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Annex 1. Feed classes by composition and use
| 1 | Dry fodder | Straw, foliage, products with over 18% fibre on a dry basis. These are poor in net energy per unit of weight due to the high fibre content. This includes such by-products as seed hulls, pods, brans, etc… |
| 2 | Fresh fodder | Includes all forage, whether uncut or green plants and cut and administered fresh forage. |
| 3 | Silage | Includes only fodder (maize, alfalfa, grass), not animal, cereal or root/tuber silage. |
| 4 | Energy feeds | Include products with under 20% protein and 18% fibre on a dry basis such as fish, grains and milling by-products. |
| 5 | Protein feeds | Include products with over 20% protein on dry basis of animal origin (including silage) as well as oilseeds and other materials. |
| 6 | Mineral supplements | |
| 7 | Vitamin supplements | Includes silage yeasts. |
| 8 | Additives | Include other supplements such as antibiotics, dyes, flavourings, hormones and medicaments. |
Taken from Harris, 1980
Annex 2. Recommended limits for some undesirable substances in feed ingredients
| Substance | Material | Maximum content (12% moisture; mg/kg) |
| Arsenic | All ingredients except: • Feeds made with dry grass, alfalfa or clover • Beet pulp or beet molasses • Phosphates and by-products of fish and other marine animals | 2 4 4 10 |
| Fluorides | All ingredients except: • Materials of animal origin • Phosphates | 150 500 2,000 |
| Lead | All ingredients except: • Grass, alfalfa or clover meal • Phosphates • Yeasts | 10 40 30 5 |
| Mercury | All ingredients except: • Fish and other marine animal by-products | 0.1 0.5 |
| Nitrites | Fish meal | 60 (as sodium nitrite) |
| Aflatoxin B1 | All ingredients | 0.05 |
| Ricine (Ricinus communis) | All ingredients | 10 |
| Crotalaria spp. | All unmilled materials | 100 |
| Free gossypol | All ingredients except: • Cottonseed meal or cake | 20 1,200 |
| Prussic acid | All ingredients except: • Linseed • Linseed meal or cake • Cassava products and almond cake | 50 250 350 100 |
| Volatile mustard oil | All ingredients except: • Rapeseed meal or cake | 100 4,000 |
| Seeds and fruits containing alka- loids, glucosides or other toxic substances, either alone or- combined, including: Lolium temulentum Lolium remotum Datura stramonium | All ingredients | 3,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 |
Taken from Williams, 1987
Annex 3. Some anti-nutrient factors identified in different feed ingredients
| Anti-Nutrient | Material | Effect |
| Protease inhibitor | Oilseeds including: Cotton (Gossypium spp.) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Rape (Brassica campestris) Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Soya (Glycine max) | Affects trypsin activity and makes the sulphurated amino- acid deficiency of plant protein more serious. Causes pancreatic hypertrophy associated with loss of endogenous proteins secreted by the pancreas, which are largely made up of cystine-rich enzymes. |
| Legumes including: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Kathin/Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) Canavalia (Canavalia spp.) Beans (Phaseolus spp.) Lupin (Lupinus albus) Cereals and their by-products | Heat labile. | |
| Phytohaemagglutinins | Oilseeds including groundnut, soya Legumes including: Beans Peas (Cicer spp., Vigna spp., Cajanus spp., Pisum spp.) Cereals and their by-products | Cause blood clotting. Heat labile. |
| Phytic acid (phytates) | Oilseeds including: Groundnut, rape, soya cotton Sesame (Sesamum indicum) Legumes including beans, peas Cereals and their by-products | Form indigestible complexes with proteins, phosphorous, cal- cium, zinc, copper, magnesium, etc… causing mineral deficiency Not inactivated by heat. |
| Cyanogens | Oilseeds including linseed (Linum usi- tatissimum) Legumes including beans, peas Cassava meal and sorghum | Toxicity from cyanide. Cooking destroys the enzymes that release the toxin and volatilizes the HCN. |
| Anti-vitamin factors: Anti-vitamin E Anti-vit. B12, D, A | Soya, beans, alfalfa Soya | Reduce biological availability of vitamins. Destroyed by heat. |
| Micotoxins: Aflatoxins | Oilseeds including: Groundnut, rape, soya, sunflower, cotton Legumes including beans, peas Cereals and their by-products | High toxicity. Produced by mould (Azpergilus spp.) in im- proper storage conditions: high humidity and temperature. Also found in processed feed- stuffs. |
| Free amino-acids: Mimosine Canavanine | Legumes including: Kathin/Ipil-Ipil Canavalia, sesbania (Sesbania spp.) | Toxic at high levels; inhibit growth. Heat stable. |
Adapted from FAO, 1983; Tacon and Jackson, 1985; New, 1987.
