from Bridge Reports at http://www.ids.ac.uk/bridge
Author(s): Byrne, Bridget
Document Type: Article Pages: 10 In: IDS
Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 31-40
Date Publ.: 1996
Summary:
In this
article, Byrne concisely proceeds through the reasons behind viewing violence
and conflict through a gender perspective, how perceptions change during times
of conflict, and the implications of gender analysis in humanitarian
intervention in conflict situations.
from http://www.ipeople.cw.cnet/ or from the
Commission on the Advancement of Women home page http://www.interaction.org/caw/caw.html
by Bridget Byrne with Sally Baden, 1995, 60 pages
Report commissioned by
the WID desk, European Commission, Directorate General for
Development
Summary:
The document makes a case for the comprehensive
incorporation of gender analysis in the design of emergency and humanitarian
assistance programmes. The approach is justified in terms of the differing
capacities and coping strategies between the sexes, and the ways these may
influence action in crisis situations, and gives particular consideration to
socio-culturally based power relations within the household.
(Bibliography 3) 1994, 40 pages, Compiled for the Office of Women in
Development of the
US Agency for International Development from Bridge
Reports at http://www.ids.ac.uk/bridge
Volume 1: overview (Report 34)
by Bridget Byrne, 1995, 61
pages
Keywords (Country): Guatemala; Somalia; Cambodia; Rwanda; Algeria;
Eritrea
Report prepared at the request of the Netherlands'
Special
Programe on WID, Ministry of Foreign Affairs on a
conference on
gender, conflict and development of the
Vrouwenberaad
Ontwikkelingssamenwerking
Summary:
In this report, Byrne concisely
proceeds through the reasons behind viewing violence and conflict through a
gender perspective, how perceptions change during times of conflict, and the
implications of gender analysis in humanitarian intervention in conflict
situations.
Gender, conflict and development. Volume 2: case studies:
Cambodia, Rwanda, Kosova, Somalia, Algeria, Guatemala and Eritrea (Report 35) by
Bridget Byrne, Rachel Marcus and Tanya Powers-Stevens, 1995, 147 pages
Report prepared at the request of the Netherlands' Special Programe on WID,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs on a conference on gender, conflict and development
of the Vrouwenberaad Ontwikkelingssamenwerking
Summary:
The seminar Effective Gender Integration in Disaster and Refugee
Assistance: An NGO-Donor Dialogue on Strategies that Work was held in February,
and the workshop Effective Initial Stage Response to Disaster and Refugee
Assistance: Gender Programming Lessons from the Field took place at
InterAction’s Forum in April. These meetings represented joint efforts of three
InterAction committees: the Commission on the Advancement of Women, the
Committee on Migration and Refugee Affairs, and the Disaster Response Committee.
This document, which covers both meetings, is offered as a contribution of the
InterAction community to the evolution of new ways of working in the field,
aimed at enabling both women and men to be full participants and full
beneficiaries in humanitarian and refugee assistance.
from http://www.caw.org/ or from http://www.unrisd.org/
Author(s): Kasmann, Elke; Körner, Markus
Document Type: Guide (Draft)
Pages: 75
Publisher: InterAktion City: Bonn Date Publ.: 1996
Language(s): English
Keywords (Country): Mozambique; Eritrea; Somalia
Summary:
Admitting that there is very little practical experience on
gender-specific relief programs, these guidelines provide insights into the
everyday life of women in situations of crisis in order to illustrate means of
incorporating a gender perspective into even the most urgent emergency phases of
action. The guidelines are focuses on providing examples for project planners
and field staff in Africa. Although the aim is to address projects operating in
emergency and post-war situations, the writing concentrates almost exclusively
on refugee issues and camp-like contexts.
Author(s): Voutira, Dr. Eftihia
Document Type: Research Report Pages: 103
Publisher: Refugee Studes Programme City: Oxford Date Publ.: 1995
Language(s): English
Keywords (Organisation): WFP
Summary:
The
document presents a comprehensive deliberation of the theory and evolution of
the concept of gender from the perspective of development programs and
humanitarian assistance. The author focuses on the role of women in food
distribution practices, and evaluates operational needs for more effective
relief delivery,
with particular consideration of coordination among
humanitarian aid agencies and their approach to theself-reliance of target
populations.
