COUNTRY FILES (Contd.)

ZAIRE (Contd.)

LUALABA FLOODPLAIN/LAKES COMPLEX (= KAMOLONDO DEPRESSION)

Geographical data (see Fig. 5)
Location:	Zaire - 7° 45'–9° 15'S; 25'° 50'–27° 15'E
Altitude:	575 m
Surface area:	11 840 km²	(max flooded area);
	7 040 km²	(low water area, of which consists of permanent lakes and of swamps)
	1 545 km²
	4 800 km²
	(Konare, 1984):
	4 390 km²	Bukama area
	1 866 km²	Malemba N'Kulu area
	6 256 km²	Total
Max. length:	200–250 km
Major inflowing river: Lualaba
Outflowing river: Lualaba
Special features:	The Lualaba River floods an extensive plain of 250 km in length and 40 km in width. More than 50 lakes are found in this area, the most important of which are: Lakes Kabala, Kabele, Kabwe, Kalando, Kange, Kapondwe, Kasala, Kayumba, Kisale, Kiobo, Lukanga, Lunda, Mulenda, Muyumbwe, N'Sala, Sana, Sangwe, Tungwe, Upemba and Zimbabo. Of these, the largest is Lake Upemba (530 km²) (see separate entry for Lake Upemba). (Welcomme, 1972)

Fisheries data

No. of fish species:	37 species in 16 families (Konare, 1984)
Main catches:	Mormyrus, Hydrocynus, Alestes, Distichodus, Clarias, Synodontis, Lates niloticus, tilapia (Konare, 1984)
Total annual catch and effort:

Year	Total catch (t)	No. of fishermen	No. of boats	Source
1955	22 000*	-	-	Compere & Symoens, 1987
1959	16 500*	-	-	Compere & Symoens, 1987
1975	10 440**	-	-	Luvuande & Wosey, 1983
1976	11 484**	-	-	" " "
1977	10 920**	-	-	" " "
1978	11 233**	-	-	" " "
1979	11 922**	-	-	" " "
1980	10 628**	-	-	-
1981	10 283**	-	-	-
1982	10 000**	-	-	-
1983	16 000*	-	-	Konare, 1984
1984	-	7 668*	8 559*	Konare, 1984

* including Lake Upemba
** excluding Lake Upemba

Potential annual yield: 30 000 t (including Lake Upemba) (Konare, 1984)
Productivity: 50 kg/ha/yr

LAKE MAJI NDOMBE

Geographical data (see Fig. 6a) (Welcomme, 1972; Compere & Symoens, 1987)
Location:	Zaire - 2° S; 18° 20'E
Altitude:	340 m
Surface area:	2 300 km²
Depth:	5 m (mean)
Major inflowing rivers: Bowele, Lokoro, Lotoi, Olango-Lule, Olango-Nsongo
Outflowing river:	Fimi, into Kwa and Congo/Zaire
Catchment area:	67 680 km²
Volume:	7.10⁹ m³ (mean); 4.10⁹ m³ (min); 10.10⁹ m³ (max)

Physical and chemical data
pH:	4.2 to 5.5 (Corsi, 1984a)
Oxygen:	present from surface to bottom

Fisheries data
No. of fishermen:	4 600 (1982)
Total annual catch:	1 094 t (Welcomme, 1972)
	225 t in 1957
	1 500 t in 1982 (includes Lake Tumba)
Potential annual yield:
	10 000 t (Welcomme, 1972)
	5 750 t (25 kg/ha/yr: Corsi, 1984a) (Lake Maji Ndombe)
Key reference for Lake Maji Ndombe: Corsi, 1984a; Compere & Symoens, 1987.

Fig. 6a. LAKE MAI-NDOMBE
(Compere & Symoens, 1987)

POOL MALEBO (= STANLEY POOL)
(International water)

Geographical data (see Fig. 6b) (Welcomme, 1972; Compere & Symoens, 1987)
Location:	Zaire - 4° 15'S; 15° 28'E
Altitude:	272 m
Surface area:	Congo: 330 km²; Zaire: 220 km²; Total: 550 km²
Depth:	20 m (max); 3 m (mean)
Max. length:	40 km
Max. width:	20 km
Shoreline:	95 km
Catchment area:	3 747 320 km²
Flow:	39 500 m³/s (mean); 22 000 m³/s (min); 75 000 m³/s (max)
Annual fluctuation in level: 3 m (mean)
Major inflowing and outflowing river: Congo/Zaire
Special features:	Pool Malebo is a riverine lake, with a large central island (Ile Mbamu, 180 km²) and several smaller ones (sandbanks) which are subject to inundation.

Physical and chemical data (Compere & Symoens, 1987)
Surface temperature: 27.3° C
pH:	6–7
Conductivity:	K: 31.5 μs/cm
Ionic composition:	(mean from December 1976 to November 1977)
		mg/l		mg/l
	Ca	2.23	HCO₃	7.11
	Mg	0.86	SO₄	2
	Na	1.99	Cl	2.71
	K	1.33	SiO₂	9.7

Fisheries data
No. of fish species: 165 (Poll, 1939); 235 (Compere & Symoens, 1987)
No. of fishermen: 5 000 in Zaire (1984) (Corsi, 1984b)
Total annual catch: 3 000–3 500 t in Zaire (Corsi, 1984b)

Key reference: Compere & Symoens, 1987

Fig. 6b. Pool Malebo
(Compere & Symoens, 1987)

LAKE MUKAMBA

Geographical data
Location:	Zaire - 5°45'S; 23° 04'E
Surface area:	4.7 km²
Max. length:	4.5 km
Max. width:	1.5 km

LAKE MWERU
(International water)

Geographical data (see Fig. 7)
Location:	Zaire, Zambia - 8° 28'–9° 31'S; 28° 20'–29°10'E
Altitude:	930 m
Surface area:	Zaire	1 950 km² (42%)
	Zambia	2 700 km² (58%)
	Total	4 650 km² (Konare, 1984)
Depth:	37 m (max); 10 m (mean; N. basin); 3 m (mean: S. basin)
Volume:	38 km³ (15 km³ in Zaire)
Max. length:	124 km
Max. width:	51 km
Shoreline:	350 km (140 km in Zaire)
Annual fluctuation in level: 5 m (max); 1.5 m (mean)
Major inflowing rivers: Luapula, Kalungwishi
Outflowing river:	Luvua into Lualaba
Special features:	the inflowing Luapula River is flanked from both sides of its course between the Johnson Falls at its point of discharge into Lake Mweru by an extensive floodplain (the Luapula Floodplain), covering 1 500 to 2 400 km² with scattered permanent lagoons. This area is known as the Kifakula Depression.

