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Content
Key Concepts
Definition
History
Degree
Scope of Action
Project Cycle
Management
Methods
Approaches to
Participation
Rapid Rural
Appraisal
Participatory Rural
Appraisal
Participatory Action Research
Principles, Attitudes
Participatory
Project Cycle
Management
Type of Participatory
Projects
Application of participatory tools in the different project stages
Sector Specific Use
of Participatory Tools
List of Documents
Exercises
Strong or weak
participation
Stakeholder analysis |
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Degree of Participation
Closely related to the approach to participation, is the degree of participation. There are various degrees of participation ranging from simple consultation to joint decision making to self-management by stakeholders themselves. The specific degree of participation of different stakeholders is determined through a negotiation process. Our vision is to increase the degree of participation in FAO programmes and projects. Ideally this means putting the beneficiaries at the centre of a development process that they will drive and continuously adjust, according to their own learning processes and needs.
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Participation by Information-Receiving underpins all other levels of participation, and may be appropriate on its own in some circumstances. People participate by being told what is going to happen or has already happened. It is unilateral announcement by an administration or programme management without listening to people's responses. The information being shared belongs only to external professionals.
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Participation in Information Giving lets people participate by answering questions posed by extractive researchers and programme managers using questionnaire surveys or similar approaches. People do not have the opportunity to influence proceedings, as the findings of the research or programme design are neither shared nor checked for accuracy.
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People participate by being consulted, and external agents listen to views. These external agents define both problems and solutions, and may modify these in the light of peoples responses. Such a consultative process does not concede any share in decision making and professionals are under no obligation to take on board peoples’ views.
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People participate in joint analysis, which leads to action plans and the formulation of new local groups or strengthening of existing ones. It tends to involve interdisciplinary methodologies that seek multiple perspectives and make use of systematic and structured learning processes. These groups take control over local decisions, so people have a stake in maintaining structures and practices.
When consensus is acted upon through collective decisions, this marks the initiation of shared responsibilities for outcomes that may result. Negotiations at this stage reflect different degrees of leverage exercised by individuals and groups.
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People participate in joint analysis, which leads to action plans and the formulation of new local groups or strengthening of existing ones. These groups take control over local decisions, so people have a stake in maintaining structures and practices. People participate by taking initiatives independent of external institutions to change systems. Such self-initiated mobilisation and collective action may or may not challenge inequitable distributions of wealth or power.
The Participation Resource Section offers you the option to search for methods and approaches by criteria and define the search results choosing the envisaged degree of participation.
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