Annex 1. Recommended intakes of nutrients
Annex 2. Anthropometric tables for assessment of nutritional status and dentition ages
The tables in this annex provide a basis on which advice can be given regarding recommended intakes of nutrients in diets for groups of people, particularly in developing countries. They also provide a yardstick by which to gauge the adequacy of institutional diets or food provided for refugees or in other feeding programmes. The tables give safe levels of intake for protein and micronutrients for different gender and age groups in a sample low-income country. These values are not necessarily appropriate for every low-income country because body weights and activity levels may be different from those used here. When possible, requirements, particularly energy requirements, should be calculated using national body weight data and local activity levels.
Safe levels of intake are the levels that maintain health and nutrient stores in almost all healthy individuals within a group. No allowance is made for food losses before consumption.
The tables, like similar tables of requirements or recommended dietary allowances for specific countries, apply to groups of persons and not to individuals. They refer to healthy people; for example, they do not take account of possible chronic iron loss in a population where hookworm infections may be prevalent. These recommended intakes, in normal circumstances, provide sufficient amounts of the nutrients for prevention of deficiency disease, for growth and healthy maintenance of the body and for optimum levels of activity.
TABLE A1
Average individual energy requirements and safe levels of intake for protein and iron
(values rounded)
Sex and age group |
Weighta |
Energyb |
Proteinc |
Fatd |
Irone | ||
(kg) |
(kcal) |
Diet A |
Diet B |
(g) |
Diet 1 |
Diet 2 | |
(g) |
(g) |
(mg) |
(mg) | ||||
Children |
|||||||
6-12 months |
8.5 |
950 |
14 |
14 |
- |
21 |
11 |
1-3 years |
11.5 |
1 350 |
22 |
13 |
23-52 |
13 |
7 |
3-5 years |
15.5 |
1 600 |
26 |
16 |
27-62 |
14 |
7 |
5-7 years |
19.0 |
1 820 |
30 |
19 |
30-71 |
19 |
10 |
7-10 years |
25.0 |
1 900 |
34 |
25 |
32-74 |
23 |
12 |
Boys |
|||||||
10-12 years |
32.5 |
2 120 |
48 |
33 |
35-82 |
23 |
12 |
12-14 years |
41.0 |
2 250 |
59 |
41 |
38-88 |
36 |
18 |
14-16years |
52.5 |
2650 |
70 |
49 |
44-103 |
36 |
18 |
16-18years |
61.5 |
2770 |
81 |
55 |
46-108 |
23 |
11 |
Girlsf |
|||||||
10-12years |
33.5 |
1 905 |
49 |
34 |
32-74 |
23 |
11 |
12-14years |
42.0 |
1 955 |
59 |
40 |
33-76 |
40 |
20 |
14-16years |
49.5 |
2030 |
64 |
45 |
34-79 |
40 |
20 |
16-18 years |
52.5 |
2 060 |
63 |
44 |
34-80 |
48 |
24 |
Men - active |
|||||||
18 60 years |
63.0 |
2 895 |
55 |
47 |
48-113 |
23 |
11 |
>60 years |
63.0 |
2 020 |
55 |
47 |
34-79 |
23 |
11 |
Women - active |
|||||||
Not pregnant or lactating |
55.0 |
2 210 |
49 |
41 |
37-86 |
48 |
24 |
Pregnant |
55 0 |
2 410 |
56 |
47 |
40-94 |
(76) |
(38) |
Lactating |
55.0 |
2 710 |
69 |
59 |
45-105 |
26 |
13 |
>60 years |
55.0 |
1 835 |
49 |
41 |
31-71 |
19 |
9 |
Sources: For energy figures: FAO, 1990b. For protein figures: WHO, 1985. For iron figures: FAO, 1988.
a Body weights are the thirtieth percentile of reference weights (i.e. United States National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS] data in FAO, 1990b), which are similar to those in many low-income countries but which give smoother curves.
b Energy requirements were calculated using the methodology described in FAO, 1990b. Adult requirements are based on body weights from a sample low-income country (Cameroon) and assume a physical activity level (PAL) for a rural population (i.e. 1.78 for men and 1.69 for women). Where values are grouped for tables in the text it has been assumed that 13 percent of women aged 18 to 59 years are pregnant and 13 percent are lactating. Children's requirements (to ensure enough energy for growth) were calculated using reference (NCHS) weights for Cameroon heights for age and energy allowance factors which allow for the energy needs of frequent infection and desirable levels of activity These energy values are averages for groups of people; because of individual variation they will not necessarily satisfy the requirements
for each individual in a group.
