Impacts of the Tsunami on Fisheries, Aquaculture and
Coastal Livelihoods
- Update on the situation of the affected areas-
(As of 17:00 hrs 07 January 2005)
NACA/FAO/SEAFDEC/BOBP-IGO
This is a very early report of the impacts on coastal livelihoods of the Indian Ocean tsunami. It will be constantly built up as more information is included, and made meaningful with subsequent analyses. The purpose of this assessment effort is to determine the needed resources and efforts to quickly restore shattered livelihoods in the stricken communities.� This report has been jointly developed by staff from NACA, FAO, SEAFDEC and BOBP-IGO for internal use. Every possible effort has been made, considering the circumstances, to verify the information. The report is considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. It will be updated as appropriate in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of evolution of the situation. The Organizations concerned make no warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy, reliability or content of the material, text and any graphics in this information product. FAO also declines all responsibility for updating the material and assumes no responsibility for errors and omissions in the material provided in the information product.
The assessment should then be in consultation with other like-minded organizations, governments, communities, and other stakeholders translated into priority needs.� The needs will be addressed by projects designed to provide the best possible impact on restoring shattered livelihoods and rehabilitating affected communities as well as the sources or bases for their livelihoods that may also have been seriously damaged.
The information in here is from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka Thailand, and the Maldives.
The estimated death toll/missing person as of 6 January 2005 based on the World Health Organization Situation Report No. 7 (covering period 4 January 2005) are listed in table below.
Country |
Dead |
Injured |
Missing |
Displaced |
Indonesia[1] |
94,081 |
>2,500 |
1,341 |
271,908 |
Sri Lanka[2] |
30,196 |
15,683 |
3,846 |
834,849 |
India[3] |
9,571 |
3,281 - Tamil Nadu only |
5,914 |
627,119 (384,956 people in 532 relief camps). |
Thailand |
5,187 |
8,457 |
38,10 |
|
Maldives |
82 |
1,313 |
26 |
8,352 (8,500 evacuated to other islands). |
Myanmar[4] |
59 |
43 |
3 |
3,205 (638 households) |
Bangladesh |
2 |
|
|
|
This report consists of two parts:� Part I is a qualitative, quantitative and graphic report of damages and Part II is an example of developing an indicative level of funding to rehabilitate or restore the sources of livelihoods that have been damaged. The case draws from published reports and what we know of Aceh and North Sumatra (from our Asia-Pacific Marine Finfish R and D Network).
For a more useful document, a third section should include a more detailed resource needs including technical assistance (costed, even if voluntary), technical support services, and infrastructure.� It will not include direct grants of cash to families. A fourth section may be a set of priorities as a basis for formulating projects. We welcome suggestions.
The Tsunamis caused extensive damage in Southern regions of India and Andaman & Nicobar Islands affecting a total of 2,260 km of coastline. The waves were reported to be as high as 3 -10 meters in southern India and penetrated 300 m to 3 km inland. The worst-affected regions were the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the States of Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala.
Loss of human Lives
District |
Number killed |
Number missing |
Number of relief Camps |
Comments |
Andaman & Nicobar Islands |
901 |
5,914 |
111 |
|
Tamil Nadu |
7,923 |
383 |
412 |
|
Pondicherry |
579 |
|
46 |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
105 |
11 |
Nil |
|
Kerala |
170 |
|
35 |
|
The majority of 106 people killed in the Andhra Pradesh were fishermen.
The fisheries sector in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Andaman & Nicobar Islands has suffered major damages - some firm estimates would be available only in the next 7-10 days, when the areas become accessible. Worst hit places like Nagapattinam have been closed (both entry and exit) fearing epidemics. BOBP-IGO is closely monitoring the situation through its NGO network.
Qulachal, Cape Comarin, Velankanni, etc: many fishing villages in these areas loss human life, fishing boats, shelters and other belongings.
Tamil Nadu: There are 591 fishing villages and 362 Fish landing Centres, which are mostly small and cater to the needs of small mechanized fishing crafts and traditional boats.� The total number of 698 268 fishers were engaged in fisheries (2000) with some 10 000 mechanized fishing vessels, 21 000 vallams and 28 000 catamarans.
The fisheries sector in Tamil Nadu has suffered major damages. Besides loss of lives and assets such as houses and personal belongings, fishing boats and nets, the fisheries infrastructure (Fishing Harbours and fish Landing Centres) has also suffered heavy damages.
Andhra Pradesh: Fishers along 1,000 km coastline here were the worst hit by tsunamis. Fishers lost some 2,000 fishing boats and 47,370 nets. The trawlers, fishing equipment and fish stored for exports were all damaged at Visakhapatnam.� Nearly 300,000 fishers were rendered jobless and they are estimated to be losing Rs. 50 million a day. Fishing is a major trade activity in coastal Andhra. The state produces 200,000 tonnes of marine fish every year.
Many hatchery facilities in the southern India regions were
severely affected with damages; in Kovalam, Marakanam and Pondy belt, most of
the shrimp hatcheries have lost their pump houses, fencing etc; shrimp farms at
Cuddalore, Chidambaram, Sirkali were severely affected with collapsed bunds and
damaged pumps; shrimp farms in Vellar esturaries (Chidambaram, sirkali) were
heavily damaged from seawater inundation; sea based farms
in Tharangampadi, Vedaranyam, Nagapattinam, Velankanni were severely hit
by tsunami with their bunds obliterated and their equipment including motors
and pumps destroyed.
Catches from wild fisheries will decline because of damages to fishing boats/vessels
and will impact on shrimp broodstock and also impacting adversely on the
likelihood of having a crop in the next season.
Tamil Nadu: total loss is estimated at around Rs. 627 lakh, which including a 120 ha of small-scale shrimp farms in Nagapattinam and Karaikal (Pondicherry) districts, and 11 hatcheries. The compound wall of the lobster fattening centre in Chennai was totally damaged.
Andhra Pradesh: According to officials 400 fish tanks were damaged. Unofficial estimated loss at Rs. 500 million. Aquaculture farms over 400 acres were also damaged. The state�s seafood industry accounts for 25-30 percent of India total seafood exports. Most of the hatcheries were not much affected except Thupilipalem in Nellore District. Seabass hatcheries in Thirumullaivasal were badly affected with one farm totally submerged.
No casualty at Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA) from Tsunami although most of RGCA staff were present at hatchery and farm at the time of Tsunami hit the Nagapattinam coast. At Karakkal farm, Tsunami waves hit at 8.50 A.M. while two RGCA staff were grading the fingerlings stocked in the cages. By seeing the huge waves, they ran to the western side jumping into the water and swim away and saved their life. However, four persons who were traveling in the road located in front of RGCA farm were washed away by the waves and their dead bodies were recovered from at the farm later. The waves damaged our farm equipments and bunds. Similarly, at the hatchery around 12 of our staff were working at the time when Tsunami strike. They also escaped by running away from waves. Many of our fishes died due to power failure and insufficient water exchange. Our pipelines and other machineries were damaged. However, no significant damage occurred to the buildings.
Sources:
� B.Vishnu Bhat. JD (Aqua) MPEDA;
� Aquaculture sectors
� Website: (http://www.newkerala.com/news-daily/news/features.php?action=fullnews&id=51744)
� Y.C. Thampi Samraj, Project Director, RGCA
General
An early estimation of loss of production and income based on Indonesia Aquaculture Statistics (2002) published by the Directorate General of Aquaculture (DGA) (Ministry of Marine Affair and Fisheries, Indonesia) in 2004 amounted to US$70 million, based on assumption that 40% of the farms were damaged by the tsunami.
Early status report prior to January 5, 2005 by various senior officers from the DGA Indonesia (Mr Agus Budhiman, Director of Seed Production and Ms Maya Sudjarwo, Director for International Copperation) provided a very brief inside into the potential damaged caused and pledged for help in assisting creating jobs for the victims for those who are in Northern Sumatra particularly Aceh province.
Mr Andy Pradjaputra (ASEAN Foundation, Jakarta) also ascertains that ASEAN Foundation will contribute to the rehabilitation of tsunami-hit areas in whatever efforts and ways it can.
The following information indicates potential losses based on published� �pre-tsunami� information on the status of cage culture in North Sumatra, west coast region close to the epicenter of the 9.0 Richer scale earthquake. The area available for marine fish farming was almost 400 ha, mostly in Central Tapanuli and Sibolga districts (Tapian Nauli Bay). In 1989, there were only 14 cage farms, but by 1994 the number had increased to 398 (Robert Napitupulu, 1998). Since the development of grouper hatchery production technology by the Research Centre for Mariculture-Gondol and other development centers (Lampung, Batam and Situbondo), grouper fingerlings from hatchery have become more readily available and abundant, which stimulated the rapid expansion of grouper farming in Indonesia from 2002.� It is very likely that the number of farms in North Sumatra, by the date of the tsunami, was in excess of 1,000 farms.� A cage unit (4 cages) usually employs 2 people. Many of the farms have more than 4 and up to 20 cage units. Annex 2 provides some details statistics of aquaculture production in Sumatra, the statistics are based on Indonesia Aquaculture Statistics 2002, Directorate General of Aquaculture 2004.
Loss of Lives
Based on World Health Organization Situation Report No 7 (covering period up to 4 January, 2005), there are confirmed 94,081 dead, more than 2,500 injured, 1,341 missing and 271,968 displaced. There are 1,550 villages destroyed in 172 sub-districts. WHO also estimated some 500,000 people without food or water in Northern Sumatra, particularly Aceh.