Physical and chemical data:
Surface temperature: 19–30° C
Conductivity:	K₂₀ 70–125 μ S/cm (De Kimpe, 1960)
Dissolved solids:	76 mg/l (Stappers, 1914)
pH:	6.4–9.3 (De Kimpe, 1960)
	8.5 (Konare, 1984)
Oxygen:	5.4–8.9 mg/l; 70–120% saturation (Compere & Symoens, 1987)
Ionic composition:
	(Stappers, 1914) (Talling & Talling, 1965)
		mg/l	mg/l
	Na	-	4.06
	K	-	1.25
	Ca	13.07	7.05
	Mg	6.0	5.01
	HCO₃+CO₃	48.08	48.08
	Cl	19.08	5.0
	SO₄	-	3.07
	SiO₂	1.03	10.05

Fisheries data
No. of fish species:	over 100 species; among them, 27 are of fishing interest,
mainly:	Oreochromis macrochir (80%); Clarias sp; Synodontis sp., Barbus altivelis, Mormyridae (Konare, 1984).

Total annual catch and effort:

Year	Total catch (t)	No.of fishermen	No.of boats	Source
1932	706 *	-	-	FAO, 1983
1933–46	-	-	-	-
1947	4 000 *	-	-	FAO, 1983
1948–51	-	-	-	-
1952	9 400 *	-	-	-
1953–56	-	-	-	-
1957	14 094 *	-	-	-
1958	13 600 *	-	-	FAO, 1983
1959	-	-	-	-
1960	14 000 *	-	-	-
1961–74	-	-	-	-
1975	3 000	2 000	1 500	Aubray, 1976
1976	3 443 *	-	-	Luvuande & Wosey, 1983**
1977	3 274 *	-	-	" " "
1978	3 368 *	-	-	" " "
1979	3 574 *	-	-	" " "
1980	3 186 *	-	-	" " "
1981	3 083 *	-	-	" " "
1982	3 000 *	-	-	-
1983	5 953	1 167	334	Konare, 1984
1983	6 600–8 700	-	-	FAO, 1983

* includes Luapula Swamps
** cited by Compere & Symoens, 1987.

Potential annual yield:	12 000 t Zaire
	16 000 t Zambia
	28 000 t Total (Konare, 1984)
	cited by Compere & Symoens, 1987:
	35 000 to 52 000 t/yr for entire Luapula-Mweru system
Productivity:	60 kg/ha (cited by FAO, 1983c)
	50 kg/ha (De Kimpe, 1960)
Main reference:	De Kimpe, 1964

Fig. 7. LAKE MWERU, THE KIFAKULA DEPRESSION, LAKE MWERU WA NTIPA, AND LUAPULA SWAMPS
(Welcomme, 1972)

LAKE TANGANYIKA
(International water)

Geographical data (see Fig. 8)
Location:	Burundi, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia - 3° 20'–8°50'S; 30° E;
Altitude:	773 m
Surface area:	Burundi	2 600 km² (8%)
	Tanzania	13 500 km² (41%)
	Zaire	14 800 km² (45%)
	Zambia	2 000 km² (6%)
	Total	32 900 km²
Depth:	1 435 m (max); 700 m (mean)
Volume:	18 940 km³ (9 000 km³ in Zaire)
Max. length:	673 km
Max. width:	48 km
Shoreline:	1 500 km total; 675 km in Zaire
Catchment area:	249 000 km²
Major inflowing river:	Malagarasi, Ruzizi
Outflowing river:	Lukuga

Fig. 8. LAKE TANGANYIKA
(Welcomme, 1972)

Physical and chemical data
Conductivity:	K₂₀ 520–610 μ S/cm
pH:	7.3–7.8
Surface temperature: 25° C
Oxygen limit:	80 m - N. Basin; 150 m - S. Basin (Aubray, 1972)
Photosynthetic production: 0.8–1.1 gC/m² day (Melack, 1976)
Ionic composition: (Talling & Talling, 1965)
		mg/l
	Na	57.0
	K	35.0
	Ca	9.3
	Mg	43.3
	Cl	26.5
	SO₄	5.0
	SiO₂	0.38
	HCO₃+CO₃	409.3

Fisheries data
No. of fish species:	214, of which 134 belong to the Cichlidae family (Greenwood, 1964)
Main catches:	(Aubray, 1976)
Clupeidae: Stolothrissa tanganicae (75%); Limnothrissa miodon (10%) Centropomidae (15%): Lates spp. (3 species); Luciolates stappersi
No. of fishermen:	in Zaire in 1988: est. 13 000 (Mikkola & Lindquist, 1989)
No. of boats:	(Mikkola & Lindquist, 1989)
	industrial fishing units (purse seiners):			16
	artisanal fishing units (lift nets, etc.):			450
	coastal canoe fishing units:			4 000
Total annual catch and effort:
	in Lake:
		1982*	1988**
	Burundi	13 600	16 000
	Tanzania	25 000	25 000
	Zaire	30 000	30 000
	Zambia	10 500	14 000
	Total	80 000	85 000

* (Corsi et al., 1986)
** (Mikkola & Lindquist, 1989)

in Zaire:

Year	Total catch (t)	No.of fishermen	No.of boats	Source
1948	3–4 000	-	-
1949–56	-	-	-
1957	29 501	-	-
1958–59	-	-	-
1960	35 000	-	-
1961–69	-	-	-
1970	7 720	-	-
1975	17 000	10 000	4 215	Aubray, 1972
1980	15 515	-	-
1981	13 377	-	-
1982	17 336	-	4 000
1983	16 000–19 000	-	-	Jensen et al., 1983
1988	30 000	13 000	4 466	Mikkola & Lindquist, 1989

Potential annual yield:

	(Corsi et al., 1986)	(Mikkola & Lindquist, 1989)
	(t)	(max. t)
Burundi	21 000	23 000
Tanzania	122 000	121 000
Zaire	135 000	133 000
Zambia	19 000	18 000
Total	300 000 (90 kg/ha)	295 000
	(Coulter, 1981)
	116–140 kg/ha
Zaire	171 000 to 207 000 t
Total lake	380 000 to 460 000 t

LAKE TUMBA

Geographical data (see Figs. 6, 9 and 10)
Location:	Zaire - 1° S; 18°E
Altitude:	350 m
Surface area:	765 km² (variable) (Marlier, 1958); Basin: ± 7 380 km²
Depth:	3–5 m (max); 2.4 m (mean)
Max. length:	40 km
Annual fluctuation in level:	3 m, max. level in November-December and May-June; min. level February-March and July-August (Matthes, 1964)
Major inflowing rivers: Nganga, Lobambo, Butuka, Lolo, Modala, Membe and drainage from the flooded forests
In/outflowing river:	communicates with the Zaire River through the Irebu channel; in or outflowing, depending on relative water levels of Zaire River and Lake.

