COVER
GUIDELINES FOR SAMPLING FISH IN INLAND WATERS
CONTENTS


EIFAC Technical Paper No. 33EIFAC/T33

edited by

Tadeusz BackielRobin L. Welcomme
Inland Fisheries InstituteSenior Fishery Resources Officer
05 500 PiasecznoFisheries Department, FAO
PolandRome, Italy

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome 1980

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

M-43

ISBN 92-5-100973-2

The copyright in this book is vested in the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, by any method or process, without written permission from the copyright holder. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction desired, should be addressed to the Director, Publications Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.


PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

The European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC) is a regional commission of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The Commission organized a symposium on methodology for the survey, monitoring and appraisal of fishery resources in lakes and large rivers, which preceded its Eighth Session held from 6 to 10 May 1974. The Symposium1 reviewed a wide variety of methods used in sampling fish in inland waters and it was considered that the information on these methods can form the basis for a manual on sampling methodology. Thus, the Eighth Session of EIFAC recommended that a manual be prepared and Dr. T. Backiel was appointed to coordinate the work.

After preliminary discussions an outline of the manual was prepared and circulated among about 20 experts in March-April 1975, but due to various circumstances a considerable time elapsed between the submission of the first contribution, which was received by the Coordinator in October 1976, and the last, requested rather late to fill a gap, which came in November 1978.

The content of all contributions differed from what was originally envisaged. Thus, the manual has been entitled “Guidelines” to indicate that the work is not so extensive in scope and not so thorough in its content as a manual should be.

At the Eighth Session of EIFAC in 1974, another recommendation was formulated which is closely related to that on the manual. It was suggested that due to current lack of information of gears relative to the population sampled or to other methods of sampling the same population, “… the member countries be invited to carry out test fishing for intercalibration of various gears”. The then Chairman of EIFAC, Prof. Dr. K. Tiews, took the initiative in organizing an intercalibration exercise, having taken advantage of the generous offer of the Finnish delegates to make three lakes available for such an international venture. After some discussions and planning and after considerable preparatory work done by the Finnish experts and with the help of German (R.F.) specialists the exercise was performed from 23 August to 4 September 1976. The analysis of the great amount of data collected therefrom was entrusted to Dr. T.B. Bagenal (U.K.). The results of this experiment have not been incorporated into these guidelines, but it is highly recommended that the reader of this work acquaint himself with these results.

Editors: T. Backiel
R. Welcomme

1 Welcomme, R.L. (ed.), 1975 Symposium on the Methodology for the Survey, Monitoring and appraisal of Fishery Resources in Lakes and Large Rivers. EIFAC Tech. Pap., (23) Suppl. 1, 2 vols:747 p.

For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows:

Backiel, T. and R.L. Welcomme (eds), Guidelines for sampling fish in inland waters. EIFAC 1980 Tech.Pap., (33):176 p.

© FAO 1980


Hyperlinks to non-FAO Internet sites do not imply any official endorsement of or responsibility for the opinions, ideas, data or products presented at these locations, or guarantee the validity of the information provided. The sole purpose of links to non-FAO sites is to indicate further information available on related topics.

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope and Readership

1.2 Sampling fish and using commercial or sport catches

1.3 Evaluation of sampling techniques

1.3.1 Selection

1.3.2 Efficiency

1.4 References

2. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF SAMPLING FISH

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Biological aspects

2.2.1 Objectives - qualitative and semi-quantitative information

2.2.2 Objective - abundance

2.3 Statistical aspects

2.3.1 Bias

2.3.2 Variance

2.4 Sampling programme

3. SAMPLING EGGS, LARVAE AND JUVENILE FISH

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Terminology

3.3 The spawning behaviour and habitats of fish

3.4 Sampling eggs

3.4.1 Non-Guarders

3.4.2 Guarders

3.4.3 Bearers

3.5 Sampling larvae

3.5.1 Distribution of fish larvae in inland waters

3.5.2 Sampling methods

3.6 Sampling juvenile fish

3.6.1 Seine nets

3.6.2 Traps

3.6.3 Electric fishing

3.7 Notes on methods used by marine biologists

3.8 Notes on accuracy and precision

3.9 References

4. SAMPLING WITH GILLNETS

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 The amount of gillnetting effort cannot be related to the “area of bottom” or “volume of water” fished

