AQUASTAT - FAO's Global Information System on Water and Agriculture

    Pilot countries of the SDG6 Monitoring Project (GEMI)

    The first phase of GEMI implementation (2015–2018) focused on the development of methodologies and other support tools for monitoring SDG 6, the global rollout of SDG 6 monitoring and associated capacity building efforts, as well as the establishment of a global baseline for SDG targets 6.3 to 6.6.

    Between April and November 2016, the draft monitoring methodologies for SDG 6 global indicators were pilot tested in six countries, with the objective to collect feedback on technical feasibility, usefulness of resultant data for policy making, possible institutional models for implementation, and capacity requirements. The final output was to improve and revise the methodologies as necessary based on lessons learned, and to inform the process of global implementation of the methodologies starting in 2017.

    The so-called "proof-of-concept" countries selected were: Senegal and Uganda in Africa, Jordan in the Middle East, Bangladesh in Southern and Eastern Asia, Peru in Latin America and The Netherlands in Europe. One of the first tasks was to organize inception workshops in these countries, as follows: Senegal 25-26 April 2016, Jordan 22-23 May 2016, Peru 30-31 May 2016, Uganda 15-16 June 2016, Bangladesh mid-July 2016. FAO-AQUASTAT was responsible for the organization of these workshops in Senegal and Peru. The main objectives of the national inception workshops were to:

    • Introduce the SDG-water work at high policy level and collect the relevant political support to its activity
    • Establish the national teams that will work on the preparation of each indicator and discuss with them the relevant steps to be taken
    • Define a common framework at national level for the harmonized and synergetic achievement of all the water-related indicators
    • Review available options and identify capacity gaps>* Outline possibilities for a regional approach

    Senegal

    Summary report of the inception workshop, 25-26 April 2016

    The two-day inception workshop with five main objectives was organized in coordination with the Ministry of Water and Sanitation and with the essential support of the FAO Representation. Almost sixty persons attended the event, ten of whom were women.

    Session 1

    The workshop was opened by the FAO Representative in Senegal and the Technical Advisor of the Ministry of Water and Sanitation. Both stressed the importance of a proper use of water resources in Senegal, and how improved data collection and management would be useful to support the relevant decision-making processes, with the objective of sustainable development.

    Image

    Policies, data and instruments available in Senegal to undertake the monitoring of water resources have been illustrated by the representatives of key national institutions, such as the Ministry of Water and Sanitation and the Millennium Programme of Drinking Water and Sanitation. The AQUASTAT programme manager gave an Introductory presentation on the GEMI project. In the discussions that followed, it became clear that Senegal has several sets of data on water and sanitation, but that there are two major areas of concern: the quality of the data available and the poor coordination and harmonization of procedures among the various institutions which deal with this subject.

    Session 2

    The participants from FAO, WHO and UNEP gave introductory presentations on each of the four targets, which are the subject of the project: target 6.3 related to wastewater treatment and water quality, target 6.4 related to water use efficiency and water stress, target 6.5 related to integrated water resources management and transboundary basins, and target 6.6 related to water-related ecosystems. All indicators of each target were described. The work continued in four working groups, one per each GEMI target, aimed at understanding the main characteristics of the situation of the country in relation to the availability of data.

    Session 3

    Rapporteurs from each group illustrated the conclusions of each working group. During the discussion that followed, the main issues for each target were identified and the institutional interest to work on one or another of the targets and indicators clarified. A draft work plan, including the provisional distribution of work, was prepared.

    Session 4

    The last half day was reserved for the GEMI target focal points to hold more specific technical sessions by target. FAO, being the custodian agency for Target 6.4, held this extra session to discuss some of the technical details of the computation of indicators 6.4.1 on water use efficiency and 6.4.2 on water stress. The meaning of each variable needed was discussed and the main issues for the collection of the relevant data were put forward. Issues related to the coordination among the different national institutions were noted as one of the main potential obstacles, but at the same time it was noted also that an increased collaboration, as fostered by the project, could reveal a higher data availability than initially expected.

    No objection was put forward to the overall proposed methodology for the computation of the indicators. The participants only remarked the need to ensure that the methodology would not be heavily changed after the piloting exercise. Although the reason of the proof-of-concept (POC) phase is precisely to check the soundness of the methodology, the FAO team replied that the modularity of the methodology should ensure that the final output will be usable for the final indicator, even in the case of the foreseeable possible modification that could still occur.