Physical and chemical data: (Brown humic water type; see also entry “Flooded forests in Mbandaba area”)
Surface temperature:	27.7–32.9°C
Conductivity:	K₂₀ 24–32 μ S/cm (Dubois, 1959)
Dissolved solids:	72–90 mg/l
pH:	4.5–4.9; 4.2–5.5 (Corsi, 1984a)
Oxygen:	present from bottom to surface, but never saturated; 4–6 mg/l (50–70% saturation) (Dubois, 1959)

Fisheries data
No. of fish species: 114 (Matthes, 1964)
Total annual catch and effort:

Year	Total catch (t)	No.of fishermen	No.of boats	Source
1957	400	-	-
1959	600	-	-	Matthes, 1964
1982	1 500*	700 (Bikoro)	-	Corsi, 1984a

* includes Lake Maji Ndombe

Potential annual yield:
3 500 t (Welcomme, 1972)
2 000 t (28.6 kg/ha) (Matthes, 1964)
1 912 t (25 kg/ha) (Corsi, 1984a)

Key reference for Lake Tumba: Matthes, 1964

Fig. 9 LAKE TUMBA
(Matthes, 1964)

LAKE UPEMBA

Geographical data (see Fig. 5)
Location:	Zaire - 8° 40'S; 26° 20'E situated in the Lualaba Floodplain/Lakes Complex (= Kamolondo Depression)
Altitude:	575 m
Surface area:	530 km²
Volume:	0.9 km³
Depth:	3.5 m (max); 1.7 m (mean)
Max. length:	40 km
Max. width:	20 km
Major inflowing rivers:	Lualaba, Lufira
Outflowing river:	Lualaba

Physical and chemical data (after Van Meel, 1953)
Surface temperature:	23.5–33.0°C
Conductivity:	K₂₀ 145–255 μ S/cm
pH:	6.4–8.0
Ionic composition:		mg/l
	Ca	20.6–42.3
	Mg	2.9–17.3
	HCO₃+CO₃	109.8–203.1
	SiO₂	68.0–144.0
		μ g/l
	PO₄-P	31.0–65.0

Fisheries data
Total annual catch: (Luvuande & Wosey, 1983)

Year	Total catch (t)
1975	5 220
1976	5 742
1977	5 460
1978	5 517
1979	5 960
1980	5 314
1981	5 141

Potential annual yield: 2 650 t (50 kg/ha: Konare, 1984)

FLOODED FORESTS IN CENTRAL ZAIRE BASIN

Geographical data (see Fig. 10)
Location:	Zaire - 3°S-3°N; 16°–21°E
Altitude:	330 m at Equator
Surface area of flooded forests in Zaire: (see Table 3)
Special features:	see “Flooded forests in Mbandaka area” entry.

Physical and chemical data of brown humic waters: see “Flooded forests in Mbandaka area” entry

Table 3. SURFACE AREA OF FLOODED FORESTS IN ZAIRE

		Permanent flood ¹	Seasonal flood (rainy season)
Mbandaka flooded forests ²		(km²)	(km²)
	Giri plain	5 850
	Mbandaka/Lake Tumba	3 300
	Lulonga River	140
	Ikelemba River	200
	Busira River	925
	Total	10 415
Lake Maji Ndombe flooded forests
	West of lake	2 000
	Yumbi	900	19 000 ³
	Lotoi River, Lokoro River	535	3 800 ³
	Total	3 435	22 800
Makanga-Lisala flooded forests ²
	right bank	20 800
	left bank	2 450
	Sumba Island	420
	Bolombo	350
	Total	24 020
Total flooded forests ¹		37 870

¹ Surface area estimated from Operational Navigation Chart, scale 1:1 000 000 (USAF, 1975)
² Vanden Bossche, 1986
³ Corsi, 1984a

Fisheries data: see “Flooded forests in Mbandaka area” entry

Potential annual yield: (t/yr)

Table 4. POTENTIAL ANNUAL YIELD OF FLOODED FORESTS IN ZAIRE
(CENTRAL BASIN)

Flooded forests	Area km² ¹	15 kg/ha ²	25 kg/ha ³
Mbandaka	10 415	15 623	26 038
Lake Maji Ndombe	3 435	5 152	8 587
Makanga-Lisala	24 020	36 030	60 050
Total	37 870	56 805	94 675

¹ permanent flood (ONC-USAF, 1975)
² Welcomme, 1989, pers.comm.: 15 kg/ha in brown acid waters
³ Corsi, 1984a: 25 kg/ha in brown acid waters.

Vanden Bossche (1986) estimates the exploitable potential annual yield of the area from Lake Tumba to Lisala (including Lake Tumba, Zaire River, Mbandaka and Makanga-Lisala flooded forests) at 100 000 to 120 000 t.

Fig. 10. FLOODED FORESTS IN CENTRAL ZAIRE BASIN FROM LAKE TUMBA TO LISALA
(Vanden Bossche, 1986)

FLOODED FORESTS IN MBANDAKA AREA

Geographical data (see Fig. 10)
Location:	Central Zaire Basin - 1°S-1°N; 17°45'–18°20'E
Altitude:	330 m
Surface area of flooded forests from Makanza to Irebu: (Vanden Bossche, 1986)
		(km²)
	Lulonga	140
	Giri plain, Zaire-Ubangi	5 850
	Ikelemba	200
	Busira (upstream Ruki)	925
	Mbandaka-Irebu-Lake Tumba	3 300
	Total	10 415

Special features:	most of these areas are covered with permanent flooded (hydromorphic) forest. Main water level raisings occur on the bimodal type as Zaire River, although violent floods may occur any time of the year during heavy rains (Vanden Bossche, 1986). The typical “brown waters” occur in the flooded forest, where they are generated, in the medium-sized rivers (Ikelemba, Ruki, Lulonga, Giri), and in the shore-waters of the Zaire River, where they are discharged.

Fluctuation in level in large flood forests:
	Giri and Mbandaka, Lake Tumba: 1–3 m; the water being kept in the forest, the seasonal level fluctuation is lower than in the main river (Vanden Bossche, 1986).