Fisheries
There is no report available as yet on the impact on fisheries, either small-, medium- or large-scale. However, it is expected an excessive damages and losses to the fishing industry in Northern Sumatra not only on life, equipment but also on the natural fisheries resources.
Aquaculture
Aquaculture losses caused by earthquake and tsunami in Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) and North Sumatra, Indonesia on 26 December 2004 by official DGA Indonesia estimated based on ground survey are amounted to US$ 210,835,555. The breakdown of the damages and losses are listed below:
1.�������� Aquaculture activities profile
The earthquake and tsunami occurred in Nangro Aceh Darussalam Province and North Sumatra on 26 December 2004 have a very big impact on aquaculture activities especially those are located near the coastal area; brackishwater ponds, shrimp and fish hatcheries and Regional Centre for Brackishwater Aquaculture Development (BBAP Ujung Batee).
a.�� Brackishwater Aquaculture ( Pond) culture in NAD Province
Brackishwater aquaculture activities in 11 districts covering a total area of 36,597 ha (2003) with total production of 2,603 t valued at US$80,821,782 were lost. The brackishwater aquaculture production consist of 8,261.4 t of shrimp, 5,113.9 t of milkfish and 11,227 t of others (consist of seabass, mullet, crabs, etc.) (Table 1).
Table 1:Brackishwater pond culture by area and production in NAD province, 2003
No. |
District |
Area |
Production (t) |
Production Value (x Rp. 1000) |
Production Vaue (US$) |
|||
|
|
(ha) |
Shrimp |
Milkfish |
Others |
Total |
||
1 |
South Aceh |
25.0 |
5.3 |
3.6 |
7.3 |
16.2 |
517,400 |
57,488.9 |
2 |
West Aceh |
289.0 |
55.5 |
36.1 |
74.2 |
165.8 |
2,800,650 |
311,183.3 |
3 |
Aceh Besar |
1,006.0 |
716.9 |
220.5 |
895.6 |
1,833.0 |
30,534,400 |
3,392,711.1 |
4 |
Kota Banda Aceh |
724.3 |
667.6 |
424.6 |
809.5 |
1,901.7 |
59,969,300 |
6,663,255.6 |
5 |
Kota Sabang |
28.0 |
- |
514.0 |
- |
514.0 |
4,549,000 |
505,444.4 |
6 |
Pidie |
5,056.0 |
788.4 |
648.6 |
928.2 |
2,365.2 |
59,798,740 |
6,644,304.4 |
7 |
Bireuen |
5,146.7 |
2,254.2 |
1,127.3 |
2,723.6 |
6,105.1 |
200,926,020 |
22,325,113.3 |
8 |
North Aceh |
10,520.0 |
1,485.5 |
1,058.2 |
3,055.6 |
5,599.3 |
149,187,032 |
16,576,336.9 |
9 |
East Aceh |
7,822.0 |
2,288.0 |
1,081.0 |
2,733.0 |
6,102.0 |
219,113,500 |
24,345,944.4 |
10 |
Kota Langsa |
2,122.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
Aceh Tamiang |
3,858.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
36,597.0 |
8,261.4 |
5,113.9 |
11,227.0 |
24,602.3 |
727,396,042 |
80,821,782 |
�
Pond canals has rehabilitated through
Fisheries Support Service Project (FSSP), funded by World Bank in 1995;
SPL-JBIC INP 23 Project funded by Japan government in 1999/2000 and Indonesian�
government budget (APBN), costed a total of US $ 9,322,667 as it is
shown in the Table 2.
Table 2: Rehabilitation of brackishwater pond irrigation in NAD province
No.
|
District
|
Brackishwater Area (ha) |
Brackishwater Area Irrigated (ha) |
Production Value (x Rp. 1000) |
Production Value (US$) |
||
FSSP |
SPL |
APBN |
|||||
1 |
South Aceh |
������������ 25 |
����������������� - |
��������������� - |
������������������ - |
������������������ - |
�������������� - |
2 |
West Aceh |
���������� 289 |
����������������� - |
��������������� - |
��������� ���������- |
������������������ - |
�������������� - |
3 |
Aceh Besar |
������� 1,006 |
����������������� - |
��������������� - |
������������������ - |
������������������ - |
�������������� - |
4 |
Kota Banda Aceh |
���������� 724 |
����������������� - |
��������������� - |
������������������ - |
������������������ - |
�������������� - |
5 |
Kota Sabang |
������������ 28 |
����������������� - |
��������������� - |
������������������ - |
������������������ - |
�������������� - |
6 |
Pidie |
������� 5,056 |
����������������� - |
����������� 950 |
������������� 100 |
��� 11,846,000 |
� 1,316,222 |
7 |
Bireuen |
������� 5,147 |
����������������� - |
��������������� - |
��������������� 50 |
������� 200,000 |
������ 22,222 |
8 |
North Aceh |
������ 10,520 |
���������� 3,000 |
����������� 900 |
������������� 700 |
�� �49,544,000 |
� 5,504,889 |
9 |
East Aceh |
������� 7,822 |
���������� 1,000 |
����������� 400 |
������������� 750 |
��� 21,314,000 |
� 2,368,222 |
10 |
Kota Langsa |
������� 2,122 |
����������������� - |
��������������� - |
������������������ - |
������������������ - |
��� �����������- |
11 |
Aceh Tamiang |
������� 3,858 |
����������������� - |
��������������� - |
������������� 100 |
���� 1,000,000 |
���� 111,111 |
|
Total |
������ 36,597 |
���������� 4,000 |
�������� 2,250 |
����������� 1,700 |
��� 83,904,000 |
� 9,322,667 |
Note:����� FSSP: Fisheries Support Services Program
SPL: Sub Program Loan
APBN: National Allocated Budget for Development
b.�� Regional Centre for Brakishawater Development (BBAP) in Ujung Batee - NAD
The Centre located in Aceh Besar district, it is about 16 km from Banda Aceh, the capital city of the province. The Centre is responsible for the aquaculture development of 2 villages in Masjid Raya sub-district. These villages are Durung village (3.55 ha) and Neheun village (6.28 ha).
The tasks and functions of the Centre are as follows:
� Development of seed technology of brackishwater fish culture
� Development of growing technology of brackishwater fish culture
� Identification and monitoring of pest and disease in the pond and their environment
� Transfer of technology to the fish farmers
� Restocking of brackish water fish commodity;
� Dissemination of technology through training for students and other institutions
The facilities at the BBAP including:
� Shrimp broodstock pond
� Milkfish and grouper broodstock pond
� Shrimp and fish hatchery��
� Live food tanks
� Sea water reservoirs
� Larvae tanks
� Brackishwater pond
� Laboratory for feed
� Laboratory for pest and disease
� Meeting room
� Housing for staff
� Library
� Mosque
c. Private Shrimp Hatchery
There are 17 private shrimp hatcheries in Aceh consist of mainly small- and medium-scale hatcheries. The total production of shrimp post-larvae (PL) form these hatcheries estimated to be around 200 million PL per year. However, now all these hatcheries have been severely damaged so operation is not possible in the short-term.
2. Losses estimation
a.�� Lost of infrastructure and production facilities
Most of private sector brackishwater ponds and shrimp hatcheries were badly damaged. The facilities in BBAP, Ujung Batee are also badly damaged.
The estimated total amounted to US$ 210,835,555, which consists of:
1)�������������� Brackishwater ponds in NAD Province ����������������� =����������� US$ 202,811,782
2)�������������� Private Shrimp hatcheries �������������������������������������� =����������������� US$ 6,233,33
3)�������������� BBAP, Ujung Batee���������������������������������������������� =��������������� US$ 1,790,444
��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Total����� =����������� US$ 210,835,555
�����������
b.�� Victims
The number of tsunami victims in BBAP, Ujung Batee consists of 20 people died� and 11 people missing.
Satellite images obtained from UNOSAT provide a comparison of before and after tsunami in Aceh on aquaculture sites. These aquaculture sites may culture a range of marine finfish (milkfish, seabass, mullet etc.) and crustaceans (crabs, shrimps, etc.).
The severity of the damages is apparent. Figure 1 shows the aquaculture areas have been totally destroyed. The aquaculture sites in Figure 2 is slightly inland compare to the area in Figure 1, the severity of the damaged is also the same.
Figure 1 (Source: UNOSAT http://unosat.web.cern.ch/unosat/asp/charter.asp?id=55)
Figure 2 (Source: UNOSAT http://unosat.web.cern.ch/unosat/asp/charter.asp?id=55)
General
The northern states of west coast peninsular Malaysia are
badly affected. About 5,200 fishers with estimated loss of RM 29.3 million; 155
fish farmers with estimated
loss of RM23.9 million are affected. The government is giving RM 500 per family
as initial help. (DG Fisheries, Malaysia)
Follow by a visit to Penang on January 5, 2004, the DG Fisheries Malaysia (Dato Junaidi Che Ayub) said that it is vital to make a quick assessment of the losses incurred by the fishers. Dato Junaidi talked to the fishers in Penang and they want help to repair their boats, nets and engines so that they can go out to sea again because that is the only profession they are good at. DOF Malaysia is helping with this aspect. However, it is necessary to find out fishers who are now reluctant to go to sea again, after the traumatic experience. DOF Malaysia is also trying to conduct a survey so that fishers who do not want to continue fishing activities can be trained to do other economic activities. It is also necessary to do an assessment on the fishery resources to determine the impact caused by Tsunami. (DG Fisheries, Malaysia)
Loss of human Lives
Based on various sources, it is estimated around 68 were killed as a result of tsunami, mostly in Penang. The western and northern coasts of Penang, facing Indonesia was the worst hit, with most dead count come from that area.