4.1.2 Each mesh size catches fish of a narrow size range

4.1.3 Larger-meshed nets are more efficient

4.1.4 When many mesh sizes are used, adequate samples are difficult to obtain

4.2 Choosing the nets

4.2.1 Mesh size

4.2.2 Colour

4.2.3 Tangling ability

4.2.4 Special designs

4.3 Setting schemes

4.3.1 Coverage of area

4.3.2 Quantitative sampling

4.4 Epilogue: The need for more selectivity studies

4.5 References

5. SAMPLING WITH TRAPS

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Permanent and semi-permament traps used for catching migrating fish

5.2.1 Anadromous fish

5.2.2 Catadromous fish

5.2.3 Non-seagoing fish

5.2.4 Some general conclusions

5.3 Portable traps mainly used for resident species

5.3.1 Trap nets and pound nets

5.3.2 Hoop and fyke nets

5.3.3 Other small entrapment devices

5.3.4 Efficiency of traps

5.3.5 Some general conclusions

5.4 References

6. SAMPLING WITH ACTIVE GEAR

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Seines or dragnets

6.3 Trawls

6.3.1 Where trawls can be used

6.3.2 Main difference between bottom and midwater trawls

6.3.3 One-boat method

6.3.4 Two-boat method

6.4 Purse seines

6.5 General limitations, selectivity and efficiency of active gears

6.6 References

7. THE USE OF ELECTRICAL FISHING FOR ESTIMATING STOCKS OF FRESHWATER FISH

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Applicability of method

7.3 Statistical treatment

7.3.1 Methods

7.3.2 Behavioural considerations

7.3.3 Sources of error

7.4 Types of current

7.5 References

8. CHEMICAL METHODS

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Properties of piscicides

8.2.1 Rotenone

8.2.2 Antimycin

8.3 Practical applications

8.3.1 Rivers

8.3.2 Standing waters - cove sampling

8.3.3 Standing waters - complete poisoning

8.4 Recovery of fish and efficiency of sampling

8.5 Consequences of use of poisons

8.6 Methods of operation

8.7 Relative merits of the use of poisons

8a. ADDENDUM TO CHAPTER 8

References

9. ACOUSTIC STOCK ASSESSMENT

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Some elementary hydroacoustic relationships

9.3 Calibration techniques

9.4 The field data acquisition systems

9.5 Signal processing

9.5.1 Visual counting of fish targets on echograms

9.5.2 Oscilloscope counts

9.5.3 Computer processing of fish signals

9.6 Applications and sampling strategy

9.7 Other techniques and future development

9.8 References and relevant literature

10. SAMPLING MIGRATING SALMON

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Use of upstream fish passage facilities

10.3 Use of downstream fish passage facilities

10.4 Use of sampling traps and fish weirs

10.4.1 Sampling traps

10.4.2 Fyke nets

10.4.3 Self-cleaning devices

10.4.4 Weirs and fences

10.4.5 Electrical fences

10.5 Use of acoustic, radio telemetry and coded wire microtags

10.5.1 Acoustic assessment

10.5.2 Radio transmitters

10.5.3 Coded wire microtags

10.6 Relative merits of the use of catch statistics, of simple gears, and of facilities at dams for stock assessment

10.7 Acknowledgemets

10.8 References

11. SAMPLING EELS

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Sampling upstream-migrating small eels

11.3 The behaviour and sampling of adult eels

11.4 A review of fishing gears

11.4.1 Refuge traps

11.4.2 Eel baskets

11.4.3 Fyke nets

11.4.4 Pound nets

11.4.5 Stow nets

11.4.6 Eel weirs

11.4.7 Seines for eels

11.4.8 Trawling

11.4.9 “Puls”

11.4.10 Angling

11.4.11 Spears

11.4.12 Electric gear

11.4.13 Poisoning or chemical stunning

11.4.14 Summary of methods

11.5 References

12. SOME STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN RELATION TO SAMPLING POPULATIONS OF FISHES

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Biological and statistical populations

12.3 Sources of variation among samples

12.4 On selection of a sampling programme

12.4.1 Precision required

12.4.2 Estimates of probable variance

12.4.3 Other problems of experimental design

12.5 Complication

12.5.1 The selectivity of sampling gears

12.5.2 Stratification to improve homogeneity

12.5.3 Patchiness and other kinds of inhomogeneity in space or time

12.6 Conclusion

12.7 References