    Main conclusions

    The GEMI workshop in Senegal was the first of all country inception workshops to be held in the POC phase and marked the actual start of the project activities in the countries. It can be considered successful, showing large and active participation by a varied range of national and international actors.

    The commitment shown by the government, represented by the national focal point, was excellent. He and his staff share a large part of the merit of the success of the initiative. Also remarkable was the support of the FAO Representation, and the linkage and collaboration between the FAO Representation and the government.

    The actual output of the workshop was positive. An initial work plan has been drafted, including a preliminary division of tasks on the various targets among the different institutions. The national partners have committed to meet again by the end of May, to produce a more defined work plan and timeline.

    The data collection and the computation of the indicators is supposed to begin just after the national meeting. Each target team will follow up.

    Summary of the opening speech by the FAO Representative in Senegal

    Je voudrais tout d'abord, au nom du M. Jose Graziano da Silva, Directeur général de l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO), partager le réel plaisir de me retrouver, ce matin, avec vous, dans le cadre de la tenue de l'atelier technique sur l'Objectif de Développement durable (ODD) 6, relatif à l'eau et à l'assainissement et à l'initiative GEMI "Suivi Intégré des cibles des ODD 6 relatives à l'eau et à l'assainissement".

    Vous me permettrez aussi d'exprimer la profonde gratitude de l'Institution au Gouvernement du Sénégal à travers Son Excellence Monsieur Mansour FAYE, Ministre de l'hydraulique et de l'assainissement, pour toute la mobilisation de son équipe dans le cadre de l'organisation du présent atelier technique.

    Adoptés en septembre 2015 par les États membres de l'Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) lors de son Assemblée générale de septembre 2015, les ODD sont un nouvel ensemble d'objectifs, de cibles et d'indicateurs que les États membres se sont engagés à utiliser pour encadrer leurs agendas et leurs politiques au cours des 15 prochaines années. Les ODD suivent et élargissent les objectifs du millénaire pour le développement (OMD), approuvés par les gouvernements en 2001 pour une période de 15 ans, finissant en fin 2015.

    Les OMD ont fourni aux gouvernements un cadre d'élaboration de politiques et de programmes visant à éliminer la pauvreté et à améliorer la vie des personnes pauvres ainsi qu'un point de ralliement aux Organisations non gouvernementales (ONG). Néanmoins, selon un large consensus, ils paraissent trop limités. Les 8 OMD: (i) n'ont pas réussi à adresser les causes profondes de la pauvreté; (ii) ont négligé les inégalités de genre et la nature holistique du développement; (iii) n'ont fait aucune mention des droits humains; (iv) n'ont spécifiquement pas traité de développement économique. Si, en théorie, les OMD étaient applicables à tous les pays, en réalité, ils ont surtout été considérés comme des cibles à réaliser pour les pays pauvres avec le financement des États riches.

    A l'inverse, aujourd'hui, tous les pays doivent s'impliquer dans la mise en œuvre et la réalisation des ODD. Contrairement aux OMD, développés d'une façon "top down" au sein de l'ONU, les ODD ont été élaborés avec les États membres. L'ONU a, en effet, mené le programme de consultation le plus grand de son histoire, pour jauger l'opinion sur ce que les ODD devraient inclure. En conséquence, 17 objectifs, 169 cibles et environ 250 indicateurs ont été identifiés. L'objectif 6 est entièrement consacré aux aspects divers de l'eau douce.

    L'eau salubre et accessible à tous est un objectif essentiel du monde où nous voulons bien vivre. Il y a de l'eau douce, à suffisance, sur la planète pour y parvenir. Cependant, la pénurie d'eau, la mauvaise qualité de l'eau et un assainissement inadéquat impactent négativement sur la santé, la sécurité alimentaire, les choix de moyens de subsistance et les possibilités d'éducation pour les familles pauvres. Cette problématique globale provient soit d'un mauvais usage de cette ressource, non assez rationalisé ni durable, soit d'insuffisance d'infrastructures. La sécheresse affecte aussi certains des pays les plus pauvres de la planète, y aggravant ainsi la faim et la malnutrition.

