The compilation of this database
has been made possible by the cooperation of governments, which have supplied
most of the information in the form of replies to annual FAO questionnaires.
FAO has continued to collaborate with various agencies in order to achieve
conformity in the presentation of international figures. The assistance of
governments and agencies is gratefully acknowledged.
SYMBOLS USED IN THE TABLES
|
* |
Unofficial
figure |
|
F |
FAO
estimate |
|
0M |
Data
not available |
|
AV |
Average |
|
HA |
Hectare |
|
KG |
Kilogram |
|
KG/AN
|
Kilogram
per animal |
|
KG/HA
|
Kilogram
per hectare |
|
HG |
Hectograms
(100 grams) |
|
HG/AN
|
Hectogram
per animal |
|
HG/HA
|
Hectogram
per hectare |
|
LB |
Pound
(avoirdupois) |
|
MT |
Metric
ton |
|
NES |
Not
elsewhere specified or included |
|
ECU |
European
currency unit |
|
GR |
Gram |
A blank space has the same
meaning as the symbol (0M) defined above.
For crop yields, livestock
carcass weights and all continental totals, no F or * symbol is used as these
are derived data.
To divide decimals from whole
numbers, a full stop (.) is used.
EXPLANATORY NOTES
Time reference
The time reference for statistics on area and production of
crops is based on the calendar year. That is to say, the data for any
particular crop are reported under the calendar year in which the entire
harvest or the bulk of it took place. This does not necessarily mean that for a
given commodity the production data are aggregated month by month from January
to December, although this is true for certain crops such as tea, sisal, palm
kernels, palm oil, rubber, coconuts and, in certain countries, sugar cane and
bananas, which are harvested almost uniformly throughout the year. The harvest
of other crops, however, is generally limited to a few months and even, in
certain cases, to a few weeks. Production of these crops is reported by the
various countries in different ways: by calendar year, agricultural year,
marketing year, etc. Whatever the statistical period used by the countries for
presentation of area and production data, these data are allocated commodity by
commodity to the calendar year in which the entire harvest or the bulk of it
took place. Obviously, a crop that is harvested at the end of the calendar year
will be utilized mostly during the year following the calendar year under which
the production figures are reported.
It should be noted that the adoption of a calendar-year
time reference period inevitably means that, in a number of cases, crops
assigned by countries to a particular split year may appear under two different
calendar years.
Livestock numbers have been grouped in 12month periods
ending 30 September of the years stated in the tables. For example, animals
enumerated in a given country any time between 1 October and 30 September of
the following year are shown under the latter year.
As regards livestock products, data on meat, milk and milk
products relate to calendar years, with a few exceptions that are mentioned in
the “Livestock Products”. Data for other animal products that are
produced only in certain periods of the year, for example, honey and wool, are
allocated to the calendar year, following a policy similar to that adopted for
crops.
Crop areas
Figures for crop areas generally refer to harvested areas,
although for permanent crops data may refer to total planted area.
Yields per hectare
All yields per hectare, for single countries as well as for
continental and world totals, are given in hectogrammes.
In all cases, they are computed from detailed area and production data
expressed in hectares and metric tons. Data on yields of permanent crops are
not as reliable as those for temporary crops either because most of the area
information may correspond to planted area, as for grapes, or because of the
scarcity and unreliability of the area figures reported by the countries, as
for example for cocoa and coffee.
Totals
Continental and world totals are given for all commodities
except milking machines. The totals include only data for the countries shown.
Figures may not always add up to the totals because of
independent rounding of country figures and of the totals themselves. In
general, these totals adequately reflect the situation in the geographical
areas they represent, except for certain vegetable and fruit crops and certain
livestock products.
Notes on the tables and Country notes
As a general rule, data relate to the country specified
with its present de facto boundaries. Country names and continental groupings
follow, in general, the nomenclature used by the Statistical Division of the
United Nations.
Crops
Cereals
Area and production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain
only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed or
silage or used for grazing are therefore excluded. Area data relate to harvested
area. Some countries report sown or cultivated area only; however, in these
countries the sown or cultivated area does not differ significantly in normal
years from the area actually harvested, either because practically the whole
area sown is harvested or because the area surveys are conducted around the
harvest period.
CEREALS, TOTAL
This category also includes other cereals such as mixed grains and buckwheat.