c Diet A represents a diet containing a great deal of cereals, starchy roots and pulses (and therefore high in fibre) and little complete (animal) protein. The digestibility factor used was 85 percent and the amino acid scores were 100 for ages six months to one year (assuming breast milk would be part of the diet), 70 for ages one to five years, 80 for ages 5 to 17 years and 100 for adults. Diet B represents a mixed balanced diet with little fibre and plenty of complete protein. The digestibility factor used was 100 and the amino acid score was 100 for all ages. For both diets A and B the requirements were plotted and the curves smoothed.
d Fat requirements were calculated at the recommended range of 15 to 35 percent of average energy requirements.
e Diet A represents a diet containing mainly cereals, starchy roots and legumes and very little meat, fish or vitamin C-rich foods and it is assumed that 5 percent of the iron m the diet is absorbed. Diet 2 contains small amounts of meat, fish and some vitamin C-rich foods and it is assumed that 10 percent of the iron is absorbed. The values given are for the basal requirement and allow for individual variation; safe levels of intake are not available for iron. The iron requirements during pregnancy are an estimate of the minimum needs over the whole nine months. In reality iron needs may increase to about five times the pre-pregnancy requirements in the second semester and about eight times the pre-pregnancy requirements in the third semester. Supplements are usually needed to cover these requirements.
f If a girl is pregnant, her energy requirements increase by 200 kcal, her protein requirements by 7 g for Diet A and 6 g for Diet B and her fat requirements by 4 g, while her iron requirements are at least doubled.
TABLE A2
Safe levels of intake for various micronutrients
Sex and |
Iodine |
Vitamin A |
Riboflavin |
Niacin |
Folatea,b |
Vitamin Cb |
age group |
(µg) |
(µg retinol) |
(mg) |
(mg) |
(µg) |
(mg) |
Children |
||||||
6-12 months |
50 |
350 |
0.5 |
5.4 |
32 |
20 |
1-3 years |
70 |
400 |
0.8 |
9.0 |
50 |
20 |
3-5 years |
90 |
400 |
1.0 |
10.5 |
50 |
20 |
5-7 years |
90 |
400 |
1.1 |
12.1 |
76 |
20 |
7-10 years |
120 |
400 |
1.3 |
14.5 |
102 |
20 |
Boys |
||||||
10 12 years |
150 |
500 |
1.6 |
17.2 |
102 |
20 |
12-14years |
150 |
600 |
1.7 |
19.1 |
170 |
30 |
14-16years |
150 |
600 |
1.8 |
19.7 |
170 |
30 |
16-18 years |
150 |
600 |
1.8 |
20.3 |
200 |
30 |
Girls |
||||||
10-12 years |
150 |
500 |
1.4 |
15.5 |
102 |
20 |
12-14years |
150 |
600 |
1.5 |
16.4 |
170 |
30 |
14-16years |
150 |
550 |
1.5 |
15.8 |
170 |
30 |
16-18years |
150 |
500 |
1.4 |
15.2 |
170 |
30 |
If pregnant |
175 |
600 |
1.6 |
17.5 |
420 |
30 |
Men - active |
||||||
18-60 years |
150 |
600 |
1.8 |
19.8 |
200 |
30 |
>60 years |
150 |
600 |
1.8 |
19.8 |
200 |
30 |
Women - active |
||||||
Not pregnant or lactating |
150 |
500 |
1.3 |
14.5 |
170 |
30 |
Pregnant |
175 |
600 |
1.5 |
16.8 |
420 |
30 |
Lactating |
200 |
850 |
1.7 |
18.2 |
270 |
30 |
>60 years |
150 |
500 |
1.3 |
14.5 |
170 |
30 |
Sources: For iodine, vitamin A and folate figures: FAO, 1988. For riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C figures: FAO, 1982.
a Supplements may be needed to cover folate needs during pregnancy.
b There is evidence that higher levels of intake of vitamin C and folic acid may be beneficial and protective to health. Some countries have already adopted higher levels of intake of these nutrients as desirable.
Anthropometric measurements (weight, height, arm circumference and skinfold thickness) are widely used to help assess the nutritional status of populations and of individuals. The values for weight and height (or length) presented in the following tables are derived from United States National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference values as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Some derived measurements such as weight for length are provided.