    Des données fiables sur le secteur de l'eau devraient contribuer à: (i) appuyer une stratégie réelle et active de sensibilisation; (ii) stimuler l'engagement politique et les investissements publics et privés; (iii) éclairer la prise de décision à tous les niveaux; (iv) entraîner des investissements bien placés, favorisant des gains optimums dans les secteurs de la santé, de l'environnement et de l'économie.

    Au fil du temps, le suivi des avancées de l'ODD 6 peut devenir une source d'information sur les meilleures pratiques et soutenir l'intégration productive dans tous les secteurs concernés par des ODD. En outre, des investissements éclairés permettront une utilisation efficace des ressources financières, humaines et naturelles.

    L'initiative de suivi Intégré des cibles de l'ODD lié à l'eau, appelé GEMI, a été créée en 2014 comme une initiative inter-agence opérant dans le cadre des activités de ONU-Eau. Les agences concernées sont: le Programme des Nations Unies pour l'Environnement (PNUE), l'ONU-Habitat, le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'Enfance (UNICEF), l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO), l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Education, la Science et la Culture (UNESCO), l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et l'Organisation Météorologique Mondiale (OMM). GEMI est principalement financée par la Coopération suisse, avec l'apport supplémentaire de la Coopération allemande.

    Les objectifs de GEMI, à long terme, sont: (i) de mettre en place et de gérer, d'ici 2030, un cadre cohérent de suivi pour l'eau et l'assainissement afin d'informer la période post-2015 ; (ii) de contribuer aux progrès des pays à par une prise de décision bien motivée sur l'eau, sur la base d'une information harmonisée, globale, rapide et précise. Ce sont là des objectifs ambitieux.

    GEMI permet aux États membres de poursuivre leurs intérêts nationaux de suivi avec flexibilité, d'aborder les problèmes nationaux et régionaux, tout en maintenant la compatibilité avec les efforts globaux de suivi. La collecte de données combinera par ailleurs des méthodologies traditionnelles et innovantes.

    Notre engagement commun est de travailler ensemble pour atteindre ces objectifs, en collaboration avec nos partenaires dans les États membres et de contribuer, par le biais d'un meilleur système de suivi de l'eau, à un développement soutenu et durable. Je reste convaincu que les acteurs présents, ici, contribueront à l'essor de cette belle et noble entreprise.

    Je souhaite plein succès à l'initiative GEMI et aux présents travaux.


    Jordan

    Summary report of the inception workshop, 22-23 May 2016

    The two-day inception workshop was organized by UN-Habitat and UNESCO, in coordination with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation. About forty persons attended the event, eleven of whom were women.

    Image

    At the opening session, the FAO Representative of Jordan gave an opening speech, together with the representatives of UN-Habitat, UNESCO, WHO, and the Swiss Cooperation.

    The acting Secretary General of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation gave a welcome address, highlighting the importance of water monitoring, both at global and at national level, as well as of a multisectoral approach to water resources management. He stressed the importance of such approach and knowledge for Jordan, a country with limited water resources and facing several issues, including a serious and extended refugees crisis. For this, a water knowledge management system is planned to be established.

    Session 1

    Policies, data and instruments available in Jordan to support the monitoring of water resources and the plans to increase water availability have been illustrated by the representatives of key institutions, such as the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and the MDG+ Initiative. The GEMI project was introduced by UN-Habitat.

    Session 2

    FAO, WHO, UNESCO, UN-Habitat and UNEP gave introductory presentations on each of the four targets (6.3-6.6), which are the subject of the project, and all the relevant indicators. Also targets 6.1 and 6.2 were introduced by WHO. FAO introduced the proposed methodology for the assessment of the two indicators under Target 6.4, for which FAO is the custodian agency: Indicator 6.4.1 "Change in water-use efficiency over time" and Indicator 6.4.2 "Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources".

    The work continued in four working groups, one for each GEMI target. The discussion in the group on Target 6.4 focused mainly on the relevance of the indicators for Jordan. In particular, the discussion was on the water stress indicator 6.4.2. The participants argued that, given the extremely scarce water resources of the country, the indicator would systematically exceed 100 percent, making little sense in terms of policy-making. However, it remains important to keep this indicator, since every decrease would mean that increasingly alternative sources of water are used, such as desalinated water or direct use of wastewater, rather than depleting renewable groundwater resources and/or using non-renewable fossil groundwater, which would contribute to improving sustainability. After discussion, it was proposed that in addition to the standard indicator one supplementary indicator would be prepared, focusing on the sources of water and of the water withdrawal with an emphasis on getting water to the people.