WHEAT
Available data for spelt are included with those for wheat, except for the 15
republics of the former
MILLET AND SORGHUM
Millet and sorghum are grown chiefly as feed for livestock and poultry in
Root and tuber crops
ROOTS AND TUBERS, TOTAL
This includes other root crops such as yautia and arrowroot. Root crops grown principally for feed
such as turnips, mangels and swedes
are not included.
CASSAVA
Cassava (Manihot esculenta
Crantz) is a root crop commonly divided into two
groups, bitter and sweet cassava, sometimes considered as two different
species, Manihot utilissima
and Manihot dulcis
(the latter also known as aipi). In the table,
bitter and sweet cassava are reported together.
YAMS
The yam (Dioscorea
spp.) is an important subsistence root crop in
tropical and subtropical countries.
TARO
Taro (Colocasia esculenta),
named also cocoyam, dasheen, eddo, malanga, etc., is
a subsistence tuber crop cultivated throughout the tropics, particularly in the
Pacific area.
Pulses
PULSES, TOTAL
Also includes other pulses such as cowpeas and vetch.
Data show production of crops harvested for dry grain only (as far as this can
be ascertained), whether used for food or feed.
DRY BEANS
Covers all species of Phaseolus and in a few
countries, such as
Oil- Bearing Crops
Oil crops, or oil-bearing crops, are those crops yielding
seeds, nuts or fruits which are used mainly for the extraction of culinary or
industrial oils, excluding essential oils. Data for oil crops represent the
total production of oilseeds, oil nuts and oil fruits harvested in the year
indicated and expressed in terms of oil equivalent and cake/meal equivalent.
That is to say, these figures do not relate to the actual production of
vegetable oils and cake/meal, but to the potential production if the total amounts
produced from all oil crops were processed into oil and cake/meal in producing
countries in the same year in which they were harvested. Naturally, the total
production of oil crops is never processed into oil in its entirety, since,
depending on the crop, important quantities are also used for seed, feed and
food. However, although oil and cake/meal extraction rates vary from country to
country, here the same extraction rate for each crop has been applied for all
countries. Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the crops harvested during
the latter months of the year are generally processed into oil during the
following year. In spite of these deficiencies in coverage, extraction rates
and time reference, the data reported here are useful as they provide a valid
indication of year-to-year changes in the size of total oil-crop production.
The actual production of vegetable oils in the world is
about 85 percent of the production reported here. In addition, about 3 million
tonnes of vegetable oils are produced every year from crops which are not
included among those defined above. The most important of these oils are
maize-germ oil and rice-bran oil. The actual world production of cake/meal
derived from oil crops is also about 86 percent of the production reported in
the table.
RAPESEED
LINSEED
Area data for the
COTTONSEED
Direct production figures for cottonseed are reported by countries accounting
for about 60 percent of world production. Data for the remainder are derived
from ginned cotton production, according to ratios obtained from earlier years
in these countries or from countries with similar conditions.
OLIVE OIL
With few exceptions, data refer to total oil production, including oil
extracted from olive residues.
COCONUTS
Data shown refer to total production of coconuts, whether ripe or unripe,
whether consumed fresh or processed into copra or desiccated coconut.
Production is expressed in terms of weight of the whole nut, excluding only the
fibrous outer husk.
PALM KERNELS
Figures for
Vegetables and melons, TOTAL
Data relate to vegetable crops grown mainly for human consumption. Crops such
as cabbages, pumpkins and carrots, when explicitly cultivated for animal feed,
are therefore excluded. Statistics on vegetables are not available in many
countries, and the coverage of the reported data differs from country to
country. In general, it appears that the estimates refer to crops grown in
field and market gardens mainly for sale, thus excluding crops cultivated in
kitchen gardens or small family gardens mainly for household consumption. In
For the reasons mentioned above, continental and world
totals are far from representative of the total area and production of the
different kinds of vegetables. Production data include data on vegetables shown
separately, as well as data on all other kinds of vegetables. They also include
estimates for nonreporting countries and, when
available, production of noncommercial crops for
countries reporting only production for sale.
CABBAGES
The main varieties of cabbages considered are: red,
white and savoy cabbages; Chinese cabbages; Brussels
sprouts; green kale; and sprouting broccoli.
TOMATOES
Data for certain countries, particularly in central and northern
CAULIFLOWERS
Where possible, data on heading broccoli are also included in the figures.
CUCUMBERS AND GHERKINS
Several countries, particularly in
GREEN BEANS
Data refer to beans (Phaseolus and Dolichos species only) harvested green; they exclude
data on snap or string beans, at least for countries such as France and the
United States which publish separate statistics for greenshell
beans and string beans. Data on green beans for processing, originally reported
by a few countries in shelled weight, have been converted into beans in shell
at about 200 percent.