Physical and chemical data of brown humic waters:
	(after Berg, 1961; and Berg, cited by Gosse, 1963) The solubilization of the humic acid materials, produced by plant fragments in anaerobic and reducing conditions, gives the waters of the swamps a low pH and dark brown color. During neutralization in larger rivers, pH, oxygen content, turbidity and conductivity increase, while the brown colour reduces.

Temperature:	Forest channels and pools:	20–25°C
	Larger rivers and Zaire River:	25–29°C

Other characteristics:

Table 5. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS: RIVERS CENTRAL ZAIRE BASIN (brown humic waters)
(Berg, 1961) (cited in Compere & Symoens, 1987)

	Ikelemba	Ruki	Zaire River at Mbandaka
Transparency (m)	1.00	0.85	0.95
Speed (km/h)	3	2	3
Temperature (°C)	25.1	27.5	27.0
pH	3.9	4.2	3.9
Oxygen (mg/l)	2.3	4.8	4.4
(saturation %)	27	58	52
Acidity (ml) Na₂, CO₃, N/l	1.20	0.90	1.40
Alkalinity (ml) H₂SO₄, N/l	0.00	0.00	0.00
Conductivity (μS/cm)	45	24	50

Table 6. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS: FOREST CHANNELS, CENTRAL ZAIRE BASIN

	Min.	Mean	Max.
Temperature °C (surface, a.m.)	21.5	23.3	24.7
pH	8.50	4.10	6.20
Conductivity (K₂₁ μS/cm)	10.1	22.1	48.9
Acidity (m c/l)	0.26	0.87	1.73
Oxygen (mg O₂/l)	13.2	56.4	86.8
O₂ (mg/l)	0.3	2.3	3.8
SiO₂ (mg/l)	1.0	5.5	8.6
Fe total (mg/l)	0.35	0.75	1.40
NH₃ (mg N/l)	0.15	0.25	0.72
NO₃ (mg N/l)	0.03	0.11	0.30
Ca:Mg (mg Ca/l)	0.1	0.5	1.1
Na (mg/l)	0.20	0.40	0.70
K (mg/l)	0.4	1.1	2.5
Cl (mg/l)	0.2	0.7	1.0

Fisheries data
No. of fish species:	Among the 408 sp. cited by Gosse, (1963) (see Zaire River entry), some do not enter in brown waters; others are endemic and/or specialized to brown waters.
Specialized families:	Protopteridae, Polypteridae, Notopteridae, Clariidae, Anabantidae, Channidae.
Main fish species in brown waters: (see Table 7 on following page)
Main catches from brown waters, Mbandaka area: (after Vanden Bossche, 1986)
			% of total catch
	Good fishing season:	Channidae	23%
		Clariidae	16%
		Cichlidae	8%
	Poor fishing season:	Clariidae	20%
		Protopteridae	14%
		Channidae	10%
		Mormyridae	7%
Annual catch and effort:
	2 880 t (=0.9 t/fisherman) in 1986, in Ruki River, Ikelemba River and tributaries, Mbandaka area (Vanden Bossche, 1986)

Potential annual yield of flooded forests: (t/yr)

	Area km²	15 kg/ha*	25 kg/ha**
Busira	925	1 387	2 312
Lake Tumba-Mbandaka	3 300	4 950	8 250
Ikelemba	200	300	500
Giri plain	5 850	8 775	14 625
Lulonga	140	210	350
Total		15 622	26 037

* Welcomme, 1980, pers.comm.: 15 kg/ha in brown/acid waters
** Corsi, 1984a: 25 kg/ha in brown/acid waters

Table 7. MAIN FISH SPECIES IN BROWN HUMIC WATERS
(Ikelemba River, Ruki River, flooded forest between Mbandaka and Lake Tumba)
(Vanden Bossche, 1986)

Families	Rivers	Forests	Swamps
Protopteridae	-	-	Protopterus dolloi
Polypteridae	-	-	Polypterus sp.
Clupeidae	-	-	-
Osteoglossidae	-	-	-
Notopteridae	Papyrocranus afer	Papyrocranus afer	Papyrocranus afer
	Xenomystus nigri	Xenomystus nigri	Xenomystus nigri
Mormyridae	Gnathonemus sp.	Gnathonemus sp.	Gnathonemus sp.
	Marcusenius sp.	-	-
	Petrocephalus sp.	Petrocephalus sp.	Petrocephalus sp.
	-	Stomatorhinus sp.	Stomatorhinus sp.
Phractolaemidae	-	-	Phractolaemus ansorgii
Hepsetidae	Hepsetus odoe	Hepsetus odoe	-
Characidae	Alestes sp.	Alestes sp.	-
	Bathyaethiops sp.	-	-
	Bryconaethiops sp.	Bryconaethiops sp.	-
	Alestopetersius sp.	-	-
	Hydrocynus vittatus	-	-
Distichodontidae	Distichodus sp.	-	-
	Xenocharax sp.	-	-
Citharinidae	Citharinus gibbosus	-	-
Cyprinidae	Barbus sp.	Barbus sp.	Barbus sp.
	Raimas sp.	-	-
Bagridae	Auchenoglanis punctatus	Auchenoglanis punctatus	Auchenoglanis punctatus
Clariidae	Clarias gariepinus	Clarias gariepinus	Clarias gariepinus
	-	Clarias sp.	Clarias sp.
	-	Clariallabes sp.	Clariallabes sp.
	-	Channallabes sp.	Channallabes sp.
Schilbeidae	Schilbe sp.	-	-
Mochokidae	Synodontis sp.	Synodontis sp.	-
Malapteruridae	Malapterurus electricus	Malapterurus electricus	Malapterurus electricus
Centropomidae	-	-	-
Cichlidae	Hemichromis sp.	Hemichromis sp.	Hemichromis sp.
	“tilapia”	“tilapia”	-
Anabantidae	Ctenopoma sp.	Ctenopoma sp.	Ctenopoma sp.
Channidae	Channa obscura	Channa obscura	Channa obscura

ARUWIMI/ITURI RIVER

Geographical data
Source:	near Lake Albert in Zaire
Total length:	1 030 km
	650 km - Upper course (Ituri)
	380 km - Lower course (Aruwimi)
Countries traversed:	Zaire
Discharges to:	Congo/Zaire River at Basoko

ITIMBIRI RIVER

Geographical data
Source:	near Sasi, Zaire
Total length:	535 km
	315 km - Upper course (Ribi)
	220 km - Lower course (Itimbiri)
Countries traversed:	Zaire
Discharges to:	Congo/Zaire River at Basoko

KASAI/KWA RIVER
(International water)

Geographical data
Source:	near Villa Luso, Angola (Kasai)
Altitude:	1 500 m
Total length:	1 735 km total
	(last 85 km, from Kasai-Lukenie/Fimi confluence to Congo/Zaire confluence, called Kwa)
Countries traversed:	Angola, Zaire
Major tributaries:
	Lubilash/Sankuru	1 150 km
	Kwango	750 km
	Kwilu	960 km
	Lukenie/Fimi	1 060 km
Discharges to:	Congo/Zaire River at Kwamouth
Special features:	Lake Maji Ndombe discharges into Congo/Zaire through the Fimi and Kwa Rivers. In Angola, one tributary (the Luachino River) is impounded by the small 8-m-high Luachino Dam.