Author(s): Eurostep
Document Type: Occasional Paper Pages: 12
Publisher: Eurostep City: Brussels
Language(s): English
Keywords
(Organisation): UNHCR
Summary:
This 12-page background paper on gender
and emergencies was prepared for the May 1996 meeting ofthe Development Council.
Concentrating on emergency situations resulting from conflict, the paper gives
an outline of current practice and suggested policy change in the involvement of
women in emergency programming.
Author(s): Alexander, Elsie M.
Document Type: Research Report Pages: 28
Date Publ.: 1995
Keywords (Country): Malawi; Mozambique; Angola; Zaire
Summary:
Essentially an in-house evaluation of four field programs, the
report provides insight into the difficulties of incorporating gender
considerations into emergency planning and programming with implementing
partners. The review of the literature gives a global view of gender policies
for international agencies, pointing to the lack of developed research in this
area.
Author(s): Fall, Yassine
Document Type: Research Report Pages: 40 Date
Publ.: 1996
Keywords (Country): Rwanda
Summary:
While the study of
gender considerations in relief programs is gaining ground, this report takes a
new slant on implications for development by discussing how women’s
marginalization during relief operations leads to their poor health and
malnutrition, thus having a direct impact on longer-term development
projects.
Author(s): Cammack, Diana, Dr.
Document Type: Situation Report
City:
Lilongwe Date Publ.: 1995
Keywords (Organisation): WFP
Keywords
(Country): Malawi
Summary:
"The study and its purpose is to determine
whether women have benefited from, had control over and had access to food aid
equally with men. Emphasis during investigations and writing was placed on the
gender sensitivity of the institutions involved - World Food Programme, Malawi
government, NGO’s World Vision and Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief (CPAR)
- women’s participation in project planning and implementation, on staffing of
the two programmes, and on the use and control of food at the household and
village level.
Author(s): UN/DHA
Document Type: Periodical Pages: 64
In: DHA NEWS,
April/May 1997, No. 2
Publisher: UN/DHA City: Geneva Date Publ.: 1997
Keywords (Organisation): UN/DHA
Summary:
The document brings
together articles on women in emergencies by international journalists,
academics andspecialists involved in emergency management, presenting a spectrum
of reflections, experiences and practices. Papers thus explore post-war trauma,
the particular vulnerability of adolescent girls, and the significant role of
women in societal rehabilitation.
Authors: Judy El Bushra and Eugenia Piza-Lopez
Document Type:
Book
Summary: This paper is intended for development workers who need clearer
practical and
theoretical insights into the problems of integrating a gender
perspective into conflict-related work.
Author(s): APRODEV; ECHO
Document Type: Conference Report Pages: 11
In: Brussels, 4-5 November 1997
Publisher: APRODEV, Date Publ.: 1996
Keywords (Organisation): European Union
Summary: The document is an
account of the proceedings and discussions of the APRODEV-ECHO Seminar on Gender
and Emergencies, held 4-5 November 1996. The meeting provided forum for sharing
experiences on the integration of gender into humanitarian aid operations, and
producing guidelines for the European Union on gender sensitive emergency
aid.
from http://www.reliefweb.int/ocha_ol/pub/iasc/IASC%20gender.htm
IASC Working Group XXXXVI Meeting, Background Document
April 22-23, Rome
(Inter-Agency Standing Committee)
Summary:
The purpose of this paper is to
provide a summary overview of the differential impact of emergencies and crisis
situations on women and girls, men and boys. It will also discuss the policy
issues and implications of a gender perspective. It will present options for the
application of humanitarian principles as well as the appropriate responses
needed to address the specific needs of women and girls in pre-conflict,
emergency, natural disaster, and post-crisis settings.
Integrating Gender into Emergency Responses
(Issue 4) from Bridge Reports
at http://www.ids.ac.uk/bridge
Development and Gender In Brief Conflict and Development (Issue 3)
from
Bridge Reports at http://www.ids.ac.uk/bridge from
http://www.oxfam.org.u/
November 1997
"Guinea Pigs for Andean Women: a new emergency response" by
Fiona Gell, Programme Management Assistant for Oxfam GB South Asia
from http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/guytempler/references.htm
Anderson, Mary B., 1994, ‘Understanding the Disaster-Development Continuum: Gender Analysis is the Essential Tool’’, in Focus on Gender, Vol 2, No 1, pp7-10.