Fisheries
Some 3,500 people were evacuated in Kedah and 800 in Penang.
The tsunami reportedly caused losses estimated at around RM30 million (US$8
million) in the four affected northern states of Penang, Kedah, Perlis and
Perak.
About 1,000 fishermen have been affected, and the fishing industry is likely to
take a jolt. Prices of seafood could rise. Before the tsunami, Penang recorded
fishing hauls valued at some RM150 million a year.
(Source: http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GA04Ae05.html)
The coastal fishing communities suffered the most in Malaysia. Fishing livelihoods lost in various areas in Malaysia are listed below:
� Teluk Kumbar, Penang � 128 fishing boats damaged with losses totaling RM 500,000.
� Gertak Sanggul, Penang � 32 boats damaged.
� About 4,696 people in Kedah and 1,600 villagers in Penang were evacuated from their homes to relief centers. There was 1,146 people affected in Balik Pulau, Penang, and the estimated cost (in terms of losses) was RM 2.3 million.
� Pulau Betong, Penang - villagers estimate that about 200 boats were damaged (media reports 40) and quite a number of houses. The damage per boat is estimated between RM 10,000 to 30,000.
� Kuala Sungai Burung, Penang � fishers cooperative house damaged � losses estimated at RM 100,000.
� Tanjung Piandang, Perak � about 50 large boats and 67 small boats damaged.
� Bagan Datoh, Perak � one fishing jetty collapsed, 7 big and 40 small boats damaged.
� Kuala Perlis � most of the 2,000 inshore fishers reported poor daily catches since the tsunami catching below 5 kg vs 10 kg before (Star, 6 Jan.).
(Dr. Wing-Keong Ng, School of Biological Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang)
Aquaculture
Floating cage farms at Tanjung Dawai (Penang) were very severely damaged, farmers lost everything, their cages smashed by the tsunami. Floating cage farms at the south of Bukit Tambun area were wracked, and estimated loss of around RM 10 million. At Pulau Aman, some cages were damaged with loss of fish (Dr. Leong Tak Seng, Penang).
Many wooden village houses facing the open sea along the Kuala Muda coast near the National Marine Prawn Fry Production and Research Centre, Pulau Sayak were damaged and 10 lives lost. In Penang the death toll was higher with more than 35 people reported killed. Most the cages in Tanjong Tokong in Penang were broken all fish including 1 m giant groupers were found dead along the beach due to oxygen depletion as the gills were clogged up with mud during the tsunamis. No report on other places except damaged fishing boats in the affected areas. Deep sea cages in Langkawi ok (Mr Chuah Toh Thye, Pulau Sayak, Kedah).
Some 110 fish farmers living along coastal Sungai Aceh in Penang farming groupers, seabass and snappers covering a total water surface area of 120 ha. The estimated losses from tsunami in this area alone is greater than RM 10 million. The investment cost for each cage farms (usually more than 20 cages) are expected to be around RM 300,000 � 400,000. The annual production in this area alone accounted for a total of 600 t of marine finfish. Thousands of dead fish (around 100 t) were found dead at Pasir Pandak beach near Teluk Bahang, Penang (ref CNN photo). Small-scale oyster farmers in Penang also suffered losses. One oyster farmer losses about RM 20,000 when 40 of his 140 oyster cages were destroyed (Dr. Wing-Keong Ng, School of Biological Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang)
Currently Unknown Impacts on Aquaculture and Fisheries
� About 6,900 hectares of mudflats on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia are used for the extensive culture of blood cockles, Anadara granosa. Major culture states are Perak, Selangor and Penang. Malaysia is the largest producer of cockles with about 70,754 tons in 2001. Huge quantities of dark mud were spewed by the tsunami onto land. The effects on Malaysia�s premier cockle breeding mud flats, especially in the coastal areas of Penang, remains to be seen.
� About 24,000 tons of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, was produced in Malaysia in 2002. Many of the shrimp hatcheries are still dependent on wild broodstock for their supply of larvae. The impact of the tsunami on the surrounding seas where these adult shrimp are caught remains unknown.
� Malaysia is one of the top 5 Asian producers of marine finfish, producing about 8,691 tons in 2002. For some species such as groupers, many cage farmers are still dependent on wildcaught seed to stock their cages. Wild-caught adult fish are also used in hatcheries for spawning. The impact of the tsunami on this supply line for the marine finfish aquaculture, if any, is not known.
� Immediate destruction to mangrove swamps and forests along the coasts is currently not known. Slow destruction of the mangrove forest could result from changes in the soil topography compromising water run-offs, changes in soil salinity, etc., as a result of the tsunami. Compromised health of the mangrove ecosystem may compromise fishing returns in the coastal areas of northern Malaysia.
(Dr. Wing-Keong Ng, School of Biological Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang)
The southern coast of Myanmar was hit by the waves around four hours later.� Unlike for the coasts of Thailand or Sri Lanka, the Myeik Archipelago reduced the Tsunami�s force, before impacting the coast of Tanintharyi Division.� On its way to the Ayeyarwaddy coast, the wave had also severely hit the Adaman Islands (India). This might partly explain the smaller scale of damage inflicted on the southern areas of Myanmar. The Myanmar coast is also characterized by its hilly geomorphology.
Official Myanmar media reported that 53 people had died in the waves in 17 fishing villages with another 21 people still missing. The hardest hit area is the Laputta Township in the Ayeyawaddy Division where 34 people are officially reported dead and hundreds of families are without shelter. Casualties were also reported in southernmost Tanintharyi division and Rakhine state in the west, with the Co Co islands off the coast particularly hard hit. Several hundreds of fishermen of Myanmar origin may have lost their lives off the Thai coast, thus affecting the livelihoods of their families in Myanmar.
The World Food Program (WFP) reported that hundreds of fishermen were probably killed in Myanmar by Indian Ocean killer waves.
Some 17 seaside fishing villages have been reported as
destroyed and some 778 people homeless. Seasonal fishing villages are common at
this time of the year. One known examples is a village, 220 miles (352
kilometres) southwest of the capital Yangon in Ayeyarwaddy division, that
sprang up barely a month ago as families built bamboo and thatch huts for the
post-monsoon fishing season. The fishing village of some 600 people was swept
into the sea by killer tsunamis, leaving 17 dead and scores of families with
nothing but shattered lives.
There was particular concern about fishing communities and the ethnic Salone
and Moken, commonly referred to as sea gypsies, a UN official told AFP.
Fisherman Maung Maung, 36, told AFP he had been out to sea with seven other men
on a trawler when they were caught by the wave and capsized.
"All our boats overturned but we managed to hold on and keep afloat until
rescue arrived," he said.
Source: http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/125398/1/.html
Aquaculture
Little aquaculture was being practiced along the impacted coast.
The following is a summary of the scale of the disaster in Sri Lanka.
- Total deaths: 33,513
- Total displaced persons: 773,712
- Total injured: 15,686
- Total missing: 3,870
- Total completely damaged houses: 96,541
- Total number camps: 652
The government has declared 100 m from coastal line as a 'restricted zone' and no construction will be permitted within this zone and is planning to start resettlement in non-restricted areas shortly.
Fisheries
Information provided by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources indicated that:
- Around 7600 fishermen are now reported dead in seven districts
- Maximum deaths reported from Batticoloa and Ampara districts
- Missing fishermen is estimated at 5686 in 4 out of the 14 affected districts
- Displaced families is now estimated at 90657 in six districts, majority from Batticoloa district (57829)
- Fully damaged boats Island wide is estimated at 22940, this includes 12000 traditional boats, 750 multiday boats, 9550 day fishing boats and 640 beach seine vessels in the districts of Colombo, Negombo, Jaffna, Kilinochchi, Mullaitu, Tricomalee, Batticaloa, Ampara, Hambantota, Matar, Gale and Kaluthara. Partially damaged boats is estimated at 900 of which 450 are multiday boats and 450 day fishing boats.
The bulk of the boats destroyed or damaged are the small non-motorized boats owned and operated by the poorest of the community. Ten out twelve of the main fishing ports have been devastated with extensive loss of essential infrastructure such as ice plants, cold rooms, workshops, slipways and marine structures. The basins of the harbors are clogged with racked vessels and need to be cleared.
Aquaculture
Little aquaculture was being practiced along the impacted coast.
Six provinces facing the Andaman Sea which were hit hard by the tsunamis are Ranong, Phang-gna, Krabi, Phuket, Trang and Satun. The damages on fisheries and aquaculture are estimated at 1.34 billion baht (USD 343 million). Some 15,802 floating cages for fish farming in these 6 provinces were damaged or totally lost. A total of 3,539 fishing boats were damaged or totally lost wrecked.��
Loss of Lives
The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation confirmed damages in Thailand as of 30 December 2004 as follows:
|
Death |
Injuries |
Missing |
||||||
Province |
Thai |
Foreigner |
Not identified |
Sum |
Thai |
Foreigner |
Not identified |
Sum |
Sum |
Phuket |
151 |
111 |
17 |
279 |
386 |
225 |
661 |
1,272 |
1,815 |
Phangnga |
1,073 |
510 |
0 |
1,583 |
4,320 |
1,253 |
0 |
5,573 |
2,376 |
Krabi |
108 |
88 |
171 |
367 |
0 |
0 |
2,649 |
2,649 |
1,913 |
Ranong |
162 |
2 |
0 |
164 |
189 |
14 |
0 |
203 |
16 |
Satun |
6 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
15 |
0 |
0 |
15 |
0 |
Trang |
3 |
2 |
0 |
5 |
57 |
9 |
46 |
112 |
1 |
Total |
1,503 |
713 |
188 |
2,404 |
4,967 |
1,501 |
3,356 |
9,824 |
6,121 |
The death toll increased from 1,543 as of 28/12/2004 to 2,404 on 30/12/2004, while still over 6,000 people are missing.
