Posted June 1996
Technical Consultation of South Pacific Small Island Developing States
on Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Forestry And Fisheries
Apia, Samoa, 6-9 May 1996
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
and South Pacific Regional Environment Programme
Prepared by the School of Agriculture, University of the South Pacific, Samoa.
III. Opportunities to improve production, processing and marketing systems
Due to the need to increase production of food and cash crops in most SPSIDS, there has been a reduction in soil cover, decline in soil fertility and general soil degradation due to loss of soil and organic matter. Degradation of reefs and mangrove areas and damage to aquatic and marine life are other problems. With deforestation and intensification of agriculture, there is danger that many of these species will be lost for ever. Considerable experience is available and technologies can be adapted to mitigate these problems.
Techniques for sloping land include improved agro-forestry systems, using indigenous and exotic multipurpose trees, to provide additional food and produce for sale, shade and shelter from strong winds, organic mulch to improve soil fertility, conserve soil moisture, prevent soil erosion, and to lower production costs by reducing external inputs such as chemicals and fertilizers. For domestic energy, fast-growing trees that provide fuel wood can be introduced; for livestock, non-seasonal plants that provide feed and fodder can be introduced. A large number of indigenous agro-forestry plants that are in danger of being lost can be introduced and saved in such systems.
Intensification on flat land appears inevitable if domestic and export food market needs are to be met. However, as the fragile ecosystems of small islands risk irreparable damage from excessive use of chemicals and fertilizers, as well as mechanization, sustainable production systems must be developed. These could include incorporation of organic manures, cover crops and introduction of multipurpose plants that provide food, fuel wood, organic mulch and other valuable products to the farmer. The system will only be adopted if it maintains or improves the farmers' current production level, while reducing environmental degradation. Therefore, during the transition period to the new system, various forms of support will likely be necessary.
Appropriate agro-forestry can also be used on lowlands. However, where the land is mechanically cultivated, plants may need to be arranged in a particular way such as alley rows and along field boundaries to allow mechanical cultivation. In other areas with flat lands where extensive high-input agriculture is practised and where agro-forestry systems may not be feasible for various reasons, there is considerable scope to introduce short duration cover crops and legumes into the farming systems to improve soil fertility and soil structure, conserve soil moisture, and reduce build-up of weeds and pests. In many countries, especially in Melanesia where women's role is critical, direct training on soil management and conservation is an urgent need.
FAO, the European Union (PRAP Project 1) and the International Board for Soil Research and Management are implementing projects in a number of countries to develop agro-forestry systems and reduce soil problems on sloping lands. A European Union project (PRAP 6) is also helping to develop farming systems for the atolls. These organizations are also training regional staff in farming systems research. Work in these areas must be strengthened and expanded. Currently, there is little research into the possibility of introducing cover crops and legumes in intensive production systems, and low priority is given to food, in favour of cash crop research.
Possible Action
2.1. Coconuts
For coconuts, the major cash crop of the region, the major constraint is lack of development and introduction of improved high-yielding varieties resistant to pests and diseases and abiotic stress such as drought. In Vanuatu, the European Union project (PRAP 2) is assisting to test in situ production of improved varieties. Improved genetic materials are also available outside the region. Dissemination is constrained by the presence of diseases such as a coconut virus (particles) in Vanuatu.
Possible action
Taro. Threatened by several pests and diseases: taro leaf blight has almost completely wiped out taro in Samoa, is also a serious problem in the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea, and may spread to other islands. Taro beetle, another major problem, is being addressed under a European Union project (PRAP 5). Production is also affected by two virus diseases in the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea. Drought is also a major problem, especially in Fiji and Tonga. The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) is assisting in identifying the nutritional disorders of taro and other root crops.
Yams. A limited number of species and cultivars are grown in the region. Anthracnose disease is a major problem with some of the commercial cultivars. There is need to introduce higher yielding disease-resistant cultivars from outside the region to develop this crop.
Sweet potato. Main problems include scab disease and sweet potato weevil. The European Union project (PRAP 4) is assisting with the evaluation of the large germplasm of this crop in Papua New Guinea for resistance to scab. ACIAR is providing assistance to clean the selected cultivars so they can be safely disseminated.
Cassava. There are few production problems with cassava but the introduction of high yielding low cyanide cultivars would be useful.