GREEN PEAS
Data refer to peas (Pisum sativum and Pisum arvense) harvested green. Data for a few countries that
reported shelled weight have been converted to peas in the shell at 225 to 250
percent.
WATERMELONS
Data for
CANTALOUPES AND OTHER MELONS
Data for
Grapes and wine
GRAPES
Certain countries, such as the important producers
WINE
In most of the major wine-growing countries, wine production is estimated from
the quantity of grapes crushed at harvest time; consequently, it corresponds to
the amount of “grapes for wine” for the same crop year and
represents total output at wine presses, irrespective of whether it is finally
consumed as wine, vinegar or distilling material. Unfortunately, it has not yet
been possible to obtain statistics on this basis from all countries, and gaps
have been filled by using tax returns or trade estimates. Some countries do not
publish statistics on wine production or give unreliable data, either because
they do not include total wine production or because they include mixtures of
wine and fruit juices. Wine production for these countries has been estimated
on the basis of quantities of grapes crushed for wine when such information was
available.
Sugar cane, sugar beets and sugar
SUGAR CANE AND SUGAR BEETS
Area and production data on sugar cane and sugar beets generally cover all
crops harvested, except the crops grown explicitly for feed. Most of the crop
is used for the production of centrifugal and noncentrifugal
sugar; however, in several countries important quantities of sugar cane are
used also for seed, feed, fresh consumption, the manufacture of alcohol and
other uses; some sugar-beet production is used for feed and alcohol.
CENTRIFUGAL SUGAR
Data include both cane and beet sugar and are shown, as far as possible, in
terms of raw value as reported by the countries. It is not certain, however,
whether all countries report raw sugar in terms of 96° polarization as
requested in the FAO questionnaires.
NON-CENTRIFUGAL SUGAR
Includes any sugar produced from sugar cane which has
not undergone centrifugation. Practically all non-centrifugal sugar is used for
local consumption.
Fruit excl. melons, total
Data refer to total production of fresh fruit, whether
finally used for direct consumption for food or feed, or processed into
different products: dry fruit, juice, jam, alcohol, etc.
Statistics on fruit, especially tropical fruit, are
unavailable in many countries, and where reported they often lack uniformity.
Generally, production data relate to plantation crops or orchard crops grown
mainly for sale. Data on production from scattered trees used mainly for home
consumption are not usually collected. Production from wild plants,
particularly berries, which is of some importance in certain countries, is
generally disregarded by national statistical services. Therefore, the data for
the various fruits and berries are rather incomplete, particularly for regions
other than
Production data include data published on individual fruits
and berries shown separately, as well as data on all other kinds of fruits and
berries. Dates, plantains and total grapes are also included in the total fruit
figures, while olives are excluded. Total figures are more complete than those
published for the single commodities because they include estimates for most of
the non-reporting countries as well as data for countries reporting total
production of fruits in a single figure without specification by kind.
ORANGES
Data for
TANGERINES, MANDARINS, CLEMENTINES AND SATSUMAS
Figures for the
LEMONS AND LIMES
Figures for
CITRUS FRUIT NES
Data for
BANANAS AND PLANTAINS
Figures on bananas refer, as far as possible, to all edible fruit-bearing
species of the genus Musa except M. paradisiaca, commonly known as plantain. Unfortunately,
several countries make no distinction in their statistics between bananas and
plantains and publish only overall estimates. When this occurs and there is
some indication or assumption that the data reported refer mainly to bananas,
the data are included. None of the countries excluded are significant
exporters. The production data on bananas and plantains reported by the various
countries are also difficult to compare because a number of countries report in
terms of bunches, which generally means that the stalk is included in the
weight.
RASPBERRIES
Some data on raspberries (Rubus
idaeus) appear to include other berries of the
genus Rubus, such as blackberries,
loganberries and dewberries.
CURRANTS
Data include Ribes rubrum,
Ribes album and Ribes
nigrum.
Treenuts, total
Production of nuts (including chestnuts) relates to nuts in
the shell or in the husk. Statistics are very scanty and generally refer only
to crops for sale.
In addition to the kind of nuts shown separately,
production data include all other treenuts mainly
used as dessert or table nuts, such as Brazil nuts, pili
nuts, sapucaia nuts and macadamia nuts. Nuts mainly
used for flavouring beverages are excluded as are masticatory
and stimulant nuts and nuts used mainly for the extraction of oil or butter:
areca/betel nuts, cola nuts, illipe nuts, karite nuts, coconuts, tung nuts, oilpalm nuts,
etc.