The above up-dated statistics also indicated that two-third of people killed by the Tsunami are Thai national.
Phuket has been declared an emergency area, but indications are now that Phang-nga is the worst affected province.
Based on World Health Organization Situation Report No 5. (covering period 2-3 January, 2005), there are confirmed 4,993 dead, 8,457 injured, and 3,810 missing.�
Fisheries
Some 3,539 fishing boats were either damaged or total wrecked, 93% are small-scale fishing boats. Estimates indicate that 2,923 fisheries households were affected. Estimated damages on fisheries alone would amount to USD 16.6 million.
The primary source of figures regarding lost vessels will be the Thai Department of Fisheries which has a figures of approximate numbers of fishing vessels in the affected provinces (figures for lost vessels have already been announced on Thai television).
Regarding lost vessels, the announcement listed only about 15 large vessels but a very significant (in the thousands) of lost small-scale vessels. The small vessels were driven by the waves inland where they were subsequently wrecked. The vessels are typically 4 meter long hardwood built traditional fishing vessels that are powered by the diesel long tail engine. (A crude estimate of cost of a vessel is in the region of $1,000-2,000. The engine costs about $800 upwards. The vessels use a range of small-scale gears.
In some areas (i.e. those with very heavy concentrations of tourism such as Phuket) many of the fishing vessels are not used for fishery purposes, but are used for transporting tourists.
There will be a major distinction between damage to vessels and actual loss (i.e. irreparable damage that requires replacement). In the case of replacement of the vessel, I am somewhat concerned that the original wood that the vessels were constructed from may not be readily available and reconstruction of the original type of vessel may not be possible. Replacement with a fiberglass composite structure may not be useful (if the design is not aporapriate0 and certainly would not be a strong as the original vessel. Engines that power this design are typically diesel long tail engines these may be more favoured in place of� �modern� outboard engine (which run on petrol and may not be as robust or flexible as the original).
b) Damage or loss of fishing gears
This is extremely difficult to assess unless the gear is assumed to have been associated with the vessel. In this was the vessel and the gear operated are assumed to be lost together.
Gear replacement is a lower cost intervention that can get fishing folk fishing again and assume that they are able to repair damaged vessels themselves. In this circumstance the assistance of gear provision is [probably significantly less that the costs of boat repair.
b) Damage to shore-based property and services.
Land based infrastructure has also been affected in some areas � this sort of structure would be landing sites, ice making and storage facilities. Some of these facilities would be state owned or operated or possibly through cooperative type ventures.
Many ventures would also be privately owned by entrepreneurs (i.e. not directly involved in fishery production).
An assessment would have to at last get a breakdown of the number of harbour sites that were directly impacted by the wave. There has been a great deal of minor damage in areas not in the actual path of the wave and this can be readily rectified and should not be a focus of intensive rehabilitation.
Details of damages and losses reported by DOF Thailand are listed Table 1. The initial estimated fishing boat damaged and cost from DOF, Thailand dated December 28, 2004 were 2,818 boats with a total of cost of Baht 476 million. The updated (January 4, 2004) version is listed below and the losses will have been much greater than Baht 476 million with a total of 3,539 fishing boast damaged or total wrecked.
Fishing boats damaged or total wrecked
� Phuket: 981
� Phang-nga: 725
� Satun: 580
� Krabi: 250
� Trang: 303
� Ranong: 700
Aquaculture
c) Damage to aquaculture operations
The west coast of Thailand has significant amounts of coastal aquaculture based in and around mangrove areas, especially in the creeks and delta mouths. The scale of these operations is extremely varied but can crudely be broken into:
i) very small scale artisanal shellfish operations � crab fattening, mussel� strings and other low input structures, individual fish cage operations (grouper, sea bass etc.)
ii) larger scale water based aquaculture operations � typically these are fish cage operations and involve multiple cages.
iii) Land based aquaculture operations (lower investment) - this would typically be fish ponds (unusual) and small shrimp pond operations (more typical)
iv) Larger scale and-based aquaculture operations � these involve greater investment and would be larger shrimp farms which have many ponds (more than three. Also included 9and particularly affected in Phuket and somewhat in Phang-nga are shrimp hatcheries since these are often located at the water since in the most exposed areas (to get clear seawater) they have been significantly damaged). However the owners of these cannot be classified as small�scale or poor and invariably have other sources of income
The initial estimated aquaculture floating cage damaged and cost from DOF, Thailand dated December 28, 2004 were 27,409 cages with a total cost of Baht 1.28 billion. The updated (January 4, 2004) version is listed below and the losses may be less than Baht 1.28 billion since the damaged cages are less than the original estimated, with a total of 15,802 cages been damaged.
� Phuket: 2,415
� Krabi: 1,150
� Satun: 7,167
� Trang: 842
� Ranong: 4,228
|
Province |
Sub province |
Farmers |
Damage Area |
Type |
|
Fishing Boat |
Bamboo Trap |
Floating net |
Crab Net |
Squid Net |
Shrimp |
Damage Cost |
||
|
|
|
|
(Rai) |
Pond |
Cage |
Large |
Small |
Large |
Small |
|
|
|
Farms |
(Baht) |
1 |
Satun |
La-ngu |
|
|
|
6,772 |
15 |
363 |
119 |
37 |
183 |
19,635 |
11,429 |
1 |
197,224,730 |
|
|
Tungwa |
|
|
|
315 |
|
50 |
15 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
14,300,000 |
|
|
Muang |
|
|
|
50 |
|
152 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
8,600,000 |
|
|
Ta-Pae |
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
800,000 |
|
Total |
4 |
|
|
|
�� 7,167 |
15 |
565 |
134 |
137 |
183 |
�� 19,635 |
���� 11,429 |
1 |
�������� 220,924,730 |
2 |
Trang |
Kinghadsamran |
|
|
|
5 |
|
51 |
|
|
82 |
|
|
|
5,150,700 |
|
|
Likao |
|
|
|
158 |
|
51 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
8,468,520 |
|
|
Palean |
|
|
|
128 |
|
21 |
|
|
95 |
|
|
|
7,555,320 |
|
|
Kandang |
|
|
|
551 |
|
180 |
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
29,816,940 |
|
Toal |
4 |
|
|
|
842 |
|
303 |
|
|
184 |
|
|
|
���������� 50,991,480 |
3 |
Krabi |
Muang, Aourook |
|
|
|
1,150 |
|
250 |
|
150 |
|
|
|
|
42,750,000 |
|
|
Klong Tom |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lanta Island |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nua-Klong |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
5 |
|
|
|
�� 1,150 |
|
250 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
���������� 42,750,000 |
4 |
Ranong |
|
1,659 |
200 |
|
4,228 |
|
700 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
294,000,000 |
|
Total |
1 |
1,659 |
200 |
0 |
4,228 |
|
700 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
294,000,000 |
5 |
Pnang-Nga |
Muang |
50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Takoatung |
80 |
108.5 |
1,293 |
|
2 |
19 |
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
31,241,030 |
|
|
Koayao |
370 |
|
|
|
1 |
200 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
25,212,515 |
|
|
Kuraburi |
250 |
|
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
9,484,000 |
|
|
Taimuang |
110 |
16 |
252 |
|
102 |
50 |
|
|
|
|
|
11 |
145,876,830 |
|
|
Takoa-Pa |
140 |
58.5 |
800 |
|
70 |
250 |
|
|
|
|
|
28 |
126,076,050 |
|
Total |
6 |
1,000 |
183 |
�� 2,345 |
|
175 |
550 |
|
|
|
|
|
89 |
�������� 337,890,425 |
6 |
Phuket |
Muang |
123 |
469.02 |
|
1,063 |
54 |
623 |
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
164,960,000 |
|
|
Talang |
141 |
49.58 |
|
1,352 |
|
258 |
|
|
|
|
|
99 |
219,446,000 |
|
|
Kratoo |
|
|
|
|
|
46 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,944,000 |
|
Total |
3 |
264 |
518.6 |
0 |
�� 2,415 |
54 |
927 |
|
|
|
|
|
111 |
�������� 387,350,000 |
|
Total |
22 |
2,923 |
901.6 |
2,345 |
15,802 |
244 |
3,295 |
134 |
287 |
367 |
19,635 |
11,429 |
201 |
1,335,406,635 |
Source: Department of Fisheries (Thailand), dated January 4, 2005.
Note: 1 Rai = 2/5 acre = 1,600 m2
UN seeks fishing, farm help
January 05, 2005
THE UN will ask Australia to donate fishing equipment and send farming experts to help
avert starvation in the tsunami disaster zone, during top-level talks in Jakarta tomorrow.
The UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation warned that at
least 2 million victims faced food shortages, with thousands risking starvation
in Indonesia and Sri Lanka.
"The situation is dramatic because those areas were already in a situation of vulnerability," the chief of FAO's emergency operations, Fernanda Guerrieri.
"Areas like Sumatra and Sri Lanka were already very poor - the only resources of the people is their fishery.
"They have lost their fishing boats, they have lost everything. In those areas there is a risk of starvation."
Ms Guerrieri said UN officials would discuss the need for at least $US50 million in food and farm aid over the next six months at tomorrow's tsunami summit in Jakarta.
"All assistance would be most welcome from the Australian Government," she said.
"Aid could be in different forms - in cash, in kind, in investment and in technical assistance.