LOMANI RIVER

Geographical data
Source:	Congo/Zaire - Zambezi divide
Total length:	1 280 km
Discharges to:	Isanga, where it joins the Congo/Zaire.

LUALABA RIVER

Geographical data
Source:	near Mwepo
Altitude:	1 540 m
Total length:	1 400 km to Kisangani, where its name changes to Congo/Zaire River. It is the main headwater of the Congo/Zaire.
Major tributaries:	Luvua (350 km), Lufira (630 km), Lukuga (310 km), Elila (400 km), Lindi (515 km), Lowa (390 km), Ulindi (450 km)
Discharges to:	(becomes) Congo/Zaire River
Special features:	Nzilo and Mwadingusha Reservoirs, Lufira swamps and Lualaba Floodplain/Lakes Complex (Kamulondo Depression).

LUAPULA RIVER
(International water)

Geographical data (see Fig. 7)
Source:	Lake Bangweulu, Zambia
Altitude:	1 140 m
Surface area:	1 500 km² Floodplain (Zaire+Zambia) (Welcomme, 1972)
	2 400 km² River+Floodplain (Zaire+Zambia) (Konare, 1984)
	approximately 50% in Zaire
Total length:	560 km
Countries traversed:	Zaire, Zambia
Discharges to:	Lake Mweru
Special features:	the Luapula flows through an extensive swamp system which occupies the Kifukula Depression. This stretches from Johnson Falls to Lake Mweru, a distance of some 160 km and a width of 5–18 km. The total area of the swamp is 1 500 km² during the wet season, when a depth of between 5–10 m is attained. The extent of the flooding varies from year to year. Larger permanent lakes on the floodplain include Lakes Kifikula and Kitshomponshi in Zaire and Lake Mofwe in Zambia.

Physical and chemical data:
Conductivity:	150–180 μ S/cm; 24.5 μ S/cm (Toews, pers.comm.)
pH:	6.2

Fisheries data
Total annual catch and effort: in Zaire

Year	Total catch (t)	No.of fishermen	No.of boats	Source
1932	706*	-	-	FAO, 1983c
1933–46	-	-	-	-
1847	4 000*	-	-	FAO, 1983c
1948–51	-	-	-	-
1952	9 400*	-	-	-
1953–56	-	-	-	-
1957	14 094*	-	-	-
1958	13 600*	-	-	FAO, 1983c
1959	-	-	-	-
1960	14 000*	-	-	-
1961–81	-	-	-	-
1983	8 804	2 850	2 628	Konare, 1984
1983	2 000–3 000	-	-	FAO, 1983c

* includes Lake Mweru

Potential annual yield:
	10 000 t - River+Floodplain, Zaire + Zambia
	5 000 t - River+Floodplain, Zaire (Konare, 1984) (FAO, 1983c)
Productivity:	40 kg/ha (cited by FAO, 1983c)
Main Reference:	De Kimpe, 1964

LULONGA RIVER

Geographical data (see Fig. 10)
Source:	Zaire
Altitude:	457 m
Total length:	705 km total
	515 km - Upper course (Maringa tributary)
	190 km - Lower course (Lulonga)
Countries traversed:	Zaire
Major tributaries:	Lopori (470 km) which joins Maringa at Basankusu to form Lulonga
Discharges to:	Congo/Zaire River

MONGALA RIVER

Geographical data
Source:	near Sogo
Total length:	510 km total
	225 km - Upper course (Ebola tributary)
	285 km - Lower course (Mongala)
Countries traversed:	Zaire
Major tributaries:	Dua (225 km) and Likame (130 km), both of which have a common confluence with the Ebola to form the Mongala
Discharges to:	Congo/Zaire River

RUKI RIVER

Geographical data (see Fig. 10)
Source:	near Katako - Kombe
Total length:	930 km total
	650 km - Upper course (Tshuapa tributary)
	280 km - Lower course (Ruki)
Countries traversed:	Zaire
Major tributaries:	Lowela (560 km), which joins Tshuapa to form Ruki; Salonga; Momboyo/Luilaka (535 km)
Discharges to:	Congo/Zaire at Eala
Special features:	flooded forests in its lower course: see entry “Flooded Forests in Mbandaka Area”

Physical and chemical data (see Table 5, page 331)

Fisheries data see entry “Flooded Forests in Mbandaka Area”

RUZIZI RIVER
(International water)

Geographical data
Source:	Lake Kivu
Total length:	about 150 km
Countries traversed:	Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire
Discharges to:	Lake Tanganyika

Physical and chemical data
Conductivity:	Upper course K₁₈ 1 190 μ S/cm; Lower course K₁₈ 828 μS/cm

Ionic composition:		(Beauchamp, 1939)	(Dubois, 1958)
		mg/l	mg/l
	Na	94.8	98.0
	K	63.0	74.0
	Ca	8.4	8.5
	Mg	67.0	101.6
	HCO₃+CO₃	638.1	585.6
	Cl	23.8	16.6
	SO₄	17.8	9.0
	SiO₂	9.0–9.8	8.0

SEMLIKI RIVER
(International water)

Geographical data
Source:	Zaire, Lake Edward/Idi Amin
Altitude:	619 m
Countries traversed:	Uganda, Zaire
Discharges to:	Lake Albert/Mobutu

Physical and chemical data
Conductivity:	K₂₀ 400–910 μS/cm (Beauchamp, 1956)
Ionic composition:		(EAFRO, 1952b)	(Van Der Ben, 1959)
		mg/l	mg/l
	Ca	15.0	-
	HCO₃+CO₃	436.8	454.3
	Cl	-	30.7
	SO₄	-	36.4
	SiO₂	24.0	3.8

Fig. 11. UBANGI RIVER
(after Micha, 1973)

UBANGI/OUBANGUI RIVER
(International water)