For most root crops, there is need for improved disease- and pest- resistant cultivars. For instance, improved cultivars of yams are available from the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, cassava and potato from the International Potato Centre (CIP), and sweet potato from CIP and Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre. There are also some high yielding cultivars of root crops available within the region such as sweet potato cultivars in Papua New Guinea, taro cultivars from the breeding programmes in Fiji and University of the South Pacific (USP). Since many countries in the region do not have the capacity to develop and maintain links with root crop improvements centres outside the region, further support in this area would be very appropriate.
Possible action
The main problem is black leaf streak. With improved cultivars there may be some scope to revive the banana export industry. ACIAR and International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP) are assisting with introducing and screening of some resistant cultivars. A few promising ones have been identified in Tonga and Samoa. The work needs to be extended to other countries in the region. Contacts with banana breeding centres elsewhere should be maintained and assistance sought to introduce and test improved material.
Possible Action
Fruits. There are few fruit species in the region. Tropical fruits are generally grown in home gardens or gathered from the bush but there is considerable scope to develop their production. Indigenous fruit varieties could be exploited better to meet the food needs and improve nutrition. There is need to select and breed improved indigenous varieties and introduce improved cultivars from outside the region (e.g. South East Asia, Northern Australia) and extend these to farmers. The problem is that many fruits are very seasonal and there is need to select fruit species and cultivars to extend availability in the markets. FAO, the Asian Development Bank, and other aid projects, have been assisting in this area.
Possible market for tropical fruits would be New Zealand and Japan, given that suitable quality and quarantine standards are met. The Cook Islands, Tonga and Fiji currently export small quantities of pawpaw, banana, mango, pineapple, and watermelon, mostly to New Zealand. Tonga and Fiji are trying to enter the Japanese market for pawpaw and mango.
Major areas requiring attention are: control of fruit flies in the field, identification of existing species, and disinfection of fruits before export.
Vegetables. The range of vegetables grown is also very limited, with the possible exception of Fiji. Extension would be useful for improving nutrition, provided this is coupled with nutrition education programmes. There is potential for export of vegetables (e.g. squash, okra, eggplant) to the growing Asian communities in Australia and New Zealand and for organically grown fruits and vegetables (as done in Tonga and Fiji), but further study is needed.
Nuts and spices. A number of countries in the region have been attempting to develop tropical nuts and spices. ADB feasibility study identified canarium nut, Brazil nut and a large seeded terminalia nut species from Papua New Guinea as having commercial potential. The Solomon Islands is looking into the possibility of growing canarium nut for oil production and export. Vanilla is successfully grown in Tonga, and also, with limited success, in Fiji. The ADB study identified black pepper as another potential spice crop, which has a large international demand.
Possible Action
Cereals. With the exception of Fiji, these cultivation crops are unimportant in the countries of the region. Rice cultivation is not feasible in many SPSIDS due to unfavourable agro-climatic or social conditions and high costs of labour. Most countries import rice. All countries import increasing amounts of wheat and wheat flour and noodles. Corn is grown in many islands as a vegetable. Provided land is available, there may be some scope to grow corn and some other cereals such as sorghum for livestock feed since feed for pigs and poultry is a constraint to their production.
Pulses. Fiji imports substantial quantity of pulses from outside the region and there may be some scope to grow pulses in the region to supply the Fiji market. Peanut is grown in most SPSIDS for domestic markets. Peanut rust is a major problem and there is scope to increase production, using high yielding and rust resistance varieties which are available from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Used in rotation, pulses also serve to raise soil fertility.
Possible Action
Major constraints include poor genetic stock, inadequate or poor nutrition, high costs of purchased feed, problems in procurement of commercial feeds, inadequate management of breeders and hatcheries, and labour shortage.
Feed can be produced from local ingredients such as coconut, breadfruit, and crop and marine waste. Local production of feed ingredients such as maize, sorghum and cassava is possible but land is scarce, including for pasture. Development of feed mills, based on local ingredients, could encourage semi-intensive indigenous livestock industry. Optimum use of locally available animal feed resources would reduce foreign exchange expenditure and contribute to a greater degree of self-reliance.
Due to major constraints, the scope for developing livestock production appears limited to substitution of canned meat and cheap cuts. There are possibilities of intensification in poultry in some of the larger islands. Diversification, through the introduction of alternate livestock, such as ducks and pigeons, may be a possible option.
Greater assistance is needed to develop the livestock feed industry and to identify and establish market structures, as well as support for small-scale farmers.
The economics of establishing intensive livestock units should be carefully considered, taking account of local managerial skills, risks of disease and environmental contamination inherent to intensive systems, high level of input imports, small markets, competition from low-cost imports and other factors. In the final analysis, the best way to handle local livestock production may be to concentrate efforts on improving local breeds and management practices.