Beverages and other products
COFFEE
Production figures for coffee refer to green beans. Data for a few countries
reporting in terms of cherries or parchment coffee have been converted into
clean coffee by using appropriate conversion factors. Official area statistics
for coffee are available only for certain countries and are not always
reliable. Yields per hectare are therefore not very meaningful. Production data
on coffee shown for
COCOA
Production data relate to cocoa beans fermented and dried. Official area
statistics for cocoa are available only for certain countries and are not
always reliable. Yields per hectare are therefore not very meaningful.
TEA
Production figures relate to made tea. For
HOPS
Production data refer to dried-cone weight, except those from
TOBACCO
The production figures refer to farm sales weight as
far as this could be determined. Data available on a dry weight basis have
therefore been converted into farm sales weight at about 90 parts to 100.
Fibre crops and natural rubber
FLAX FIBRE AND TOW
Data shown refer generally to scutched and hackled
flax and include tow. Figures for countries reporting production in terms of
straw or retted flax have been converted into flax fibre and tow to make them
comparable with data for other countries.
HEMP FIBRE AND TOW
As for flax, data on hemp refer to scutched
fibre and include tow. Figures for
JUTE AND ALLIED FIBRES
Jute fibres are obtained from Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus
olitorius. Allied fibres include a number of jute
substitutes, the main ones being kenaf or mesta and roselle
(Hibiscus spp.) and
SISAL
Data on sisal comprise fibres and waste of Agave
sisalana. Area data are usually very rough
estimates, even when official. Figures for
COTTON LINT
This data was prepared in cooperation with the International Cotton Advisory
Committee. For most countries, the production figures are those officially
reported as lint and do not include cotton linters. In a few cases where
production was reported in terms of unginned cotton,
and where no specific conversion factor for lint was known, the lint equivalent
was taken to be one-third.
FIBRE CROPS NES
The main vegetable fibres are
NATURAL RUBBER
This data was prepared in cooperation with the International Rubber Study
Group, which defines natural rubber (Hevea spp.) as including the dry content weight of latex; balata,
gutta-percha and all rubber-allied gums as well as scrap rubber are excluded,
as their uses are considered entirely different from those of natural rubber.
Livestock
Livestock numbers
The data on livestock numbers are intended to cover all domestic animals
irrespective of their age and the place or purpose of their breeding. Estimates
have been made for non-reporting countries as well as for countries reporting
incomplete data. However, in certain countries, data for chickens, ducks and
turkeys do not yet seem to represent the total number of these birds. Certain
other countries give a single figure for all poultry; data for these countries
are shown under “Chickens”.
Livestock products
MEAT
Data present, for major species, the number of animals slaughtered, the average
dressed carcass weight and the corresponding production of meat. Data relate to
animals slaughtered within national boundaries, irrespective of their origin.
Similarly, the data on production of horse meat, poultry meat and total meat
refer to animals slaughtered in the country concerned, regardless of the origin
of the animal.
The concept of indigenous production of meat is different.
Here, the production figures relate to indigenous animals, i.e. they include
the meat equivalent of exported live animals and exclude the meat equivalent of
imported live animals.
All data shown relate to total meat production, that is,
from both commercial and farm slaughter. Data are given in terms of dressed
carcass weight, excluding offal and slaughter fats. Production of beef and
buffalo meat includes veal; mutton and goat meat includes meat from lambs and
kids; pig meat includes bacon and ham in fresh equivalent.
Poultry meat includes meat from all domestic birds and
refers, wherever possible, to ready-to-cook weight. Data on poultry-meat
production reported by national statistical offices are expressed in terms of either live weight, eviscerated weight, ready-to-cook weight
or dressed weight. Data for countries reporting in other than ready-to-cook
weight have been converted into the ready-to-cook equivalent. Data for the
Total meat production includes meat from animals slaughtered in countries,
irrespective of their origin and comprises horse meat, poultry meat and meat
from all other domestic or wild animals such as camels, rabbits, reindeer and
game animals.
Although most countries report data on a calendar-year
basis, there are a few exceptions.
COW MILK, MILKING COWS, MILK YIELD AND MILK PRODUCTION
Data on cow milk production relate to total production of whole fresh milk,
excluding the milk sucked by young animals but including amounts fed to
livestock. However,
The concept of production is the same as for cow milk; however, the coverage is
probably less adequate.