    Session 3

    This session consisted of a panel discussion, which was organized to debate the regional implications and perspectives of the GEMI project. The panel was composed of a representative of WHO, UNEP and the MDG+ regional initiative. A discussion followed, highlighting the potentiality for the dissemination of the project initiative in the Near East sub-region, although its actual implementation should be postponed till results of the present initiative are available.

    Session 4

    In the final session the outcome of the working groups was reported. The discussion that followed led to confirm the role of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation as overall coordinator of the GEMI activity in Jordan.


    Peru

    Summary report of the inception workshop, 30-31 May 2016

    The workshop was organized in coordination with the GEMI focal point in the country and with the essential support of the FAO Representation. About eighty-five persons attended the event, twenty of whom were women.

    Image

    Day 1

    The workshop was opened by the Chief of the National Water Authority (ANA), the FAO Representative in Peru and the Representative of WHO/Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). They stressed the importance of a proper use of water resources in Peru in the context of the SDG process, and how improved data collection and management would be useful to support the relevant decision-making processes, with the objective of sustainable development of the country.

    Policies, data and instruments available in Peru to undertake the monitoring of water resources were illustrated by the representatives of key national institutions, such as the Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Institute of Statistics and Information and ANA.

    All the main topics of the SDG 6 were touched upon in the national presentations. Particular focus was given to the connections between the SDG and the national policies related to the water sector, in terms of management of water resources, ecosystem protection and sanitation.

    The issues of the quality of water resources and their utilization for irrigation were specifically analysed by the presenters, showing the efforts and programmes that Peru is putting in place to improve the management of its resources. Also, the start of the implementation of a national information system on water resources was described, highlighting the importance of more and better data for the preparation and implementation of strategies for natural resources management and sustainable development.

    FAO, WHO, UNESCO and UNEP gave introductory presentations on each of the four targets (6.3-6.6), which are the subject of the project. Also targets 6.1 and 6.2 were introduced by WHO. All indicators of each target were described. FAO presented the proposed methodology for the assessment of the two indicators under Target 6.4, for which FAO is the custodian agency: 6.4.1 - Change in water-use efficiency over time and 6.4.2 - Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources.

    The work continued in four working groups, one per each GEMI target. The discussion in the group on Target 6.4 focused on the availability of data and on the methodology proposed for the indicators, particularly on water stress. The need to refine the national methodology for the assessment of the water resources in the country was highlighted, in order to take into consideration the particular climatic conditions of the upper part of the river basins.

    Day 2

    On the second day, rapporteurs from each group illustrated the conclusions of their working group, and a discussion followed leading to the preparation of a provisional work plan. The discussion was led by the FAO facilitator and the national GEMI focal point from ANA. The work plan includes the identification of the national focal points for each target, the list of expected outcomes and a timeline for their achievement by the end of October 2016.

    The workshop was closed by final remarks by the FAO Representative and by the national GEMI focal point for the government.

    External links

    ANA informed about the workshop through its official media, with an article and a video (both in Spanish).


    Uganda

    Summary report of the inception workshop, 15-16 June 2016

    The workshop was organized by UNEP, GEMI coordinating agency for Uganda. About 60 people participated.

    Image

    After a general introduction and welcome addresses, a session on the situation of water resources and relevant policies in Uganda was held. Also the availability and relevance of the existing data and data collection process was discussed. Finally, a general presentation on the GEMI project was given by the GEMI Global Monitoring Officer, who also introduced the SDG targets and indicators under Goal 6. In the next session, working groups were formed for each target. The main objectives of the workshop for the FAO-led target 6.4 were to:

    • identify a national team and a coordinator, within the national institutions participating in the workshop, who will carry out the work on the preparation of the SDG indicators on water use efficiency and water stress
    • start a discussion on the feasibility and suitability of the proposed indicators for Uganda

    The 6.4 Target Team discussed the technical aspects of the computation of indicators 6.4.1 and 6.4.2 and the availability of capacity and information to carry out the task. In particular, parameters such as the gross value added produced by rainfed agriculture, the external renewable water resources and the environmental water requirements will require specific attention and adaptation of methodology.