"Australia is very well placed to assist with technical assistance, and with assistance in kind like boats, engines and nets for the fisheries sector."
Fisheries and aquaculture had been hardest hit by the tsunami, Ms Guerrieri said.
"The priority is restoring their capacity to fish and the first step will be to give them back their equipment.
"That would also increase their self-reliance and decrease reliance on food aid."
Ms Guerrieri said the tsunamis had caused "huge damage" to food supplies by wiping out fisheries and crops, wrecking roads and railways, contaminating arable soil with salt and decimating the families who worked the land.
The "first stage" of farm and fishery rehabilitation could take two years, she said, although UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan has warned the region may take a decade to recover.
(Source: The Australian http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5744,11853212%5E401,00.html)
Other Related News - India
BANGALORE: Even as heart-rending stories of tsunami deaths
and devastation are sweeping the South, poverty has forced Karnataka's
fear-stricken fishermen back into the sea at the dawn of the New Year.
The 1.75 lakh fishermen, who live in hamlets along Karnataka's 356 km
coastline, are among the poorest of the state's citizens. They lead a
hand-to-mouth existence entirely dependent on the day's fishing.
Over the last six days, with the Karnataka administration issuing tsunami
warnings, an alert all along the coastline and evacuating people from the
beaches, fishing on the West coast has come to a near-total halt. "This is
the fishing season. Any loss of fishing days means the fisherman loses the
day's turnover," fisheries director H S Veerappa Gowda told TOI.
(Source: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/977629.cms)
PONDICHERRY, India, Jan. 1 /PRNewswire/ -- An Indian non-governmental organization (NGO) that implements HIV/AIDS prevention, education and treatment programs in all 35 states of India and its Union Territories is using its medical expertise, its national network and its long-term presence in local villages to facilitate the distribution of relief supplies and to initiate reconstruction efforts, following the tsunami that devastated coastal regions of India on the Bay of Bengal.
Among the hard-hit fishing communities in the Union Territory of Pondicherry (on the Bay of Bengal in Southeast India) the NGO, FXB India -- the national branch of the worldwide Association Francois-Xavier Bagnoud (FXB) that implements 87 HIV/AIDS programs in 18 countries -- is helping the local government to distribute food packets, drinking water, medicines, clothing and a support-in-cash in the villages of Kanagachettikulam, Periya Kalapet, Chinna Kalapet and Pillai Chawadi where FXB programs exist.
A quick survey of damage done by the tsunami showed that in these villages:
* Nearly 500 houses have been totally destroyed in the havoc.
* About 1,000 families have lost their belongings.
* More than 2,000 people are absolutely homeless and displaced.
* Nearly 250 mechanized boats (including outboard & in-board motor boats) and 280 country crafts (catamarans) are either fully or partially damaged and most of the fishing nets and other accessories were destroyed. Many of the fishermen estimate that it will take at least three months for them to venture into the sea again.
In the medium and long-term, there is an urgent need to:
* Facilitate the reconstruction of houses,
* Repair boats, catamarans and trawlers,
* Repair or provide new nets,
* Provide educational aids for school going-children and healthcare facilities especially for children.
* Offer grief counseling, care and support for the victims of the tsunami.
Fishing communities in Kerala districts, which were thrashed by the December 26 tsunami waves, are desperately trying to get things back to normal.
The fishing community living along the coastline is the
worst affected by the tsunami disaster.
Battered by the tsunami waves, the once idyllic town of Allapad in Kollam district
now resembles a ghost town.
Sea wrecks havoc
Eighty of the 160 people who died in Kerala are reported to be from Allapad.
The fishermen who survived have fled the village. The whole town is tangle of
torn fishing nets and broken boats.
"The water came and climbed over the coconut trees. That was the height of
the waves, which washed away everything," said Shahzi, a fisherman.
"We are in a state of utter and complete depression. We have no home, no
clothes and no livelihood. Where shall we go?" he asked.
"We are now scared to go into the sea and our families and government too
are preventing us from going," said another fisherman.
(Source:http://www.mcot.org/query.php?nid=33701)
Indian fishermen to stick by sea despite tsunami
The tsunami hit India's fishing community hardest as the southeastern coast is dotted with small fishing villages with poorly-constructed houses -- some made of brick and bad quality concrete -- and shacks located right on the beach.
Many of these were sitting ducks for the tsunami.
An initial estimate by authorities in Tamil Nadu state showed that around 85 percent of the nearly 700,000 people displaced in the state were fishermen or their families.
Most of the dead were women and children who could not scramble fast enough to escape the waves. About 100,000 fishermen homes and some 40,000 boats were badly damaged.
(Source:http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/B200420.htm)
Relief work needs direction
By: Shradha Sukumaran
January 2, 2005
Tamil Nadu
Suyam has adopted three interior villages in Akkarapettai panchayat in Tamil Nadu�s worst hit area Nagapattinam where 12,000 people have died. Muthuram points out that the area needs provisions for the kitchen systems that the relief workers are providing each family with.
Each catamaran costs Rs 10,000 to replace and fishnets between Rs 5,000-10,000. Suyam has toured Velankani, Kameshwaram and Meenawar colony and feel that victims need to cook their own food, build the boats themselves.
(Source:http://web.mid-day.com/news/nation/2005/january/100672.htm)
Fishing, along with agriculture and tourism, which together constitute the backbone of the Nagapattinam district's economy, were badly affected by the tsunami.
According to reports, thousands of mechanised boats and country craft have been damaged and washed away by the waves, which will have a major impact on the fishing industry, especially on export of shrimps and other varieties.
During 2002-03, export of fish and fishery exports stood at a value of Rs 2507.87 crore. According to a report, the state had a fisherman population of 7.37 lakh, out of which 2.80 lakh were actively engaged in fishing from 591 fishing villages.
Fishermen in the Nagapattinam district accounted for more than 25 per cent of the district's 14,87,055 population as per 2001 census, were the worst affected as their fishing trawlers and over a lakh country boats and fishing nets were washed away by the waves.
Nagapattinam district exported prawn worth Rs 100 crore every year, a fishing department official said adding it would take another six months for this sector to return to normal.
Small fishing communities across Indian
Ocean lost their livelihoods to the mammoth waves
By Chris Tomlinson, Associated Press Writer
December 31, 2004
In Nagappatinam harbor, the tsunami tossed fishing trawlers like children's
toys onto seawalls and buildings, destroying not only individual livelihoods
but an important part of the region's economy.
The fishermen of devastated Tamil Nadu state in southern India were among the
most prosperous of this region's inhabitants. Now homeless and jobless, they
must find a way to cope, along with the communities that depended on their
income.
The 130-foot trawlers were the pride of the southern Indian fishing fleet,
sometimes spending three or four days at sea to fill their holds and returning
with a profitable catch. One trip could earn $2,300, a fortune in India.
With 2,400 family-owned trawlers, and 17,000 smaller boats, the state's fisherman
were an important part of the economy. Now, most of the families live on the
floors of wedding halls, schools or temples, relying on handouts.
Most of the boats were destroyed, and the rest were all damaged.
"I have no idea where my boat is, or what happened to it. I see planks and
booms on the seas, but I can't tell if they are from my boat," said P.
Sephurmani, his children crowded around him in a secondary school serving as a
shelter.
The same scene was repeated down the Indian coast and across southern Asia. Not
only homes were destroyed, but countless small economies that had depended on
the sea, from villages in Sri Lanka where catamarans were carried up to a mile
inland and broken apart, to Malaysia 3,000 miles across the Indian Ocean where
the waves smashed fishing boats beyond repair.
Seafood prices have risen in some districts because of shortages, though the
problem so far has not become acute.
The fishermen in Nagappatinam say that even if hulls are undamaged, most
trawlers have been flooded, the huge diesel engines will have to be rebuilt and
all of their nets replaced. A new boat can cost $32,500 and nets cost $5,000, a
prohibitive expense for many in this poor state.
"It all depends on the government. If the government helps us, we can
rebuild. If not, we are helpless," Sephurmani said.
Time is also working against them. The men can only fish for seven months of
the year, because of government restrictions and the onset of bad weather in
the Indian Ocean. The season was just starting when the tsunami hit, and the
soonest they could expect to be fishing again - with quick government action -
will be within six months, when the season is almost over.
There is also the new fear of the sea.
"I feel agitated whenever I go to the sea now, I feel afraid. I never had
that before," said Sephurmani, who lost his sister and brother-in-law to
the tsunami.
Across the Palk Strait in Sri Lanka, at the Jumaliya fishing village in eastern
Trincomalee, at least 73 fishing boats were destroyed, wiping out the
community's only livelihood. Some boats tore through homes while others were
carried as far as a mile inland.
Farana Saleem sat on Jumaliya's beach, murmuring incomprehensibly, her hazel
eyes swollen from the tears running down her cheeks. She not only lost her
home, but also her only son. Inconsolable, Saleem refused to speak.
"I don't know where to start and have lost my will to live," said
Abdulla, Farana's husband. A battered tin roof, wooden walls and a broken
plastic basin were all that remained of their home.
Tamil Nadu, the state hit worst by the tsunami, has 314,000 fishermen, Kerala another 200,000, Andhra Pradesh nearly 700,000 lakh and Pondicherry almost nearly 43,000 fishermen. Nearly 90% of the 9,479 dead are believed to be from fishing families with more than 7,800 in Tamil Nadu alone. Entire villages perched on the edges have been washed away along the 2,260 km of the coastline.
Tthe main damage to the coastal economy is to the fishing industry. Nearly half the country's catch of about 6,000,000 tonnes (2001-02 figures) is from the sea. Tamil Nadu accounts for nearly 400,000 tonnes in marine landings a year, Andrha Pradesh about 250,000 tonnes and Kerala over 500,000 tonnes. The east coast has shrimp farms along creeks.