DAIRY PRODUCTS
Data shown for the commodities in this group generally refer to total
production, whether manufactured at dairy factories or on farms. No data are
available for certain countries, and those reported by other countries may be
underestimated, particularly as regards farm production. Naturally, continental
and world totals reflect the limited coverage of the data.
Data on cheese relate to all kinds of cheese produced: from
full fat cheese to fatless cheese, hard and soft cheese, ripe and fresh cheese,
cottage cheese and curd. Data on butter include ghee, which is liquid butter
clarified by boiling.
EGGS
Some countries have no statistics on egg production,
and estimates had to be derived from such related data as chicken or total
poultry numbers and reported or assumed rates of egg laying.
Most of the countries that have statistics on egg
production report either the total weight of eggs or the numbers of eggs
produced; data on numbers have been converted into weight, using official
conversion factors wherever possible. Data generally refer to total production,
including eggs for hatching, in both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors.
HONEY
The data presented are incomplete, particularly with
regard to African and Asian countries.
RAW SILK
Although data for a few producing countries are
missing, data for the countries listed adequately represent total world
production.
WOOL
Wool production statistics are generally given for greasy wool, which contains
from 30 to 65 percent impurities. In order to make figures comparable, data are
given also on a degreased (scoured) basis.
HIDES AND SKINS
All figures refer to fresh weight of hides and skins.
For countries reporting production in numbers or expressed in dry, cured or
salted weight, data have been converted into fresh weight using appropriate
conversion factors. Where no official data were available, estimates based on slaughtering
and on other information have been given.
The terms relating to meat of cattle, pigs and poultry have
different meaning and coverage in the various Domains of our Data Collections:
1. Domain PRODUCTION
code 867 Beef and Veal. Data are given in terms of dressed carcass weight,
bone-in,
excluding offals and slaughter fats removed in
slaughterhouses.
code 1035 Pigmeat. Data are
given in terms of dressed carcass weight, bone-in, excluding
offals and slaughter fats removed in slaughterhouses.
code 1808 POULTRY MEAT. Includes
meat of chickens, turkeys, ducks, etc. Some
countries report eviscerated weight, others, ready-to-cook, with or without
giblets.
2.Domain TRADE
code 867 Beef and Veal. Same definition as production.
code 1035 Pigmeat. Same definition as production.
code 1924 MEAT BOVINE FRESH. Includes beef and veal,
buffalo meat and related
boneless meat; all taken in their product weight. Boneless meat is meat partly
boned and
partly defatted (butcher fats).
code 2071 BOVINE MEAT or MEAT BOVINE. Includes beef
and veal and buffalo meat as
well as derived products, principally, boneless meat, in terms of dressed
carcass weight
equivalent. Boneless meat is meat partly boned and partly defatted (butcher
fats).
code 2027 Meat of Swine. Pigmeat and pork taken in their
product weight. Pork is pigmeat
partly boned and partly defatted (butcher fats).
code 2073 Pig Meat or MEAT OF PIG. Includes
pigmeat and derived products expressed in
equivalent of pigmeat. The products are: pork,
bacon and ham, sausages and preparations.
code 2074 POULTRY MEAT or MEAT OF POULTRY. Same coverage as production plus
meat equivalent of liver and canned meat.
code 1926 MEAT POULTRY FRESH. Includes chicken, duck, goose and turkey meat.
3.Domain COMMODITY BALANCES
code 2731 Bovine Meat
a)El. Production. Includes beef and veal and buffalo meat
b)El. Trade and other elements. Includes also derived
products in dressed carcass weight
equivalent (see code 2071)
code 2733 Pigmeat
a)Element Production as pigmeat above (see code 1035)
b)Element Trade and other elements. Includes also derived
products in dressed carcass weight
equivalent. (see code 2073)
code 2734 Poultry Meat
a)Element Production (as in code 1808).
b)Element Trade and other elements (as in code 2074).
GENERAL COUNTRY NOTES
Data for
Data for
As a result of the present situation in
Starting in 1993, these independent republics, formerly
Starting in 1993,
Independent republics of the
Starting in 1992, the independent republics
Independent republics of Yugoslavia SFR
Starting in 1992, the independent republics Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Slovenia, and the Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) are shown separately. Data for the years
prior to 1992 are shown under Yugoslavia SFR.
Data relating to Kashmir-Jammu, whose final status has not yet been determined,
are generally included under
This heading includes data for the Republic of the
Data for
Data for the former
CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES
For consistency of the time series, the totals for "
The Total "B" for