TABLE A3
Weight for age, both sexes, birth to 60 months
Age |
Weight |
Age |
Weight | ||||
(months) |
(kg) |
(months) |
(kg) | ||||
Median of median |
80% of median |
70% of median |
Median |
80% of median |
70% of median | ||
0 |
3.2 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
||||
1 |
4.1 |
3.3 |
2.9 |
31 |
13.5 |
10.8 |
9.5 |
2 |
4.9 |
4.0 |
3.5 |
32 |
13.6 |
10.9 |
9.6 |
3 |
5.7 |
4.6 |
4.0 |
33 |
13.8 |
11.0 |
9.7 |
4 |
6.4 |
5.1 |
4.5 |
34 |
14.0 |
11.2 |
9.8 |
5 |
7.0 |
5.6 |
4.9 |
35 |
14.1 |
11.3 |
9.9 |
6 |
7.5 |
6.0 |
5.3 |
36 |
14.4 |
11.5 |
10.0 |
7 |
8.0 |
6.4 |
5.6 |
37 |
14.5 |
11.6 |
10.2 |
8 |
8.5 |
6.8 |
6.0 |
38 |
14.7 |
11.8 |
10.3 |
9 |
8.9 |
7.1 |
6.2 |
39 |
14.9 |
11.9 |
10.4 |
10 |
9.2 |
7.4 |
6.4 |
40 |
15.0 |
12.0 |
10.6 |
11 |
9.6 |
7.6 |
6.7 |
41 |
15.2 |
12.2 |
10.6 |
12 |
9.8 |
7.9 |
6.9 |
42 |
15.4 |
12.3 |
10.8 |
13 |
10.1 |
8.1 |
7.1 |
43 |
15.5 |
12.4 |
10.9 |
14 |
10.3 |
8.3 |
7.3 |
44 |
15.7 |
12.6 |
11.0 |
15 |
10.6 |
8.4 |
7.4 |
45 |
15.9 |
12.7 |
11.1 |
16 |
10.8 |
8.6 |
7.6 |
46 |
16.0 |
12.8 |
11.3 |
17 |
11.0 |
8.8 |
7.7 |
47 |
16.2 |
12.9 |
11.3 |
18 |
11.1 |
8.9 |
7.8 |
48 |
16.3 |
13.1 |
11.5 |
19 |
11.3 |
9.1 |
8.0 |
49 |
16.5 |
13.2 |
11.6 |
20 |
11.5 |
9.2 |
8.1 |
50 |
16.6 |
13.3 |
11.6 |
21 |
11.7 |
9.4 |
8.2 |
51 |
16.8 |
13.4 |
11.8 |
22 |
11.9 |
9.5 |
8.3 |
52 |
16.9 |
13.6 |
11.9 |
23 |
12.1 |
9.7 |
8.5 |
53 |
17.1 |
13.7 |
12.0 |
24 |
12.2 |
9.8 |
8.5 |
54 |
17.2 |
13.8 |
12.1 |
25 |
12.4 |
9.9 |
8.7 |
55 |
17.4 |
13.9 |
12.3 |
26 |
12.6 |
10.1 |
8.8 |
56 |
17.6 |
14.0 |
12.3 |
27 |
12.8 |
10.2 |
8.9 |
57 |
17.7 |
14.2 |
12.4 |
28 |
13.0 |
10.4 |
9.0 |
58 |
17.9 |
14.3 |
12.5 |
29 |
13.1 |
10.5 |
9.2 |
59 |
18.0 |
14.4 |
12.6 |
30 |
13.3 |
10.6 |
9.3 |
60 |
18.2 |
14.5 |
12.7 |
Source: FAO,1982.