The estimates of damage are fluid but here is one estimate from Tamil Nadu: 124,000 houses, 373 villages, 23,000 catamarans, 8,500 vallams, 3,245 mechanised boats, 1,24,600 nets. And that's about Rs 10,000 to Rs 4,000,000 per boat, depending on the type, and Rs 25,000 per fishing net.
Source: The Times of India.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/980692.cms
Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy Tuesday announced fishing operations in the state have resumed. Kerala has 200,000 people engaged in fishing and close to a million people are dependant on the fishing industry.
"We have already announced distribution of free ration in the coastal areas and have identified 217,989 families to it would be distributed for a month," said Chandy. "Till Monday this ration had reached 44,811 families and the remaining would be given by Wednesday," he said.
Source: New Kerala
http://www.newkerala.com/news-daily/news/features.php?action=fullnews&id=54858
An initial estimate by authorities in Tamil Nadu showed that around 85 percent of the nearly 700,000 people displaced in the state were fishermen or their families. Most of the dead were women and children who could not scramble fast enough to escape the waves.
The bigger trawlers, larger than a two-storey house, still lie smashed up inland, tossed aside like toys in a child's bedroom. Before the fleets can sail again, even those boats not too badly damaged need new nets, engines, oars and other equipment.
Source: ANI (via New Kerala).
http://www.newkerala.com/news-daily/news/features.php?action=fullnews&id=55053
Other Related News � Indonesia
Aid competes with market
economy in Banda Aceh
By Shawn Donnan in Banda Aceh
�January 3 2005 18:30
At the Lamboro market on Monday, fishmonger Aiyub Putih was struggling to sell the fish he had driven six hours south to buy from aquaculture farms in East Aceh a few days before.
People, he said, "are scared to eat fish. They think there are still many dead bodies in the sea".
(Source: http://news.ft.com/cms/s/c3be45ca-5db2-11d9-ac01-00000e2511c8.html)
Other Related News - Myanmar
On Saturday, official Myanmar media reported that 53 people had died in the waves in 17 fishing villages. Another 21 people were reported missing, 43 injured and 778 homeless. The World Food Program fears that hundreds of fishermen may have died, and reports that 30,000 people are in immediate need of shelter, food, drinking water and medical attention.
Source: Channel NewsAsia
http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/125750/1/.html
Other Related News � Sri Lanka
Only about 20 percent of the fishing boats in Sri Lanka's northeast survived the Dec. 26 tsunami, leaving more than 1 million people without livelihood. In northern Sri Lanka no one is eating fish, once a mainstay of the diet. Some people reportedly believe the fish are feeding on human corpses washed out to sea. Fishing officials say 10 of the country's 12 cooperative fishing harbours were damaged by the tsunami.
Source: United Press International (via Washington Times).
http://washingtontimes.com/upi-breaking/20050104-123158-8659r.htm
Many Sri Lankans are shunning fish as rumours spread that the sea creatures were eating the bodies of tsunami victims and could spread disease. About 10,000 people a day usually flock to the main fish market in the country's capital, Colombo, but few vendors or customers showed up on Tuesday.
Disappointed vendors blamed it on false reports that diseases could be caught from fish that had feasted on some of the 30,000 Sri Lankans killed by the tsunami. Fish is a dietary staple in the country. Many fishermen died, while others lost their boats and fear returning to sea. The fishermen are largely poor and observers say they will need low-interest loans or grants to get back on the water.
Source: CBC News
http://www.cbc.ca/story/world/national/2005/01/04/srilanka-050104.html
Other Related News � Thailand
According to an initial survey, altogether about 20,000
fishing families and 2,000 trawlers were affected by the tsunamis in Ranong,
Phangnga, Phuket, Krabi, Trang and Satun provinces.
Hamron Mukhura, of the Friends of the Andaman group, said several of the
affected fishing communities have received zero assistance so far due to
communication and transport problems, while some are not even listed for help.
``The tsunamis have inflicted so much destruction and left fishermen, whose
very lives depended on their fishing trawlers, with nothing,'' he said.
(Source:http://www.bangkokpost.com/News/02Jan2005_news06.php)
TDH Project to Develop Seafarming Opportunities for fishers and coastal families:� by Mr Alessandro Montaldi, Project Manager (Dec 27)
The project was provided technical assistance by NACA and DOF
�The project office in Phang Nga was destroyed along with all equipment and documents. Nobody was harmed as it was a Sunday and none was working.� The news we receive from the diving and boat industry is terrifying, with death tolls estimated by the thousands. We had just ended a week-long update survey by boat in Phang Nga and Phuket on mariculture activities, with so many changes and new features installed.� Most are gone. At Sarasin bridge a Thai-Taiwanese farm and hatchery bred Plectropomus spp. from Taiwan has gone. Cages are broken and all the fish have escaped. Most small-scale fishermen in the inner Phang Nga Bay have lost boats, nets and cages, while a more devastating scenario can be seen along the ocean coast of Phang Nga and Ranong. Most villages swept away, Kao Lak completely destroyed with loads of corpses still floating offshore. All cages have gone in Satun and Trang, plus boats and gears. It is ground zero for tourism and seafarming. I decided in consensus with TDH headquarters to suspend the project for the moment and dedicate resources to the emergencies and first reconstruction of small-scale fisheries. We will try to do everything we can, even if the conditions now are still quite chaotic. Even today we had to run away two times from the shoreline based station and villages on false alarms of aftershocks waves.�� It is the greatest devastation ever for many Asian coastal communities and businesses. Please do something about that through NACA.�
MCOT News, January 4, 2005
Damage to Thailand's fishing industry as a result of last
week's tsunamis is estimated to more than two billion baht (US$51 m), according
to Agriculture and Cooperatives Minister Wan Muhamad Noor Matha.
Over 3,000 large fishing boats and some 1,000 smaller fishing boats were
damaged when the tsunamis struck Thailand's six southern provinces of Phuket,
Phang Nga, Krabi, Ranong, Satun and Trang. More than 10,000 fish breeding
containers in the sea were also damaged.
The government plans to initially offer compensation of no more than 200,000
baht ($5,109) for each large fishing boat, 70,000 baht ($1,788) for a smaller
fishing boat, and 12,000 baht ($306) for a fish breeding container, according
to the agriculture and cooperatives minister.
(Source: http://www.mcot.org/query.php?nid=34440)
It is believed 10,000 fishing boats may have been lost in the tsunami. The government is giving close to US$1,000 to every fishermen who has lost a boat. It is also building 4,500 temporary housing units for the families made homeless by the disaster.
Source: Channel News Asia.
http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/southeastasia/view/125695/1/.html
Thailand�s government plans to compensate the country�s fisherman for their losses as a result of last week�s tsunami disaster according to a government minister. The deputy agriculture minister, Newin Chidchob has finished an early assessment of the damages done to the fishing and coastal farming by the tidal waves. Compensation is planned as follows: A small fishing boat will get 30,000 baht, a big ship will get within 95,000 baht and damaged coastal fish farms will receive 12,000 baht. He indicated that compensation for damage on a larger scale would need further discussion. The official preliminary estimate of the cost of the disaster to ships and coastal fishing is over one billion baht. 70 percent of affected fishermen have registered for help.
Source: TNA (via MCOT.org)
http://www.mcot.org/query.php?nid=34448
Deputy Agriculture Minister Newin Chidchob said the ministry expects to pay compensation to large and small-scale fishing operators soon. About 4,200 fishing trawlers sank after tidal waves struck the Andaman shoreline. About 3,500 of them were small fishing vessels. Small-scale fishermen will receive compensation no later than February, while operators of large trawlers will be compensated by March.
Source: Bangkok Post
http://www.bangkokpost.com/News/04Jan2005_news121.php
Industry acts to stress
seafood safety
Consumers fear metal, other contamination
Sujintana Hemtasilpa Phusadee Arunmas
Bangkok Post January 6, 2005
Thailand's fishery and seafood processing industries moved yesterday to
restore consumers' confidence that it is perfectly safe to eat seafood, which
many people fear will be contaminated from exposure to the remains of tsunami
victims.
While some Thais have begun to shun seafood and sales at local markets are
slipping, Hong Kong's Food and Environmental Hygiene Department has suggested
fish may have ingested heavy metals churned up from the seabed by the
earthquake on Dec. 26.
The Thai Overseas Fisheries Association said that since more than 50% of the
seafood supply in Thailand was from the deep ocean outside Thai territory, the
local fishery industry has not yet been seriously affected by signs of consumer
unease.
The Public Health Ministry's Health Department yesterday reaffirmed that most
fish and shellfish are not likely to feed on corpses as feared by many
consumers. Most fish species feed only on sea plants and plankton, while those
eating animals tend to eat living prey, a department official said.
Association manager Pornpoj Ngamviriyathum, said the tsunami had not caused any
shortage of seafood supplies in the country. Accordingly, he did not think
prices would rise across the seafood supply chain of major businesses.
However, seafood supplies for local consumption in the six affected provinces
could fall short as small-scale fishermen in the areas have lost their trawlers
and fishing equipment, said Mr Pornpoj.
More than 3,000 trawlers have been reported missing in the affected provinces,
especially Ranong, and about 500 are waiting to be retrieved from the sea. It
was estimated the tsunami has caused 500 million baht loss to local fishermen.
The Fisheries Department, meanwhile, plans to issue an extra certificate to
ensure foreign buyers of the safety and sanitation of fishery products exported
from Thailand.