Eade, D and S. Williams (1995) ‘The Oxfam Handbook of Development and Relief’, Volume I pp184-190 and Volume II pp 883-886, (Oxfam Publications).
Network on Humanitarian Assistance, 1994, ‘European University Degree in International Humanitarian Assistance’, Anthropology Module, (European Commission, European Community Humanitarian Office, July).
Woroniuk, B, J. Schalkwyk, and H. Thomas, 1997, ‘Overview: Gender Equality and Emergency Assistance/Conflict Resolution’, Report Prepared for Humanitarian Assistance Division, SIDA, January.
Myers, M., 1994, ‘Women and Children First: Introducing a Gender Strategy into Disaster
Preparedness’, in Focus on Gender, Vol 2, No 1, pp14-16.
El Bushra, J. and E. Pisa Lopez, 1993, ‘Development in Conflict: the Gender Dimension’, Report of an Oxfam AGRA East Workshop held in Thailand, 1-4 February 1993, (Oxfam Publications).
International Committee of the Red Cross, 1996, ‘Women and War’ (ICRC
Publications).
from http://www.reliefweb.int/ocha_ol/pub/iasc/IASC%20gender.htm
Bhatt, Mihir. Gender and Disasters: Perspectives on Women as Victims of Di sasters. Discussion Paper. Disaster Mitigation Institute, Gulbai Tekra, Ahmedabad India. 1995.
Enarson E. and Morrow H. The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women’s Eyes. Greenwood Press. 1998.
Krishnaraj M. Gender Issues in Disaster Management. Gender Technology and Development, vol. 1, no. 3. 1997.
League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Working with Women in Emergencies. Field Studies Paper #2. Geneva. 1991.
El-Bushra, J., and E. Piza Lopez, 1993, 'Development in conflict: the gender dimension,' Report of an Oxfam AGRA East Workshop held in Pattaga, Thailand, 1-4th February, Oxfam UK/I, ACORD
Ferris, E., 1993, 'Women, war and peace,' Research Report No. 14, Life and Peace Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
Mooney, Erin. "Internal Displacement and Gender." Humanitarian Principles Workshop: Focus on Child Rights Approach to Complex Emergencies and Internal Displacement. Brussels: UNICEF, Office of Emergence Programmes and Brussels Office, 1/10/98.
UNDHA. Women in Emergencies. DHA News 22. 1997.
Wilde, Vicki and Marijke Mooij. Participatory Gender Analysis for Community-level Disaster Response Planning. WFP: Nairobi, 2-12 June 1998.
Wiest, R., Mocellin, J., and Motsisi, D., 1992, The Needs of Women and Children in Emergencies, University of Manitoba Winnipeg.
Walsh, Martha, 1998. Time for Change: Food Aid and Development. Section on Women in Food Aid, Interventions: Impacts and Issuues, 23-24 October 1998, Rome, Italy. Only this section, "Women in Food Aid Intervention", was written by Martha Walsh of the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, United Kingdom. Various sections of the paper have different authors.
Anderson, M.B., 1994, ‘Understanding the disaster-development continuum. Gender analysis is the essential tool’, in Focus on Gender, 2 (1), Oxfam, Oxford
Begum, R., 1993, ‘Women in environmental disasters: the 1991 cyclone in Bangladesh’ Focus on Gender, Vol. 1 (1)
Bureau for Humanitarian Response WID strategy, n.d. ‘Women in Disasters’, USAID
el Bushra, J. and Piza-Lopez, E., 1994, ‘Gender, war and food’, in Macrae, J. and Zwi, A., War and Hunger. Rethinking International Responses to Complex Emergencies, Zed Publications and Save the Children (UK), London
el Bushra, J., n.d., ‘Thematic Paper 3: Gender planning in conflict situations’
Porter, F., 1993, ‘Gendering famine relief: a look at famine and famine relief from a gender perspective’, Dissertation for MA, IDS, Sussex
Shaw, R., 1992, ‘‘Nature’, ‘culture’ and disasters. Floods and gender in Bangladesh’ in Croll, E. and Parkin, D., (Eds.), Bush Base: Forest Farm, Culture, Environment and Development, Routledge, London
Wiest, R.E., Mocellin, J.S,P., Motsisi, D.T., 1992, The Needs of Women and Children in Disasters and Emergencies, prepared for the Disaster Management training Programme of the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations Disaster Relief Co-ordinator, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
*Begum, R., 1993, 'Women in environmental disasters: the
1991 cyclone in Bangladesh.', Focus on Gender, vol. 1 (1): pp.34-39
2
On 29 April 1991, a
cyclone hit the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal. The force of the storm was
concentrated between Chittagong to the north and Cox's Bazar to the south.