    An Action Plan for target 6.4 was prepared. A follow-up technical meeting is planned for 5-7 July 2016.

    The outcome of the working groups were discussed in the plenary in the last session.

    The main outcomes of the workshop have been formulated as follows:

    1. The meeting generally agreed that the indicators are suitable and relevant to Uganda
    2. There is need to refine the definitions of the indicators and agree on the terminology in line with what is already tracked in the country and region
    3. Identification of the relevant sources of data at national level must start immediately
    4. Strengthened capacity (phased for the entire process of data collection) is key for the success of the pilot phase
    5. The Ministry of Water and Environment will have the coordination role of GEMI in Uganda
    6. A stronger linkage with sectoral stakeholders will be sought to increase the awareness and ownership of the project results
    7. The Global Water Partnership Eastern Africa will coordinate GEMI activities under the supervision of UNEP

    Summary report of the national GEMI meeting, 5 July 2016

    The national GEMI focal point and the national GEMI coordinator organized a meeting on 5 July 2016, in which about 20 people participated. The main purpose was to explain the project to the four national target teams (6.3, 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6) and to illustrate the relevant indicators for each target. During the initial session, the GEMI national focal point and the GEMI national coordinator illustrated the project, including a quick review of each indicator's methodology. A work plan for each target team was prepared in order to be able to fulfil the deadline of mid-September 2016 for the preparation of the preliminary baseline for the indicators, as planned at the inception workshop held in Kampala on 15-16 June 2016 (see above).

    The FAO coordinator of the GEMI project participated in the meeting, providing inputs on the overall SDG process and the role of Uganda as a POC country.

    Technical workshop on SDG target 6.4

    Image

    On 5-7 July 2016 a technical workshop was held in Kampala to introduce the team for target 6.4 to the proposed methodology for the compilation of the two indicators and to prepare a work plan for the POC phase.

    The workshop started with a discussion on the metadata of the indicators, followed by an introduction on data collection, including data availability in the country. Following mostly AQUASTAT as an example, the FAO GEMI coordinator discussed with the participants the meaning and availability of each of the parameters needed to compute the two indicators. A questionnaire for data collection, derived from the AQUASTAT questionnaire, was illustrated.

    The second part of the workshop included a test on the computation of the indicators. The participants were divided in two groups, one for each indicator. Following the metadata as discussed previously, each group computed the indicator using both national data and data available in international databases. Following the exercise, the FAO GEMI coordinator gave a presentation on AQUASTAT, including a live-on-internet show of its main features.

    The workshop concluded with the preparation of the work plan and timeline for the POC phase in Uganda, aiming for a completion of the activity by mid-September 2016, as indicated during the GEMI inception workshop.


    The Netherlands

    Summary report of the inception workshop, 7-9 September 2016

    The workshop was organized over two and half days at UNESCO-IHE in Delft as the first activity of the Netherlands as GEMI Proof of Concept (POC) country. The aim of the workshop was: to discuss whether the POC process of the Netherlands is on track, to share feedback, to discuss the proposed methods and indicators, and to identify whether any additional actions need to be undertaken in the context of the POC activities.

    The Dutch indicator coordinators, representatives from the GEMI-Target Teams from UN organizations, key representatives of the other POC countries and international experts were invited. In total 70 people participated, 27 of whom were women.

    Image

    The workshop began with welcome addresses by representatives of the Dutch Government and UNESCO. They highlighted the importance of a proper SDG monitoring system and the continuity between the MDG and the SDG processes. They underlined the importance of exchanging experiences as well as the worldwide occurrence of problems linked to water scarcity and management. They stressed the need to integrate all water related targets, i.e. the entire goal 6 plus target 11.5.

    In his intervention, the GEMI Coordinator identified four principles for the establishment of a monitoring system:

    • Integration between different sources of data and various disciplines, like hydrology, economy, ecology, etc.
    • Harmonization between various pre-existing standards and concepts>* Progressive monitoring, from simple to more complex approaches according to the monitoring capacity available in any country
    • Inclusion to ensure that no one is left behind, to be achieved through disaggregation of the data according to various parameters, both geographical and socio-economic.