Jaranthada Karnasuta, the department's deputy director-general, said there had
been requests from foreign buyers for assurances that seafood shipments were
free from toxic heavy metals.
Department experts have been scrutinising water standards in the affected areas
in addition to increasing inspections export shipments for which supplementary
certificates would be issued.
Of the 1.9 million tonnes of fishery products exported by Thailand last year,
only 40,000 tonnes came from Andaman sea.
Mr Pornpoj also underlined the fact that most of the seafood brought back into
the country by Thai fishery companies comes from areas outside Thai territory
in the South China and Arafura seas.
The Arafura Sea is located between Australia and Indonesia, and far away from Sumatra.
For this reason, deep-water seafood supplies in Thailand have not been
affected, he added.
Prantalay Marketing Co, the distributor of Prantalay frozen seafood, said that
its raw-materials were also from Arafura Sea, and that both its domestic and
export sales have not been hurt.
Prantalay operates 14 trawlers, each of which has a 100-tonne capacity, in the Arafura
Sea, according to general manager Anurat Khokasai.
Nevertheless, sanitary experts say fish and other types of seafood that are
well-cooked, at temperatures of at least 74 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds, are
safe to eat.
According to a technical officer at the Food and Water Sanitation Division,
fish and seafood from the Andaman sea and other areas affected by the tsunami
are safe to eat if they are cooked.
Local governments in the six affected southern provinces are also trying to
assure residents that seafood is safe for consumption. Krabi province, for
instance, yesterday held a seafood dining event attended by more than 100 local
government officials and residents.
(Source: http://www.bangkokpost.com/Business/06Jan2005_biz11.php)
As mentioned above, this section provides an example of assessing and determining the level of funding required to rehabilitate destroyed sources of livelihoods. The first example is on cage structures which are a production unit, the second is on hatcheries which are support facilities.
Indicative cost of re-establishing facilities for livelihoods in Indonesia
The attached costs and return estimates for cages and small-scale multipurpose hatcheries can be used to estimate the direct costs to restore or set up in new coastal areas cages and hatcheries (Annex 3 and 4).�
We are using this case below as an example of estimating losses and estimating the level of funding needed to restore what has been lost.
Based on the statistics from Indonesia, the first table below shows the number of fish farming households, their production level and the value of the production.�
Synthesis of Coastal Aquaculture* Statistics Based on Directorate General for Aquaculture Official Statistics for 2002
Districts |
Household Number |
Production (mt) |
Income (Rp. 1,000,000) |
Aceh |
18,066 |
24,505 |
439,303 |
North Sumatra |
23,391 |
32,863 |
1,362,807 |
Total |
41,457 |
57,368 |
1,802,110 |
* �Coastal aquaculture� includes marine culture, brackishwater pond culture, floating cages, and paddy field for small-scale integrated aquaculture.
This table assumes a severity of damage of 50% in Aceh and 30% in North Sumatra. This assumption (needless to say should have to be �ground-truthed� gives a picture of how many fish farming households were affected and the loss in production volume and its value.
Districts |
Assumed damage |
Households affected |
Production loss (mt) |
Income loss (US$)* |
Aceh |
50% |
9,033 |
12,253 |
24,405,778 |
North Sumatra |
30% |
7,017 |
9,859 |
45,426,889 |
Total |
|
����������� 16,050 |
22,112 |
69,832,667 |
* US$1 = Rupiah 9,000
The data from published sources give the following information:
a. ������� Cost of rehabilitating production cages:
The total floating cage production for these two areas is 3,497 (mt). It is common for a small-scale floating cage farm to produce around 300-400 kg (average 350 kg) of fish from a 3x3x3m net cage. Thus to produce 3,497 mt of fish requires a total of around 10,000 net cages.
The assumed severity of damage would yield a total of 4,000 net cages (40%) destroyed. To rehabilitate these damaged cages a total of 1,000s unit floating cages is needed (i.e. 1 unit = 4 cages). A unit of floating cage farm requires US$ 6,000.� For 1,000 units a total of US$6 million is needed.
This is a rough but illustrative estimation but it should be pointed out that the US$6 million in this calculation is only the capital investment. Operating expenses are not included. Annex 3 - Small-scale floating cage farm model -- gives the details of operating costs. The model is based on the production of groupers (a high value food fish).� Should if lower value, low input species such as milkfish, seabass, or tilapia are the targets, operating expenses would be lower.
b. ������� Cost of establishing support facilities, i.e. hatcheries:
The seed requirement of 4,000 cages is 1 million fingerlings, which is required to produce 350 kg of fish (500 gram a piece) per cage per year at an estimated survival rate of around 70%.
Produce 1 million grouper fingerlings will require a total of about 40 small-scale hatcheries with an annual production of 25,000 fingerlings each. Annex 4 shows a small-scale hatchery economic model.�
The total investment (both capital and operating expenses) for each small-scale hatchery is around US$5,000 (Annex 4). Thus, building or rebuilding 40 small-scale hatcheries would need US$ 200,000 is needed.
Small-scale hatcheries in Indonesia obtain fertilized eggs from government hatcheries, which were not affected. They hatch and rear the fertilized eggs for eventual sale to growers. A hatchery is therefore a livelihood activity by itself for a household.
All these calculations are rough estimations. And it may not be necessary for all of the cage farms to produce high value food fish species such as grouper. It would be urgent to produce a lot of low-cost fish, should the tsunami wave also destroyed the corals and breeding grounds of the usual wild species that the fishers used to catch.��
For food security other species such as milkfish and tilapia may be good alternatives. For these low value species investment are lower and culture systems other than cages can be used, for example earthen ponds.
Based on a survey conducted under a NACA/Deakin University project carried out by Mr Sih Yang SIM during late 2002 to2004 period, the following are some of the basic investment costs needed to set up a small-scale floating cage farm with 4 net cages for culture of marine food fish species such as groupers, seabass and snappers.
A small-scale cage farm with 4 net cages (3x3x3 m) and a small house covering a total of 40m2 water surface area will require a total capital investment of 159,000 baht (USD 1 = 39 Baht).� The break down of the capital investment costs are listed below:
� Wooden structure and small house: 60,000 baht
� Net Cage: 16,000 baht (i.e. 4 cages x 4,000 baht)
� Small boat: 25,000 baht
� Generator: 13,000 baht
� Others: 35,000 baht
The real damages and losses sustained among floating cage farmers is not easy to estimate as they may own 4 cages up to 60 cages or even more. Some farmers may even have more than one boat. The loss of �fish-on-hand� is difficult to calculate as some farmers may have a standing crop of fish that ranged from 5 cm to 1 kg fish
The estimated losses from the tsunamis can only be based on the loss of farming system, i.e the farm, without taking into consideration the fishes that were in the cages, unless there is an economical and effective way to obtain these details � which may not really be necessary � from farmers.
Probably the next best way is to make an assumption that every 4 cages damaged represent one small-scale farm so the cost of the damages and losses can be calculated accordingly. However, we are aware that most small-scale farms will have more than 4 cages.
Finally in terms of restoring the damages, the costs of materials for cages would, even before the tsunami, have been escalating. Thereafter, the materials would have gone up even more as the priority now is construction of houses. A 30-40% increase in the cost of a cage unit would be a reasonable starting point for estimation of rehabilitation costs of the cage farming sector.
Annex 1: Photographic record
INDIA
Post-tsunami
Photos from the BOBP-IGO Director (Dr Y.Yadava)
|
|
|
|
|
|
INDONESIA
Pre-Tsunami
Fishing village at North Sumatra, close to Aceh. This photo was taken in 2000 during a field trip by DOF/NACA, they would have been destroyed. (S.Y. Sim, NACA) |
Floating cage farms located at the river mouth at North Sumatra, several hundreds of these units are in the area, employing thousands directly and indirectly. (S.Y. Sim, NACA) |
MALAYSIA
Pre-tsunami
The photos below show examples of facilities and structures that would have been washed away.
Floating cage farms in Kedah which grow various marine fish species located at the river mouth may already been destroyed by the tsunami. These big scale operations employed hundreds of people from the local community. (S.Y. Sim, NACA) |
Small fishing village which is by the river mouth in Kedah. The tsunami would have destroyed the houses, fishing boats and the coastal fishery resources. (S.Y. Sim, NACA) |
Fishing ground for bivalves and floating cage farms (behind), in Penang providing livelihoods and income for many would all have been destroyed by the tsunami. (S.Y. Sim, NACA) |
Post-tsunami
Dead groupers littering a Penang beach, most likely from aquaculture (because of their uniform size).� From a CNN website. |
Pre-tsunami
The following photos, taken at various times before the tsunami likely destroyed them, illustrate the source of immediate livelihoods, direct and indirect employment opportunities in these rural communities that have been lost.