TABLE A4
Weight for age, girls, 12 to 60 months
Age |
Weight | |||
(months) |
(kg) | |||
-2 SD |
Median |
80% of median |
70% of median | |
12 |
7.4 |
9.5 |
7.5 |
6.7 |
13 |
7.6 |
9.8 |
7.8 |
6.9 |
14 |
7.8 |
10.0 |
8.0 |
7.0 |
15 |
8.0 |
10.2 |
8.2 |
7.1 |
16 |
8.2 |
10.4 |
8.3 |
7.3 |
17 |
8.3 |
10.6 |
8.5 |
7.4 |
18 |
8.5 |
10.8 |
8.6 |
7.6 |
19 |
8.6 |
11.0 |
8.8 |
7.7 |
20 |
8.8 |
11.2 |
9.0 |
7.8 |
21 |
9.0 |
11.4 |
9.1 |
8.0 |
22 |
9.1 |
11.5 |
9.2 |
8.1 |
23 |
9.3 |
11.7 |
9.4 |
8.2 |
24 |
9.4 |
11.8 |
9.4 |
8.3 |
25 |
9.6 |
12.0 |
9.6 |
8.4 |
26 |
9.8 |
12.2 |
9.8 |
8.5 |
27 |
9.9 |
12.4 |
9.9 |
8.7 |
28 |
10.1 |
12.6 |
10.1 |
8.8 |
29 |
10.2 |
12.8 |
10.2 |
9.0 |
30 |
10.3 |
13.0 |
10.4 |
9.1 |
31 |
10.5 |
13.2 |
10.6 |
9.2 |
32 |
10.8 |
13.4 |
10.7 |
9.4 |
33 |
10.8 |
13.6 |
10.9 |
9.5 |
34 |
10.9 |
13.8 |
11.0 |
9.7 |
35 |
11.0 |
13.9 |
11.1 |
9.7 |
36 |
11.2 |
14.1 |
11.3 |
99 |
37 |
11.3 |
14.3 |
11.4 |
10.0 |
38 |
11.4 |
14.4 |
11.5 |
10.1 |
39 |
11.5 |
14.6 |
11.7 |
10.2 |
40 |
11.6 |
14.8 |
11.8 |
10.4 |
41 |
11.8 |
14.9 |
11.9 |
10.4 |
42 |
11.9 |
15.1 |
12.1 |
10.6 |
43 |
12.0 |
15.2 |
12.2 |
10.8 |
44 |
12.1 |
15.4 |
12.3 |
10.8 |
45 |
12.2 |
15.5 |
12.4 |
10.9 |
46 |
12.3 |
15.7 |
12.6 |
11.0 |
47 |
12.4 |
15.8 |
12.6 |
11.1 |
48 |
12.6 |
16.0 |
12.8 |
11.2 |
49 |
12.7 |
16.1 |
12.9 |
11.3 |
50 |
12.8 |
16.2 |
13.0 |
11.3 |
51 |
12.9 |
16.4 |
13.1 |
11.5 |
52 |
13.0 |
16.5 |
13.2 |
11.6 |
53 |
13.1 |
16.7 |
13.4 |
11.7 |
54 |
13.2 |
16.8 |
13.4 |
11.8 |
55 |
13.3 |
17.0 |
13.6 |
11.9 |
56 |
13.4 |
17.1 |
13.7 |
12.0 |
57 |
13.5 |
17.2 |
13.8 |
12.0 |
58 |
13.6 |
17.4 |
13.9 |
12.2 |
59 |
13.7 |
17.5 |
14.0 |
12.3 |
60 |
13.8 |
17.7 |
14.2 |
12.4 |
Source: FAO,1990c.
TABLE A5
Weight for age, boys, 12 to 60 months
Age |
Weight | |||
(months) |
(kg) | |||
-2 SD |
Median |
80% of median |
70% of median | |
12 |
8.1 |
10.2 |
8.2 |
7.1 |
13 |
8.3 |
10.4 |
8.3 |
7.3 |
14 |
8.5 |
10.7 |
8.6 |
7.5 |
15 |
8.7 |
10.9 |
8.7 |
7.6 |
16 |
8.8 |
11.1 |
8.9 |
7.8 |
17 |
9.0 |
11.3 |
9.0 |
7.9 |
18 |
9.1 |
11.5 |
9.2 |
8.1 |
19 |
9.2 |
11.7 |
9.4 |
8.2 |
20 |
9.4 |
11.8 |
9.4 |
8.3 |
21 |