    The representative of the Netherlands presented the Dutch approach in monitoring the SDGs as POC country. A coordinator has been appointed for each indicator and the national institutions that should be involved in the monitoring have been identified. They are checking which information is already gathered in the Netherlands and at European level, which additional information can be measured, what feedback can be provided on the set indicator and the proposed monitoring method, in terms of feasibility and efficacy.

    In the following session, the representatives of the other POC countries present - Jordan, Peru, Senegal and Uganda - gave a brief presentation on the status of the project in their countries. They highlighted the steps already undertaken to implement the monitoring system, as well as peculiarities that may need country-specific adaptation of the indicator framework.

    Working group discussions were held on each individual indicator. The participants were able to discuss the technicalities, the interpretation and the policy implication of each indicator.

    For the FAO-led indicators (6.4.1 and 6.4.2), a thorough discussion took place on the meaning and interpretation of indicator 6.4.1 on water use efficiency. The importance of having disaggregation by economic sector was highlighted, as well as the need for a better clarification of water use efficiency in the services sector. The issue of using water consumption instead of water withdrawal in computing the indicator was considered. A discussion on the relevance of the indicator for policy decision followed, focusing on the linkage between water use efficiency and economic growth.

    In the group on indicator 6.4.2 on water stress, an important issue was raised by Jordan on its applicability in hyper-arid regions, arguing that where it indicates more than 100 percent stress there are problems in defining the meaning of it. In the following discussion, it was proposed that Jordan develops a supplementary indicator, based not only on renewable water resources, but including also non-conventional sources such as desalinated water or wastewater. A comparison between the main and the supplementary indicator should provide a better insight into the situation of water resources of an arid country. FAO clarified that desalinated water and direct use of wastewater and of agricultural drainage water are considered in the definition of the indicators (i.e. deducted from total water withdrawal to obtain freshwater withdrawal), but a distinction between the use of primary freshwater and secondary freshwater (wastewater and agricultural drainage water discharged to system and mixed with primary freshwater) is in most cases still very difficult or impossible, as can be the case also for over-abstraction of renewable groundwater or extraction of fossil groundwater.

    Another important subject of discussion was the need for disaggregation of the indicator, in spatial, temporal and socio-economic terms. Disaggregation would also be needed to address the pending request by the IAEG-SDG to define an indicator on the impact of water scarcity on people livelihood which, if accepted, would then be a third indicator for target 6.4. Finally, the linkage between this indicator and 6.3.1 on water quality was highlighted.

    All the POC countries confirmed their capability to report on these indicators. However, the need for professional translation of the metadata and guidelines in each country communication languages was stressed by the participants.

    The second day started with a session dedicated to the summary of the group work of the previous day. The main issues illustrated were:

    • Ownership of the data, particularly in case an online system is to be used, should be clear. Ownership is to remain with the countries, and this should be reflected in the setup of any implementation tool.
    • New opportunities of data collection should be explored, particularly those provided by the development of mobile communication and computing.
    • In the context of the monitoring ladder concept, a proposal of adding parameters over time to a certain indicator (6.3.2) in order to make it more accurate was presented. The issues related to the backward comparability were also discussed.
    • The criteria for scoring indicator 6.5.2 were discussed, with the proposal of a less rigid scoring system, which however seems not to be compatible with the general definition of the indicator.
    • Which ecosystems should be included in the scope of indicator 6.6.1 was discussed.
    • A proposal to include the DPSIR framework in the guidelines for indicator-based policy-making was discussed and generally appreciated.

    In a following session, country representatives were asked to comment on the Review Framework for the POC phase which was prepared by GEMI. The main points emerged were already discussed in earlier sessions. One specific issue was the need for economic incentives for supporting SDG monitoring, which was defined in the sense of highlighting the usefulness of the monitoring in the development process.

    Finally, a panel session on the disaggregation of data was held, focusing on data collection tools and the various types of disaggregation as an important source of information for decision-making processes.

    The third day, morning only, was dedicated to operational issues on the implementation of the project and the establishment of country monitoring systems.

    UNESCO-IHE prepared a video with impressions from some participants and a summary of the event.