Small-scale floating cage farms in Krabi, this photo was taken in February 2004. This location is most likely to be one of the areas affected by tsunami, due to its proximity to the sea.� (S.Y. Sim, NACA) |
Happy fish farming lady in Krabi who liked to help small fishermen by buying their catches. Is she still capable of helping others? What kind of assistance does she need as well? (S.Y. Sim, NACA) |
Floating cages in Satun close to the open sea, these small-scale farms would not have escaped the destructive force of the tsunami. (S.Y. Sim, NACA) |
Small-scale fishermen in Satun area. Do they still have their boat?� In the short and medium term would they have fish to catch? (S.Y. Sim, NACA) |
This is one of the fishing village in Phang-nga bay area under TDH/DOF/NACA project, severely affected by the tidal wave. The community lost their fishing boats, and cages, and shelters have been damaged. (S.Y. Sim, NACA) |
Small-scale floating cage farms in Phang-nga bay area which would surely been damaged by tsunamis. (S.Y. Sim, NACA) |
Annex 2: Indonesia Aquaculture Statistics 2002, Directorate General of Aquaculture 2004
The number of aquaculture households by type of culture in Sumatra Province in 2002
Districts |
Total |
Marine culture |
Brackishwater pond |
Freshwater pond |
Cage |
Floating cage net |
Paddy field |
Nangro Aceh Darussalam |
23,339 |
-- |
12,514 |
5,234 |
39 |
-- |
5,552 |
North Sumatra |
34,689 |
447 |
1,633 |
10,969 |
329 |
992 |
20,319 |
West Sumatra |
56,088 |
-- |
2 |
49,637 |
1,118 |
1,335 |
3,996 |
Riau |
21,113 |
4,937 |
585 |
11,453 |
4,118 |
-- |
20 |
Jambi |
15,758 |
-- |
820 |
11,914 |
1,243 |
1,508 |
273 |
South Sumatra |
22,901 |
-- |
375 |
9,245 |
4,751 |
-- |
8,530 |
Banka Belitung |
1,588 |
20 |
120 |
19 |
-- |
1,429 |
-- |
Bengkulu |
3,193 |
-- |
66 |
703 |
46 |
-- |
2,378 |
Lampung |
41,251 |
90 |
18,536 |
15,425 |
1,047 |
213 |
5,940 |
Total |
219,920 |
5,494 |
34,651 |
114,599 |
12,691 |
5,477 |
47,008 |
Aquaculture areas and the number of aquaculture household and farmer in Sumatra Province for 2002
|
|
|
Aquaculture areas |
|
Districts |
Number of fish farmers |
Number of households |
Gross Area |
Net Area |
Nangro Aceh Darussalam |
47,096 |
23,339 |
40,970 |
26,310 |
North Sumatra |
82,694 |
34,689 |
26,051 |
23,065 |
West Sumatra |
97,180 |
56,088 |
8,118 |
8,982 |
Riau |
31,192 |
21,113 |
3,529 |
3,143 |
Jambi |
24,936 |
15,758 |
3,075 |
2,543 |
South Sumatra |
29,347 |
22,901 |
4,514 |
4,420 |
Banka Belitung |
1,916 |
1,588 |
517 |
506 |
Bengkulu |
6,690 |
3,193 |
1,610 |
1,534 |
Lampung |
86,030 |
41,251 |
60,641 |
26,113 |
Total |
407,081 |
219,920 |
149,025 |
96,616 |
Aquaculture Production by type of culture in Sumatra for 2002 (mt)
Districts |
Total |
Marine culture |
Brackishwater pond |
Freshwater pond |
Cage |
Floating cage net |
Paddy field |
Nangro Aceh Darussalam |
27,449 |
-- |
22,292 |
2,764 |
180 |
-- |
2,213 |
North Sumatra |
43,960 |
489 |
22,651 |
10,718 |
379 |
3,497 |
6,226 |
West Sumatra |
27,922 |
-- |
-- |
17,141 |
4,562 |
4,401 |
1,818 |
Riau |
26,491 |
7,095 |
1,050 |
15,974 |
2,362 |
-- |
10 |
Jambi |
6,208 |
-- |
1,452 |
2,263 |
1,159 |
1,308 |
26 |
South Sumatra |
35,703 |
-- |
14,377 |
11,368 |
5,769 |
-- |
4,189 |
Banka Belitung |
315 |
77 |
121 |
115 |
-- |
2 |
-- |
Bengkulu |
4,341 |
-- |
722 |
1,767 |
381 |
-- |
1,471 |
Lampung |
34,122 |
136 |
23,610 |
8,934 |
130 |
299 |
1,013 |
Total |
206,511 |
7,797 |
86,275 |
71,044 |
14,922 |
9,507 |
16,966 |
Aquaculture Production by type of culture in Sumatra for 2002 (Rp.1,000,000)
Districts |
Total |
Marine culture |
Brackishwater pond |
Freshwater pond |
Cage |
Floating cage net |
Paddy field |
Nangro Aceh Darussalam |
481,016 |
-- |
403,478 |
39,825 |
1,888 |
-- |
35,825 |
North Sumatra |
1,511,881 |
32,885 |
1,246,324 |
146,267 |
2,806 |
25,075 |
58,523 |
West Sumatra |
322,214 |
-- |
-- |
230,904 |
38,607 |
33,022 |
19,681 |
Riau |
676,382 |
426,436 |
46,139 |
179,087 |
24,630 |
-- |
90 |
Jambi |
119,877 |
-- |
47,406 |
53,265 |
8,951 |
10,092 |
163 |
South Sumatra |
1,075,889 |
-- |
909,258 |
126,452 |
370 |
-- |
39,809 |
Banka Belitung |
13,745 |
6,713 |
6,005 |
1,012 |
-- |
15 |
-- |
Bengkulu |
79,905 |
-- |
32,898 |
22,169 |
4,037 |
-- |
20,801 |
Lampung |
1,023,659 |
14,230 |
895,868 |
101,560 |
909 |
1,803 |
9,289 |
Total |
5,325,168 |
480,264 |
3,587,375 |
900,543 |
102,717 |
70,807 |
184,181 |
Annex 3: Small-Scale Marine Finfish Farm Model - Indonesia
The estimated investment cost of small-scale floating cage farm for marine finfish species is listed below. This farm consists of 4 units, each unit consists of 4 (3x3x3 m) cages. A unit can support a household with 4 � 6 family members, or provide two full time jobs for the local community.� It can be also be used to grow low cost-low input food fish such as milkfish, in which case some of the figures below will be different.
Capital Investment Items |
US$* |
� Raft (US$ 1,765/unit x 4 units) |
7,060 |
� Hut (serve as a guard house and storage) |
3,530 |
� Net (US$ 300/roll x 20 rolls) |
6,000 |
� Boat (small boat with outboard motor) |
2,950 |
� Others (anchors, rope, a small generator, etc) |
4,200 |
Total Costs |
23,740 |
Note: Based on data from Indonesia: exchange rate: US$1 = Rp 8,500.
The Profit and Loss Financial Statement for small-scale floating cage farm based on production of 3,500 kgs market size (500 gram/fish) grouper is presented as follows. One production cycle is 12 months, and the survival rate is assumed at 70%.
|
|
|
US$ |
Revenue: Sales of grouper (production � price) |
|
|
|
��������������� (3,500 kg � US$9) |
|
|
31,500 |
|
|
|
|
Operating Expenses |
|
|
|
� Fingerlings (US$0.60 x 10,000) |
6,000 |
|
|
� Food (US$1.00 x 3,500 kg x 1.4 FCR) |
4,900 |
|
|
� Wages (US$ 120/person/month x 2 person x 12 months) |
2,880 |
|
|
� Others (US$500 x 12 months) |
6,000 |
19,780 |
|
|
|
|
|
Non-operating Expenses |
|
|
|
� Depreciation � 20% per year of Capital Investment |
4,748 |
|
|
� Interest rate expenses � 15% per year |
3,561 |
8,309 |
|
Total Expenses |
|
|
28,089 |
Profit (Loss) |
|
|
3,411 |
The estimated investment cost (excluding land) of small-scale hatchery for multispecies which can be used for various marine finfish and crustaceans is listed below. This type of operation can create two full time jobs for local community, and can support� an aquaculture household with at least four members in the family.
Capital Investment Items |
US$* |
� Roofed larval & rotifer tanks |
470 |
� Microalgae tanks |
353 |
� Submersible pump |
88 |
� Power installation |
59 |
� Emergency generator set |
353 |
� Air blowers � 100 watt |
764 |
� Seawater pump � 5 hp |
353 |
� PVC piping |
235 |
� Miscellaneous |
176 |
Total Costs |
2,851 |
Note: Based on data from Indonesia: exchange rate: US$1 = Rp 8,500.
The estimated Profit and Loss Financial Statement for small-scale multispecies hatchery based on production of grouper fingerlings per year is presented as following:
|
|
|
US$ |
Revenue: Sales of grouper fingerlings (production � price) |
|
|
|
��������������� (9,000 tails � US$0.60) |
|
|
5,400 |
|
|
|
|
Operating Expenses |
|
|
|
� fertilised eggs (100,000 x 3 cycles) |
53 |
|
|
� rotifer and brine shrimp enrichment products |
118 |
|
|
� brine shrimp |
88 |
|
|
� artificial diets |
388 |
|
|
� electricity |
88 |
|
|
� workers salaries |
565 |
|
|
� land lease |
540 |
|
|
� miscellaneous |
176 |
2016[5] |
|
|
|
|
|
Non-operating Expenses |
|
|
|
� depreciation � 3% per year of Capital Investment |
86[6] |
|
|
� interest rate expenses � 30% per year |
855[7] |
941[8] |
|
Total Expenses |
|
|
2,957[9] |
Profit (Loss) |
|
|
2,443 |
[1] 172 sub-districts and 1,550 villages destroyed
[2] Affected families 212,223; houses 103,753
[3] Dwelling unites 136,198; villages 883; cropped areas 4,171ha
[4] 592 houses of 17 villages destroyed
[5] This amount� �Operating Expenses�
[6] This amount represents the 3 % of the total �Capital Investment�, i.e US$ 2,581 x 3 %
[7] This amount represents the 30% of the total �Capital Investment�, i.e US$2,581 x 30 %
[8] This amount represents the total �Non-operating Expenses�
[9]� This amount� represents �Total Expenses� which is the sum of �Operating Expenses� plus �Non-operating Expenses