Casualty rates and destruction were catastrophic. The death toll of women became
the commodity used to attract the sympathy of the relief donors. The real needs
of the women in the wake of this disaster,however, were ignored by the
Bangladesh government and by the relief agencies. Women had died in greater
numbers than men, not just because of their physical weakness, but because of
Bangladesh's male-dominated socialstructure, underpinned by religious
traditions, which restricts the mobility of women. During the cyclone, many
women died risking their lives to save their children. When markets were
damaged, leaving no food, Oxfam was the first NGO to bring in supplies. This
paper outlines the efforts of a female relief worker trying to help victims of
the cyclone and describes the various problems that were encountered, often
because of her sex. A team of volunteers was set up from an NGO called TUTTARAN.
Proper co-ordination among the different relief teams and with the government
relief efforts should be maintained. In the short term, overlap of relief
programmes must be avoided to ensure all opportunities are open to everyone. For
the longer term they must develop arrangements for strategic
planning.
Greet, P., 1994, 'Making good policy into good
practice', Focus on Gender, vol. 2 (1): pp.11-13
This paper looks at the role of women and the way
they should be brought into development policy. It first examines their role in
drought-stricken Mozambique, where women carried out their normal daily
activities which kept their families alive, such as carrying heavy bundles of
firewood and water and searching for food. They bore the strongest impact of the
drought. When development workers and observers visit such areas, men tend to be
the ones who speak up for the women, often giving a distorted picture of what
really happens and the true picture of women. There has been a greater emphasis
on providing more effectively for women by the UN and NGOs. However, the
recurrence of emergencies or crises demonstrates the failure of development
strategies. Part of the failure has been the result of marginalizing women's
needs and women's role in production and development. There has been a failure
to recognise the central role played by women. Some suggestions for ways to
redress this situation are outlined. The first is the notion of gender
awareness, where responses to and perceptions of women should be included; they
should be consulted. Secondly, so as properly to address given situation, it is
important to have an informed picture of the affected populations. Once this is
done, it is possible to provide assistance in a way which is sensitive to
women's needs. Finally, training and effective staff development policies should
focus on strategies to bring more women into decision-making positions in relief
and development organisations.
*Maybin, E., Tokle, M., 1994, 'Forty seconds that shook
their world: the 1993 earthquake in India.', Focus on Gender, vol. 2 (1):
pp.34-38
Following the 1993
earthquake in Maharashtra, India, masses of people responded with donations and
assistance. The majority of volunteers weremen, and it was important to ensure
that this did not mean that the experience and particular needs of women were
not fully identified and addressed. In the first weeks after the disaster, women
suffered increased stress because of the lack of privacy. Other problems related
to women's domestic roles as managers of food and water. There were complaints
about the poor quality of relief grain, the lack of fresh vegetables and the
difficulties and cost of cooking with kerosene rather than on wood-fired stoves
destroyed by the disaster. Water was more liable to contamination and spillage.
This paper consists of two short articles, Rebuilding shattered lives (E.
Maybin) and Some problems women are facing (M.Tokle). The particular
vulnerability of widows is highlighted. The denial of their rights to land and
property and some of the practical difficulties and women's anxieties for the
future are outlined.