Geographical data (see Figs. 10 and 11)
Source:	The Ubangi is formed by the confluence of the Uèlè and M'Bomu Rivers at Yakoma. The Uèlè rises in the mountains near Lake Albert, whereas the Bomu has its source on the frontier between Sudan, Central African Republic and Zaire.
Total length:	Mbomou/Bomu: 710 km (Zaire, Central African Republic)
	Uèlè: 1 210 km (Zaire)
	Ubangi: 1 060 km (Congo, Central African Rep., Zaire)
	The longest continuous course (2 270 km) is the Uèlè + Ubangi.
Drainage area:	772 800 km²
Countries traversed:	Congo, Central African Republic, Zaire
Major tributaries:	Kotto, Ouaka, Mbori, Lobaye, M'Bomu
Discharges to:	Congo/Zaire at Liranga
Flood regime:	August to December, max. in October (unimodal)
	Low in March-April
Flow at Bangui:	800 to 11 000 m³/sec; mean: 4 000 m³/sec
Level variation:	5.5 m (mean); 9 m (max.)

Physical and chemical data
pH:	7.0–7.2 (Depasse, 1956)
	6.2–6.9 (Micha, 1973) in Bangui
Conductivity:	19.5–56.0 μS/cm in Bangui (Micha, 1973)
Oxygen:	mean at Bangui: 6 mg/l, 75% saturation (Micha, 1973)

Fisheries data
No. of species:	233 in 25 families (Gosse, 1968; Micha, 1973)
Total annual catch:
	2 000 t (Ubangi)
	3 720 t (Uèlè) year unknown
Potential annual yield:
	3 000 t in Zaire (25 kg/ha) (Aubray, 1976)

ZAIRE/CONGO RIVER
(International water)

Geographical data (see Fig. 1)
Source:	The longest continuous stream is: Chambezi River, Lake Bangweulu, Luapula River, Lake Mweru, Luvua River, Lualaba River. The Lualaba River changes its name to Congo/Zaire at Kisangani, 2 000 km from the mouth. It is navigable from the mouth to Matadi, and from Kinshasa to Kisangani.
Altitude:	The highest source in Zaire is that of the Lualaba: 1 535 m asl. (Aubray, 1976)
Total length:	4 700 km from source Chambezi River in Zambia
Drainage area:	4 014 500 km²
Area of water:	(including Ubangui basin)	(Aubray, 1976)
	Congo/Zaire	17 000 km²
	Tributaries of Congo/Zaire	4 100 km²
	Ubangi and tributaries	1 300 km²
	Other rivers	8 500 km²
	Kasai and tributaries	3 100 km²
Countries traversed:	The basin covers parts of Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia. The Zaire/Congo River traverses Zambia, Zaire, Congo, Angola.
Major tributaries:	Alima, Aruwimi, Elila, Itimbiri, Kwa, Lomami, Lowa, Lufira, Lukuga, Lulonga, Luvua, Mongala, Sangha, Ruki, Ubangi/Oubangui.
Discharges to:	South Atlantic (6° S; 12° 30'E)
Volume of discharge at mouth: 23–75 000 (mean 41 000) m³/sec (Aubray, 1976)
Suspended silt load: 5	0 500 000 t/yr (Welcomme, 1972)
Flood regime:	Bimodal floods with peaks in May and December
Special features:	Lakes: Tanganyika, Kivu, Bangweulu, Mweru, Maji Ndombe, Pool Malebo, Upemba, Tumba. Waterfalls: Portes d'Enfer, Wagenia, numerous cataracts; Dams on nearly all tributaries. Floodplains: Luapula/Kifakula depression, Lualaba/Kamalondo depression, Mbandaka flooded forests.

Physical and chemical data
pH:	Both pH and conductivity vary considerably in the different water courses of the system. pH may be as low as 4.4 in flooded forests when the humic acids are not neutralized, and may be as high as 7.8 (Gosse, 1963) in the Zaire River main stream when the humic acids are neutralized. 5.5 in upper course (Poll & Renson, 1948); 6.5–7.0 in middle course (Depasse, 1956); 7.05–7.8 Yangambi (middle course), mean 7.4 (Gosse, 1963)
Oxygen:	Yangambi: 6.7–8.2; mean: 7.2 mg/l (Gosse, 1963) Oxygen concentration is low at low pH (4–5), and higher at higher pH (7–8) (Compere & Symoens, 1987)
Temperature:	Yangambi: 27.3° C (Gosse, 1963)
Conductivity:
	Yangambi, middle river:	K₂₁ 37.9–76.7 (mean 56.6) μS/cm
	Shore (middle course):	K₂₁ 37.1–59.0 (mean 47.0) μS/cm (Gosse, 1963)
	Luapula (upper course):	K₂₀ 44–108 μS/cm (Welcomme, 1972)

Table 8. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RIVERS OF THE CENTRAL ZAIRE BASIN
(Berg, 1961) (cited in Compere & Symoens, 1987)

	Mongala	Ikelemba	Ruki	Zaire at Mbandaka
	Mongala	Ikelemba	Ruki	shore	centre
Transparency (m)	1.40	1.00	0.85	0.95	0.70
Speed (km/h)	5	3	2	3	3
Temperature (°C)	25.0	25.1	27.5	27.0	28
pH	5.8	3.9	4.2	3.9	7.4
Oxygen (mg/l)	2.3	2.3	4.8	4.4	6.7
(saturation %)	27	27	58	52	82
Acidity (ml) Na₂, CO₃, N/1	0.55	1.20	0.90	1.40	0.25
Alkalinity (ml) H₂SO₄, N/1	0.08	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.43
Conductivity (μS/cm)	20	45	24	50	56
Type of water *	(b)	(a)	(a)	(a)	(c)

* (a) = humic water
(b) = humic water, partially neutralized
(c) = humic water, completely neutralized

Ionic composition:		(Meybeck, 1978)	(Gosse, 1963)*
		mg/l	mg/l
	Ca	2.40	6.4–12.1	(mean: 8.1)
	Mg	1.25	6.4–12.1	(mean: 8.1)
	Na	1.70	2.2–4.9	(mean: 3.6)
	K	1.10	1.6–2.5	(mean: 1.9)
	HCO₃	11.2	-
	Cl	2.85	1.5–2.7	(mean: 2.0)
	SO₄	2.95	-
	SiO₂	9.80	-

* Yangambi, middle Zaire River

Fisheries data
No. of fish species: 408 indigenous fish species in middle Zaire River, distributed in 24 families and 101 genera (Gosse, 1963). (See Table 9.)