9.5 |
12.0 |
9.6 |
8.4 |
22 |
9.7 |
12.2 |
9.8 |
8.5 |
23 |
9.8 |
12.3 |
9.8 |
8.6 |
24 |
10.1 |
12.4 |
9.9 |
8.7 |
25 |
10.2 |
12.5 |
10.0 |
8.8 |
26 |
10.3 |
12.7 |
10.2 |
8.9 |
27 |
10.4 |
12.9 |
10.3 |
9.0 |
28 |
10.5 |
13.1 |
10.5 |
9.2 |
29 |
10.6 |
13.3 |
10.6 |
9.3 |
30 |
10.7 |
13.5 |
10.8 |
9.5 |
31 |
10.9 |
13.7 |
11.0 |
9.6 |
32 |
11.0 |
13.9 |
11.1 |
9.7 |
33 |
11.1 |
14.1 |
11.3 |
9.9 |
34 |
11.2 |
14.3 |
11.4 |
10.0 |
35 |
11.3 |
14.4 |
11.5 |
10.1 |
36 |
11.4 |
14.6 |
11.7 |
10.2 |
37 |
11.5 |
14.8 |
11.8 |
10.4 |
38 |
11.7 |
15.0 |
12.0 |
10.5 |
39 |
11.8 |
15.2 |
12.2 |
10.6 |
40 |
11.9 |
15.3 |
12.2 |
10.7 |
41 |
12.0 |
15.5 |
12.4 |
10.9 |
42 |
12.1 |
15.7 |
12.6 |
11.0 |
43 |
12.3 |
15.8 |
12.6 |
11.1 |
44 |
12.4 |
16.0 |
12.8 |
11.2 |
45 |
12.5 |
16.2 |
13.0 |
11.3 |
46 |
12.6 |
16.4 |
13.1 |
11.5 |
47 |
12.8 |
16.5 |
13.2 |
11.8 |
48 |
12.9 |
16.7 |
13.4 |
11.7 |
49 |
13.0 |
16.9 |
13.5 |
11.8 |
50 |
13.1 |
17.0 |
13.6 |
11.9 |
51 |
13.3 |
17.2 |
13.6 |
12.0 |
52 |
13.4 |
17.4 |
13.9 |
12.2 |
53 |
13.5 |
17.5 |
14.0 |
12.3 |
54 |
13.7 |
17.7 |
14.2 |
12.4 |
55 |
13.8 |
17.9 |
14.3 |
12.5 |
56 |
13.9 |
18.0 |
14.4 |
12.6 |
57 |
14.0 |
18.2 |
14.6 |
12.7 |
58 |
14.2 |
18.3 |
14.6 |
12.8 |
59 |
14.3 |
18.5 |
14.8 |
13.0 |
60 |
14.4 |
18.7 |
15.0 |
13.1 |
Source: FAO,1990c.
TABLE A6
Length for age, both sexes, birth to 24 months
Age |
Length | ||
(months) |
(cm) | ||
Median |
90% of median |
80% of median | |
0 |
50.2 |
45.2 |
40.1 |
1 |
54.1 |
48.7 |
43.3 |
2 |
57.4 |
51.7 |
45.9 |
3 |
60.3 |
54.3 |
48.2 |
4 |
62.8 |
56.5 |
50.2 |
5 |
65.0 |
58.5 |
52.0 |
6 |
66.9 |
60.2 |
53.5 |
7 |
68.5 |
61.7 |
54.8 |
8 |
70.0 |
63.0 |
56.0 |
9 |
71.4 |
64.3 |
57.1 |
10 |
72.7 |
65.4 |
58.2 |
11 |
74.0 |
66.6 |
59.2 |
12 |
75.2 |
67.7 |
60.2 |
13 |
76.4 |
68.7 |
61.1 |
14 |
77.5 |
69.8 |
62.0 |
15 |
78.5 |
70.7 |
62.9 |
16 |
79.7 |
71.7 |
63.8 |
17 |
80.7 |
72.8 |
64.8 |
18 |
81.7 |
73.5 |
65.4 |
19 |
82.6 |
74.4 |
66.1 |
20 |
83.6 |
75.2 |
66.9 |
21 |
84.4 |
76.0 |
67.6 |
22 |
85.4 |
76.8 |
68.3 |
23 |
86.2 |
77.6 |
69.0 |
24 |
87.1 |
78.4 |
69.7 |
Source: Cameron and Hofvander, 1983.