Rivers, J.P.W., 1982, 'Women and children last: an essay on sex discrimination in disasters', Disasters, 6 (4)
*Walker, B. (Ed.), 1994, 'Women and emergencies.' Focus
on Gender, No. 4, 64p.,
Oxfam Publications Department, OXFAM,
Oxford, UK
The papers in this book
consider some of the dilemmas of emergency relief operations, and look at the
experience of women in situations of crisis, their particular vulnerabilities,
and their capacities and strengths. The need to take a development approach to
emergencies and to support women in their role as family managers, and also as
producers and providers is stressed. It is the poor who are most vulnerable in
emergency situations, and women are particularly badly affected, since they form
the highest proportion of refugees and displaced populations, and their poverty
and powerlessness in many societies means that their needs often go
unrecognised. Seeing people as a resource, rather than as passive victims, and
looking at their skills and strengths, should be an integral part of the
approach by relief organisations in order to help the community to recover from
the disaster and build for the future. The 13 papers provide case studies from a
wide range of countries where disasters have occurred, including Zaire, India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, and include droughts, emergency food distribution and
earthquakes. N.B. Some of these case studies are included in this
bibliography.
Swiss, S, and Giller, J., 1993, 'Rape As A Crime Of War - A
Medical Perspective Physicians Human Rights, Women's Program', Journal Of The
American Medical Association, JAMA, Vol. 270, No. 5, pp.612-615
Although widespread, rape of women has been an
under-reported aspect of military conflict until recently. The current war in
the former Yugoslavia has focused attention on the use of rape as a deliberate
strategy to undermine community bonds and weaken resistance to aggression. In
addition to providing treatment for individual survivors, the medical community
has an important role to play in investigating and documenting incidents of
rape. Such documentation can help to establish the magnitude of rape in war and
hold perpetrators accountable. Since rape in war affects not only the individual
but also the family and community to which the survivor belongs, the restoration
of social and community bonds is central to the process of healing and must be
addressed within the specific cultural setting.
*Porter, F, 1993, 'Gendering famine relief; a look at famine and famine relief from a gender perspective', MA dissertation, IDS, mimeo
Stoltenberg, K., 1991, 'Working with women in emergency relief and rehabilitation programmes', League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Geneva
*Ahmed, Y., 1994, 'A disaster-preparedness workshop in
Pakistan', Focus on Gender, vol. 2 (1): p.39-40
This paper examines an NGO set up by Oxfam
Pakistan and PATTAN to undertake flood-preparedness and mitigation, relief and
development work in the riverine areas of Punjab. A workshop was held to discuss
disaster preparedness. In September 1992, floods had devastated much of
Pakistan; the purpose of the workshop was to help NGO workers to prepare for any
future emergency by collective reflection on the lessons learnt in the floods
and practical training in disaster response techniques and planning for future
disaster. Gender issues were an important focus in the workshop. Participants
said that many women did not receive relief. The purpose of the session was to
explore and analyse the implications of gender in an emergency situation. Some
role-plays were carried out. The recommendations presented by participants in
the session were: that women should be included in NGOs as members who can look
into development and emergency relief projects from the perspective of gender;
men should respect women's unpaid labour and share household responsibilities
because women carry a double and sometimes triple burden; in emergency relief,
goods should be distributed through women; and to bring about a positive change
in the status and conditions of women, an emergency situation can be used to
break the conventions and tradition which prevent women from participating in
the process of social development.
*Anderson, M. B., 1994, 'Understanding the
disaster-development continuum: gender analysis is the essential tool', Focus on
Gender, vol. 2 (1), pp.7-10
Development agencies and NGOs are increasingly focusing their attention
on understanding the relationships between disasters and development. This has
been motivated by an increased number of disasters world-wide and a reduction in
overall aid budgets in many donor countries, with an accompanying shift from
development programmes and towards disaster response. Both development and
relief workers are seeking ways to use available relief funds to meet the
emergency needs of disaster victims and support change towards long-term
development. One tool which can contribute significantly to addressing root
causes and which can support effective, efficient and equitable long-term
development is gender analysis. The first step in understanding and preparing to
deal with root causes is to analyse why some people are vulnerable to disasters
and others not. Often an understanding of vulnerability and the development of
strategies for overcoming it can be advanced through gender analysis. Women tend
to be more vulnerable than men, as they have limited access to resources and are
poorly paid. Traditional expectations and home-based responsibilities limit
women's mobility and opportunities for political involvement, education,
information, etc. Understanding their vulnerability allows an insight into
strategies to deal with the causes rather than the symptoms. It also helps to
identify the ways in which men are vulnerable. The failure to identify gendered
roles, and to plan programmes with them in mind, has resulted in the inequitable
delivery of disaster relief assistance and inadequate attention to the potential
long-term outcomes of short-term interventions.
