In parallel with the development of water resources and their use for irrigation, adequate measures are necessary to ensure sustainability of resources, particularly water and soil, through their conservation and environmental protection. In view of the climatic conditions prevailing in the Near East region, the risks of soil salinity build-up as a result of irrigation is extremely high. The use of non-conventional water resources such as wastewater in agriculture is becoming more and more important as a response to water shortage. Water contamination, particularly groundwater, resulting from bad management poses another risk to the environment; whereas health aspects of water development constitute a direct threat to both humans and the environment.

FAO gives particular importance to sound diagnostic methods during project preparation, as well as to providing management tools to prevent quality degradation. Environmental impact assessments are incorporated in all water-related projects and activities in the region. FAO is also reviewing the methodologies for the rapid assessment of salinity on a regional scale. Assistance is provided to establish regional centers on wastewater reuse, and a Regional Network on the Reuse of Treated Wastewater is being established in the Regional Office for the Near East.

In addition to the direct technical assistance provided to member countries on these issues, FAO has prepared and made available several adapted guidelines on environmental control and environment impact assessment.