Table 9. FISH SPECIES IN MIDDLE ZAIRE RIVER

	Yangambi		Malebo Pool		Central basin
Families	Species	%	Species	%	Species	%
Protopteridae	2	0.8	2	0.8	2	0.6
Polypteridae	6	2.5	5	2.1	7	1.7
Clupeidae	6	2.5	1	1.7	9	2.2
Mormyridae	43	18.2	46	19.6	75	18.5
Notopteridae	1	0.4	2	0.8	2	0.6
Phractolaemidae	1	0.4	1	0.1	1	0.3
Pantodontidae	1	0.4	1	0.1	1	0.3
Characidae	26	10.5	17	7.2	35	8.4
Citharinidae	27	11.3	23	9.8	38	9.3
Cyprinidae	29	12.1	24	10.2	52	12.8
Clariidae	15	6.3	11	1.7	23	5.7
Schilbeidae	7	2.9	5	2.1	13	3.2
Bagridae	10	4.2	17	7.2	27	6.7
Mochokidae	20	8.4	24	10.2	36	8.9
Amphiliidae	5	2.1	3	1.3	12	3.0
Malapteruridae	1	0.4	1	0.1	1	0.3
Cyprinodontidae	5	2.1	7	3.0	11	2.7
Cichlidae	14	5.9	17	7.2	32	7.6
Centropomidae	1	0.4	1	0.4	1	0.3
Eleotridae	1	0.4	1	3.4	1	0.3
Anabantidae	10	4.2	10	4.3	12	3.0
Ophiocephalidae	1	0.4	1	0.4	2	0.6
Mastacembelidae	5	2.1	8	3.4	11	2.7
Tetraodontidae	2	0.8	4	1.7	4	1.0
Total	239		235		408

One family (Osteoglossidae) and one species (Heterotis niloticus), introduced in Zaire Basin (Ubangi River) in 1960 (Micha, 1973) must be added; Heterotis niloticus already commonly caught in Mbandaka area (Vanden Bossche, 1986).

Main fish species in Zaire River, central basin: (Vanden Bossche, 1986) (See Table 10 on following page)

Table 10. MAIN FISH SPECIES IN ZAIRE RIVER, CENTRAL BASIN
(Vanden Bossche, 1986)

Families	Pelagiques*	Benthiques**	Eaux littorales**
Protopteridae	-	-	Protopterus dolloi
Polypteridae	-	(Polypterus sp.)	Polypterus sp.
Clupeidae	Odaxothrissa sp.	-	Odaxothrissa sp.
Osteoglossidae	-	Heterotis niloticus	Heterotis niloticus
Notopteridae	-	-	Papyrocranus afer
			Xenomystus nigri
Mormyridae	-	Gnathonemus sp.	Gnathonemus sp.
	-	-	Genyomyrus sp.
	-	Mormyrus caballus	Mormyrus caballus
	-	Mormyrus sp.	Mormyrus sp.
	-	Mormyrops deliciousus	Mormyrops deliciousus
	-	Marcusenius sp.	Marcusenius sp.
	-	Petrocephalus sp.	Petrocephalus sp.
Phractolaemidae	-	-	Phractolaemus ansorgii
Hepsetidae	-	-	-
Characidae	Alestes sp.	-	Alestes sp.
	-	-	Bathyaethiops sp.
	Bryconaethiops sp.	-	Bryconaethiops sp.
	Alestopetersius sp.	-	Alestopetersius sp.
	Hydrocynus goliath	-	-
	Hydrocynus vittatus	-	Hydrocynus vittatus
Distichodontidae	-	Distichodus antonii	Distichodus antonii
	-	Distichodus sp.	Distichodus sp.
	Eugnathichthys sp.	-	Eugnathichthys sp.
	-	-	Xenocharax sp.
Citharinidae	Citharinus gibbosus	Citharinus gibbosus	Citharinus gibbosus
Cyprinidae	Barbus cardozoi	Barbus cardozoi	Barbus cardozoi
	-	Barbus sp.	Barbus sp.
	-	Labeo velifer	Labeo velifer
	Raiamas sp.	-	Raiamas sp.
Bagridae	-	Chrysichthys cranchii	Chrysichthys cranchii
	-	Chrysichthys sp.	Chrysichthys sp.
	-	Auchenoglanis occidentalis	Auchenoglanis occidentalis
	-	-	Auchenoglanis
			punctatus
	-	Gephyroglanis sp.	Gephyroglanis sp.
Clariidae	-	Heterobranchus longif.	Heterobranchus longif.
	-	-	Clarias gariepinus
Schilbeidae	Eutropius sp.	-	Eutropius sp.
	Schilbe sp.	-	Schilbe sp.
Mochokidae	-	Synodontis sp.	Synodontis sp.
Malapteruridae	-	Malapterurus electricus	Malapterurus electricus
Centropomidae	Lates niloticus	Lates niloticus	-
Cichlidae	-	-	Hemichromis sp.
	-	-	“Tilapia”
Anabantidae	-	-	Ctenopoma sp.
Channidae	-	-	Channa obscura

* NEUTRALIZED WATERS
** NEUTRALIZED AND PARTLY NEUTRALIZED WATERS

No. of fishermen: 40–50 000 in Zaire River (Corsi, 1984b)
Main catches: (See Table 11)

Table 11. RELATIVE PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES CAUGHT IN MBANDAKA AREA AND SOLD IN MBANDAKA MARKETS
(Vanden Bossche, 1986)

A=during good fishing season (Feb.-March, 1986)
B=during poor fishing season (Nov.-Dec., 1985)

Families	A	B
Protopteridae	1	14*
Polypteridae	<1*	1*
Mormyridae	4.5	7*
Characidae	2.5**	4**
Hepsetidae	1*	<1*
Citharinidae	2	4
Distichodontidae	13**	12**
Cyprinidae	10**	5.5**
Schilbeidae	<1**	<1
Clariidae	16*	20*
Bagridae	12**	10**
Mochokidae	<1	1.5**
Cichlidae	5*	<1*
Clupeidae	-	1**
Notopteridae	<1	<1
Centropomidae	1**	-
Malapteruridae	2**	1
Phractolaemidae	-	<1*
Anabantidae	-	<1*
Channidae	23*	10*
Osteoglossidae	2**	3**
Fingerlings (Miscellaneous)	3.5***	4
Total	100%	100%

* = catches mainly in Zaire River tributaries: Ruki River and adjacent flooded forest channels (humic, acid, brown waters)
** = catches mainly in Zaire River mainstream (neutralized waters)
*** = mainly cichlidae