Possible Action
Main problems include: lack of accurate assessment of small-scale fisheries, especially artisanal and subsistence sectors; limited feeding materials in coastal waters and severe over-exploitation and depletion of inshore resources; lack of expertise and information; weak or no management and enforcement; lack of understanding of sustainable harvesting techniques and education programmes; difficulty of law enforcement due to indigenous ownership; lack of re-seeding programmes; lack of resources to carry out conservation programmes; and pollution of inshore waters by sewage and light industries, leading to destruction of shellfish beds or huge die-offs from chemical discharges.
Shifting from over-exploited inshore fisheries to offshore requires manpower training and skills, capital investment including buying better (and therefore more expensive) boats, new fishing gear, targeting different species and developing new markets. Larger high island countries have more habitats to exploit but a bigger population base. Fiji has an inshore reef system second in size only to Australia's great barrier reef but people have no tradition of offshore fishing.
For high cost fisheries products (e.g. holothurians), middlemen provide equipment, boats, engines, masks and snorkels to coastal communities and buy all their processed bêche-de-mer. This has proven successful, until all resources are depleted to below economic fishing levels, and middlemen move on. In 1989, Fiji exported 1000 tons of bêche-de-mer, only about 400 tonnes in 1992, and currently around 300 tonnes. The Fiji Fisheries Division is now vigorously policing catching of undersized bêche-de-mer to stop over-exploitation.
Possible Action
Main problems include indiscriminate deforestation leading to loss of biodiversity and depletion of wildlife due to shifting cultivation and uncontrolled logging, land ownership, expense of establishment and maintenance, fires and cyclones, funding, and lack of staff training.
Some countries have conservation legislation and forestry ordinances: increasingly, effective system of forest reserves and conservation areas are being established, such as in Papua New Guinea. Other countries such as the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji and Kiribati have introduced similar developments recently. No legislation or effective programmes exist, however, for protecting endangered tree species if cut as part of agricultural development.
Donor support (Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, European Union in Melanesia and Polynesia; USA in Micronesia) is important for forestry development. Main fields where training is required are already identified: agroforestry and community forestry, watershed management, environmental protection, and forest conservation, including environmental impact assessment and logging.
There is scope and need to make better use of coconut logs resulting from replanting programmes to preserve forest trees.
Possible Action
For agro-processing and value-added ventures in agriculture and fisheries, the size of the local market and access to regional or other overseas markets will be determine the opportunities.
Coconuts. Technology exists in the region and elsewhere for development of a range of products from coconuts, including oil, soap, detergents, cream, fibre, handicrafts from shells, and timber for housing and high quality furniture from coconut wood. Copra meal and coconut meat can be used in formulation of livestock feed. Development of local industries suffer, however, from competition of South Asian countries (e.g. Indonesia, Thailand) and development of coconut derived commodities does not seem to have great prospects.
Root crops, banana and breadfruit can be chipped, cooked and sold like potato chips. This is already being done in Samoa as a small- scale venture and could be extended to other islands. Processing could overcome urban prejudice against root crops due to the extensive preparation required. Root crops such as sweet cassava (which has low cyanogenic glucoside content) and sweet potatoes can be peeled, frozen and sold in supermarkets in a similar manner to frozen vegetables. The same would be more difficult with yam and taro for various technical reasons (e.g. oxidation, fragility, important weight losses). Some cassava is exported in this form and new openings could be developed.
Tropical fruits can be preserved, and processed as canned or bottled juice, jams, or dried. Most countries in the region import a substantial quantity of processed fruit products. There are openings for small-scale industries in some islands (already done in Fiji) to supply the local market.
Fisheries. For remote areas, problems include transport problems, high costs, non availability for ice, poor logistics, lack of know- how to handle fish properly, slow payment for goods, and an erratic supply. Japanese aid, which has provided ice machines and eskies and trained personnel. The European Union Rural Fisheries Project in the Solomon Islands helps run rural fisheries centres as viable business concerns, is quite successfully selling iced-fish in Honiara. Village investments for ice-making machines and ice boxes are generally easily accepted and village freezers could also serve for other purposes than storing fish. There may be however problems of fresh-water availability in atoll islands.
Export of sashimi-grade tuna to Japan requires careful and specific handling and careful storage on board, careful transport to a grading and packing facility, good airline connections, and a ready market. Smoked tuna and marlin operation, started by Fiji fisheries pilot project, tested the potential of this commodity for hotels and restaurants. This was very popular, but the project terminated when the officer was moved to another project.