TABLE A7
Length for age, girls, 12 to 23 months
Age |
Length | |||
(months) |
(cm) | |||
-2 SD |
Median |
90% of median |
80% of median | |
12 |
68.6 |
74.3 |
66.9 |
59.4 |
13 |
69.8 |
75.5 |
68.0 |
60.4 |
14 |
70.8 |
76.7 |
69.0 |
61.4 |
15 |
71.9 |
77.8 |
70.0 |
62.2 |
16 |
72.9 |
78.9 |
71.0 |
63.1 |
17 |
73.8 |
79.9 |
71.9 |
63.9 |
18 |
74.8 |
80.9 |
72.8 |
64.7 |
19 |
75.7 |
81.9 |
73.7 |
65.5 |
20 |
76.6 |
82.9 |
74.6 |
66.3 |
21 |
77.4 |
83.8 |
75.4 |
67.0 |
22 |
78.3 |
84.7 |
76.2 |
67.8 |
23 |
79.1 |
85.6 |
77.0 |
68.5 |
Source: FAO, 1990c.
TABLE A8
Length for age, boys, 12 to 23 months
Age |
Length | |||
(months) |
(cm) | |||
-2 SD |
Median |
90% of median |
80% of median | |
12 |
70.7 |
76.1 |
68.5 |
60.9 |
13 |
71.8 |
77.2 |
69.5 |
61.8 |
14 |
72.8 |
78.3 |
70.5 |
62.8 |
15 |
73.7 |
79.4 |
71.5 |
63.5 |
16 |
74.6 |
80.4 |
72.4 |
64.3 |
17 |
75.5 |
81.4 |
73.3 |
65.1 |
18 |
76.3 |
82.4 |
74.2 |
65.9 |
19 |
77.1 |
83.3 |
75.0 |
66.6 |
20 |
77.9 |
84.2 |
75.8 |
67.4 |
21 |
78.7 |
85.1 |
76.6 |
68.1 |
22 |
79.4 |
86.0 |
77.4 |
68.8 |
23 |
80.2 |
86.8 |
78.1 |
69.4 |
Source: FAO, 1990c.
TABLE A9
Height for age, girls, 24 to 60 months
Age |
Height | |||
(months) |
(cm) | |||
-2 SD |
Median |
90% of median |
80% of median | |
24 |
78.1 |
84.5 |
76.1 |
87.6 |
25 |
78.8 |
85.4 |
76.9 |
68.3 |
26 |
79.6 |
86.2 |
77.6 |
69.0 |
27 |
80.3 |
87.0 |
78.3 |
69.6 |
28 |
81.0 |
87.9 |
79.1 |
70.3 |
29 |
81.8 |
88.7 |
79.8 |
71.0 |
30 |
82.5 |
89.5 |
80.6 |
71.6 |
31 |
83.2 |
90.2 |
81.2 |
72.2 |
32 |
83.8 |
91.0 |
81.9 |
72.6 |
33 |
84.5 |
91.7 |
82.5 |
73.4 |
34 |
85.2 |
92.5 |
83.3 |
74.0 |
35 |
85.8 |
93.2 |
83.9 |
74.6 |
36 |
86.5 |
93.9 |
84.5 |
75.1 |
37 |
87.1 |
94.6 |
85.1 |
75.7 |
38 |
87.7 |
95.3 |
85.8 |
76.2 |
39 |
88.4 |
96.0 |
86.4 |
76.8 |
40 |
89.0 |
96.6 |
86.9 |
77.3 |
41 |
89.6 |
97.3 |
87.6 |
77.8 |
42 |
90.2 |
97.9 |
86.1 |
78.3 |
43 |
90.7 |
98.6 |
88.7 |
78.9 |
44 |
91.3 |
99.2 |
89.3 |
79.4 |
45 |
91.9 |
99.8 |
89.8 |
79.8 |
46 |
92.4 |
100.4 |
90.4 |
80.3 |
47 |
93.0 |
101.0 |
90.9 |
80.8 |
48 |
93.5 |
101.6 |
91.4 |
81.3 |
49 |
94.1 |
102.2 |
92.0 |
81.8 |
50 |
94.6 |
102.8 |
92.5 |
82.2 |
51 |
95.1 |
103.4 |
93.1 |
82.7 |
52 |
95.8 |
104.0 |
93.6 |
83.2 |
53 |
96.1 |
104.5 |
94.1 |
83.6 |
54 |
96.7 |
105.1 |
94.6 |
84.1 |
55 |
97.1 |
105.6 |
95.0 |
84.5 |
56 |
97.6 |
106.2 |
95.6 |
85.0 |
57 |
98.1 |
106.7 |
96.0 |
85.4 |
58 |
98.6 |
107.3 |
96.6 |
85.8 |
59 |
99.1 |
107.8 |
97.0 |
86.2 |
60 |
99.5 |
108.4 |
97.6 |
86.7 |
Source: FAO, 1990c.
