seepage
from water courses; undertaking soil reclamation schemes.
Increased cultivation of salt-tolerant crops, or water intensive
crops
• Review of policies about the pricing of irrigation water
or of energy for water pumping.
6.3 Plant Nutrition-related
response indicators
• Sustainable use of nutrients
• Implementation by governements of policies, e.g. price
policies, and credit policies to promote balanced applications
of nutrients, as well as to ensure that dosages applied are
neither too low nor too high.
• Extension efforts, including demonstrations on farmers'
fields to promote the required levels of nutrients (farmers'
field schools).
6.4 Other response
indicators
• Biodiversity/genetic resources conservation
and use (e.g. crop diversification)
• New technologies (biotechnology etc.)
• Infrastructures and mechanization/automation (e.g. precision
farming)
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7. Challenges and viewpoints
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The challenges are area specific. They have
to be clearly identified especially in land, water and plant
nutrition resources management, and strategies developed to
meet the challenges (e.g. may include current development with
respect to government policies and programmes).
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8. References
8.1 References
8.2 Related internet links
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8.1 References
• author, title, publisher, year of publication.
• author, title, publisher, year of publication.
• author, title, publisher, year of publication.
8.2 Related internet
links
Country in General
• program / website, URL links
• program / website, URL links
• program / website, URL links
Land, Water, and Plant Nutrition
• program / website, URL links
• program / website, URL links
• program / website, URL links
Others
• program / website, URL links
• program / website, URL links
• program / website, URL links
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