Possible Action
Post-harvest handling of root crops, fruits and vegetables, especially in the domestic market, are very poor, resulting in sub- standard produce poor. When training is given, women are rarely included in the training, yet they are largely responsible for local marketing of fresh food. Communications infrastructures (e.g. roads) are poor, boat services between islands are irregular and not properly equipped to carry agricultural produce.
Local market. There is need to reduce losses and improve the quality of produce reaching consumers, by developing low cost post-harvest technologies covering aspects such as: simple low- cost packing methods using local material; up-graded facilities at urban markets (e.g. cold stores); and treatment or simple processing of perishable produce to increase self-life and reduce the drudge of preparation for urban consumers.
Exports of fresh produce. Develop and follow high standard post- harvest technology by: organizing and supervising planting, production and packing of root crops, vegetables and fruits, to ensure regular supplies and meet quality and quarantine requirements; training farmers, extension workers and quarantine officials, as well as exporters, in handling in order to meet export standards (seminars, field days, workshops); training senior local staff as trainers; developing and providing facilities for quarantine treatment especially for disinfection of fruit flies, following the example of Fiji, the Cook Islands and Tonga where forced hot air treatment is practised.
Possible Action
The logistics for research in most SPSIDS are rudimentary, with very limited human and financial resources. There is little private sector research. Few countries have long-term plans for research or clearly identified priorities. Most research is carried out in a number of government ministries and coordination is extremely difficult and research staff are generally fresh graduates with very limited experience.
There is considerable need to train the local manpower in research and technology transfer, especially at the post-graduate level. Few countries allocate funds for post-graduate training and are entirely dependent on donors, particularly Australia, New Zealand, USA and European Union through various projects in the region. Continued donor support is indispensable.
Link between research, extension and farmers is weak in many countries. FAO's Farming Systems Project and the European Union project PRAP 1 are assisting countries to develop a participatory approach to identify and solve problems faced by small scale farmers in which farmers and extension staff interact. This will help in focusing on major farmer-identified constraints. FAO offers assistance in establishing National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARI) and is currently assisting Papua New Guinea in establishing a NARI.
There is need to develop an effective technology transfer programme. The European Union project PRAP 11 is focusing on transferring technology developed through its other projects. The International Service for National Agricultural Research assists a few countries in the region to develop a long-term research plan and priorities.
Possible Action
In general, there is an acute need for institutional strengthening and management training of existing and future managers in all fields. Main difficulties include weak institutional structures, poorly defined roles and functions, very little manpower planning, lack of trained and skilled manpower, and lack of planning in training which leads to ad hoc and not always adapted decisions and inadequacy of training.
Even with improved research and technology transfer systems, the lack of trained personnel will limit the capacity to develop or introduce new technology. Hence, external assistance will continue to be vital for sustainable primary production. External aid agencies and regional institutions will need to work closely with national institutions to identify opportunities and develop production systems.
Since there are a number of common problems faced by SPSIDS, there is considerable scope to develop common facilities covering whole or parts of the region to improve research, production and marketing.
At national level, governments must put in place policies and provide adequate support to sustain and enhance primary production. These will vary among countries and will depend on the individual governments' priorities for development. Governments will need to create, and maintain the necessary socio-economic support structures particularly to assist small farmers to produce and market their commodities. In all countries, the development of improved technology, infrastructures and marketing facilities will go a long way to sustaining primary production and raising food self-sufficiency.
To optimize human resource capacity, both men and women need to be mobilized and organized along efficiency and effectiveness lines to increase their productivity, in order to maintain competitive and comparative advantages in niche markets. Gender analysis has yet to provide directions for policy and planning, but a thorough analysis of gender, social, cultural and political constraints to economic advancement will help pinpoint needs for the future. With relatively high levels of general education throughout the Pacific, targeted education, training and extension inputs which include (and do not exclude) women, will help build on existing human resource capacity in all areas of production, conservation, processing and marketing. Young Pacific islanders today do not aspire to a life of drudgery in a career with low returns on investment, which characterizes small-scale agriculture, yet there are few alternatives in the towns and cities of most small island developing states.
Agricultural planners must seek to optimize production on a small and often fragile land base, but they must do so in a manner which will offer young men and women farmers a career in which hard work, creativity, knowledge and skills are rewarded with recognition, income and security commensurate with the investments. This may well begin with a review of all the sectors to identify factors beyond the technical issues, which will secure the best men and women in farming, rather than the dropouts.
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