Alliances for Africa are requesting all informtion relating to gender in
emergency as they aim to establish their own set of guidelines in the near
future. They are very keen on hearing what other organizations have been doing
in this field.
Please email at : kbingle@christian-aid.org
The Gender in Training Modules are being prepared for participants in Peace Support Operations. The Modules are being developed by the Canadian and British Governments, by the Lester Pearson Peacekeeping Centre.
John Hopkins Regugee and Diasaster Studies Program is developing a catalogue which will have an index for gender in emergency type documents. Please inform them of new publications, manuals etc at http://www.shsph.edu/research/emergencies/catalogue.htm
The Un Security Council open Debate in Women, Peace and Security discussed the issue of gender in emergency. Information can be retreived at http://www.undp.org/unifem/unsseccounsil/index./html
Institute of Development Studies (IDS)
University of
Sussex
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UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: (1273) 606.261
Fax:
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Publications
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Tel: (202)
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Fax: (202) 797-0020
Email: mailto:icrw@igc.apc.org
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Road
Oxford OX2 7DZ
UNITED KINGDOM
http://www.oneworld.org/oxfam
General
Tel.: (44.1865) 311311, 312603
General Fax: (44.1865) 312410
Distribution
Tel.: (44.1202) 715555
Distribution Fax: (44.1202) 715556
Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA)
Gender
Office
Birger Jarlsgatan 61
S-105 25
Stockholm
SWEDEN
Tel: (46.8)
728-5100
Fax: (46.8) 698-5656; 698-5642; 612-6380; 322.141
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
3 U.N.
Plaza
New York, New York 10017
Tel: (212) 326-7000
Fax: (212)
888-7465
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East 45th Street
New York, New York 10017
Tel: (212) 906-6435
Fax:
(212) 906-6705
*All UNIFEM publications are distributed by Women, Ink. United
Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
220 East 42nd Street
New York,
New York 10017
Tel: (212) 297-5000
Fax: (212) 557-6416
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
USAID/R&D/POP/P&E
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Room
711
Rosslyn, VA 22209
Tel: (703) 875-5245
Fax: (703)
875-4693
USAID/G/PHN/P&E
Room 711, SA-18
Washington, DC
20523-1819
Women in Development (WID), USAID
1815 N. Fort Myers
Drive
9th Floor
Rosslyn, VA
Tel: (703) 816-0291
Fax: (703)
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Women, Ink. (UNIFEM titles are exclusively available through Women,
Ink.)
777 UN Plaza
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New York, New York
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Tel: (212) 687-8633
Fax: (212) 661-2704
Email: wink@igc.apc.org
World Bank
1818 H Street NW
Washington, D.C.
20433
Tel: (202) 477-1234
Fax: (202) 477-6391
http://www.worldbank.org/
Telex: MCI
64145 WORLDBANK; MCI 248423 WORLDBANK
Cable Addres:
INTBAFRAD/WASHINGTONDC
GENDER AND DISASTER NETWORK (GDN)
http://www.fiu.edu/orgs/IHC/gender/
An
academic network but as yet not much information is contained on the
web
page. Does have a list of members and their specialities/contact
details,
plus bibliography
JOURNAL OF HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE
http://www-jha.sps.cam.ac.uk/jha.htm
Contains
various articles, policy documents and current mission reports.
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - OCHA-Online
http://www.reliefweb.int/ocha_ol/onlinehp.html
The World Disasters Report Homepage at the International Federation
of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
http://www.ifrc.org/
The ReliefWeb Home page
http://www.relief.org
Overseas Development Institute's Relief and Rehabilitation
Network,
at http://www.oneworld.org/odi/rrn/about/index.htm
The UN Internet Gateway on the Advancement and Empowerment of
Women:
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/
United Nations Development Fund for Women:
http://www.unifem.undp.org
The United Nations Division for the Advancement of
Women:
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw
UNDP Links on Poverty, Environment, Gender and
Governance:
http://www.undp.org/toppages/focus%20areas/focus.htm
The Worldbank Group: African Region on Gender :
http://www.worldbank.org/aftdr/bp/GENDER/gendtest.htm
World Food Programme, Women and Gender:
http://www.wfp.org/info-themes-women-home.html
UN Economic and Social Development: General Information on Women:
http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/women