Fishing seasons: (See Fig. 12 on following page)
Mean annual catch per fisherman: (Corsi, 1984b)
	800–1 000 kg - 60 km upstream to 120 km downstream Kisangani
	1 300–1 500 kg - 120 km downstream Kisangani to Basoko
	2 000–2 200 kg - Basoko to Lulonga
	1 500–1 800 kg - Mbandaka area
	1 300–1 700 kg - Irebu to Bolobo
	600–700 kg - Pool Malebo
Total annual catch: in Zaire (t)
	Zaire River	47 500 *
	Tributaries of Zaire River	10 200
	Ubangi and tributaries	5 720
	Kasai and tributaries	2 750
	Other rivers	12 750
	Total (in 1961)	78 920

* in Zaire River in 1984: 70–75 000 t (Corsi, 1984b)

Fig. 12. ZAIRE RIVER: BIMODAL MEAN FLOW AT MBANDAKA (1932–1983) related to fishing seasons
(after Corsi, 1984)

Potential annual yield:
	150 000 t in Zaire - Zaire River and its tributaries (smaller rivers, floodplains) (Corsi, 1984b)
	50 000 t in Zaire River, itself, excluding tributaries (rough estimate based on several authors)

Main references for fish determination and taxonomy in Zaire:
	Gosse, 1968;
	Lambert, 1961;
	Matthes, 1964;
	Poll, 1939, 1957;
	Poll & Gosse, 1963

MWADINGUSHA (= TSHANGALELE) (= LUFIRA) RESERVOIR

Geographical data
Location:	Zaire - 10° 54'S; 27° 03'E
Altitude:	1 100 m
Date closed:	1938
Surface area:	446 km² (max)
Depth:	14 m (max); 2.6 m (mean)
Max. length:	25 km
Max. width:	24 km
Major inflowing river:	Lufira
Outflowing river:	Lufira
Shoreline:	170 km
Volume:	1.063 km³
Level variation:	1 to 3 m

Physical and chemical data:
Surface temperature:	25–26° C in rainy season (Konare, 1984)
Conductivity:	K₂₀ 128–309 μ S/cm
pH:	7.1–8.2; 7.5–8.4 (Konare, 1984)
Oxygen:	15.0 mg/l, Jan.; 2.0, April; 21.0, July (Konare, 1984)
Ionic composition:		mg/l
	Na	3.07–6.0
	K	0.78–1.56
	Ca	11.04–49.07
	Cl	0.71–2.49
	SO₄	0.19–5.0
	SiO₂	14.06–21.06
	NO₃-N	3.01–11.02
	PO₄-P	9–18.00

Fisheries data
No. of fish species:	6 families, 17 species, from Lufira River
Main catches:	(fishing interest): Tilapia melanopleura, Oreochromis macrochir, Serranochromis kafuensis, Clarias gariepinus (Konare, 1984)
Total annual catch and effort:

Year	Total catch (t)	No.of fishermen	No.of boats
1953	314	-	-
1954	2 354	-	-
1955	7 991	-	-
1956	674	-	-
1957	1 359	-	-
1958	4 223	-	-
1959–60	-	-	-
1961	6 115	-	-
1962–77	-	-	-
1978	1 500	-	-
1979–81	-	-	-
1982	4 350	-	-
1983	3 106*	1 410	1 583 (Konare, 1984)

* 1 606 t marketed fish + 1 500 t fishermen consumption

Potential annual yield: 4 460 t (100 kg/ha) (Konare, 1984)

NZILO (= NZILO I; = DELCOMMUNE) RESERVOIR

Geographical data
Location:	Zaire - 10° 40'S; 25° 40'E
Altitude:	1 246.75 m at USL
Surface area:	280 km²
Depth:	8.3 m (mean) (Konare, 1984)
Volume:	1.733 km³
Max. length:	35 km
Max. width:	15 km
Annual fluctuation in level: up to 9 m
Major inflowing river:	Lualaba
Outflowing river:	Lualaba

Physical and chemical data
Surface temperature:	25–26° C (rainy season)
	5–10° C (dry season - April-July) (Konare, 1984)
Conductivity:	K₂₀ 400 μ S/cm (Welcomme, 1972)
pH:	7.7–8.5
Oxygen:	4.26 to 9.31 mg/l (Konare, 1984)

Fisheries data
Fish species:	(fishing interest): (Konare, 1984) Oreochromis macrochir (main catches); Labeo sp.; Barbus sp.; Clarias gariepinus; Tilapia melanopleura; Serranochromis kafuensis.

Total annual catch and effort:

Year	Total catch (t)	No. of fishermen	No. of boats	Source
1957	2 364	-	-
1958–59	-	-	-
1960	3 500	-	-
1961	2 364	-	-
1962–80	-	-	-
1981	333*	-	-	Konare, 1984
1982	150*	-	-	Konare, 1984
1983	120*	-	-	Konare, 1984
1984	-	830	346	Konare, 1984

* based on marketed fish only

Potential annual yield: 2 520 t (90 kg/ha) (Konare, 1984)

NZILO II (= MARINEL) RESERVOIR

Geographical data
Location:	Zaire - 10° 40'S; 25°E (immediately downstream from Nzilo I Dam)
Major inflowing river:	Lualaba (outflow from Nzilo I dam)
Outflowing river:	Lualaba

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aubray, 1976
Beadle, 1981
Beauchamp, 1939, 1956
Berg, 1961
Compere & Symoens, 1987
Corsi, 1984a,b
Corsi et al., 1986
Coulter, 1981
Degens et al., 1971
De Kimpe, 1960, 1964
Depasse, 1956
Dubois, 1958, 1959
EAFRO, 1952b, 1954
FAO, 1983c
Giudicelli et al., 1987
Gosse, 1963, 1968
Greenwood, 1964
Hanek et al., 1988
Jensen et al., 1983
Johannesson & Lamboeuf, 1989
Konare, 1984
Lambert, 1961
Luvuande & Wosey, 1983
Marlier, 1958
Matthes, 1964
Melack, 1976
Meybeck, 1978
Micha, 1973
Mikkola & Lindquist, 1989
Oglesby, 1977
Poll, 1939, 1957
Poll & Gosse, 1963
Poll & Renson, 1948
Proude, 1984
Reusens, 1987
Reyntjens, 1982
Stappers, 1914
Talling & Talling, 1965
Vakily, 1989
Vanden Bossche, 1986
Van Der Ben, 1959
Van Meel, 1953
Verbeke, 1957
Welcomme, 1972; 1979a,b