TABLE A10
Height for age, boys, 24 to 60 months
Age |
Height | |||
(months) |
(cm) | |||
-2 SD |
Median |
90% of median |
80% of median | |
24 |
79.2 |
85.6 |
77.0 |
68.5 |
25 |
79.9 |
86.4 |
77.8 |
69.1 |
26 |
80.6 |
87.2 |
78.5 |
69.8 |
27 |
81.3 |
88.1 |
79.3 |
70.5 |
28 |
82.0 |
88.9 |
80.0 |
71.1 |
29 |
82.7 |
89.7 |
80.7 |
71.8 |
30 |
83.4 |
90.4 |
81.4 |
72.3 |
31 |
84.1 |
91.2 |
82.1 |
73.0 |
32 |
84.7 |
92.0 |
82.8 |
73.6 |
33 |
85.4 |
92.7 |
83.4 |
74.2 |
34 |
86.0 |
93.5 |
84.2 |
74.8 |
35 |
86.7 |
94.2 |
84.8 |
75.4 |
36 |
87.3 |
94.9 |
85.4 |
75.9 |
37 |
87.9 |
95.6 |
86.0 |
76.5 |
38 |
88.6 |
96.3 |
86.7 |
77.0 |
39 |
89.2 |
97.0 |
87.3 |
77.8 |
40 |
89.8 |
97.7 |
87.9 |
78.2 |
41 |
90.4 |
98.4 |
88.6 |
78.7 |
42 |
91.0 |
99.1 |
89.2 |
79.3 |
43 |
91.6 |
99.7 |
89.7 |
79.8 |
44 |
92.1 |
100.4 |
90.4 |
80.3 |
45 |
92.7 |
101.0 |
90.9 |
80.8 |
46 |
93.3 |
101.7 |
91.5 |
81.4 |
47 |
93.9 |
102.3 |
92.1 |
81.8 |
48 |
94.4 |
102.9 |
92.8 |
82.3 |
49 |
95.0 |
103.6 |
93.2 |
82.9 |
50 |
95.5 |
104.2 |
93.8 |
83.4 |
51 |
96.1 |
104.8 |
94.3 |
83.8 |
52 |
96.6 |
105.4 |
94.9 |
84.3 |
53 |
97.1 |
106.0 |
95.4 |
84.8 |
54 |
97.7 |
106.6 |
95.9 |
85.3 |
55 |
98.2 |
107.1 |
96.4 |
85.7 |
56 |
98.7 |
107.7 |
96.9 |
86.2 |
57 |
99.2 |
108.3 |
97.5 |
86.6 |
58 |
99.7 |
108.8 |
97.9 |
87.0 |
59 |
100.2 |
109.4 |
98.5 |
87.5 |
60 |
100.7 |
109.9 |
98.9 |
87.9 |
Source: FAO, 1990c.
TABLE A11
Weight for length, both sexes, length 50 to 109 cm
Length |
Weight | |||
(cm) |
(kg) | |||
-2 SD |
Median |
80% of median |
70% of median | |
50 |
2.6 |
3.4 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
51 |
2.7 |
3.5 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
52 |
2.8 |
3.7 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
53 |
2.9 |
3.9 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
54 |
3.1 |
4.1 |
3.3 |
2.9 |
55 |
3.3 |
4.3 |
3.4 |
3.0 |
56 |
3.5 |
4.6 |
3.7 |
3.2 |
57 |
3.7 |
4.8 |
3.8 |
3.4 |
58 |
3.9 |
5.1 |
4.1 |
3.6 |
59 |
4.1 |
5.3 |
4.2 |
3.7 |
60 |
4.3 |
5.6 |
4.5 |
3.9 |
61 |
4.6 |
5.9 |
4.7 |
4.1 |
62 |
4.8 |
6.2 |
5.0 |
4.3 |
63 |
5.1 |
6.5 |
5.2 |
4.6 |
64 |
5.4 |
6.7 |
5.4 |
4.7 |
65 |
5.6 |
7.0 |
5.6 |
4.9 |
66 |
5.9 |
7.3 |
5.8 |
5.1 |
67 |
6.1 |
7.6 |
6.1 |
5.3 |
68 |
6.4 |
7.9 |
6.3 |
5.5 |
69 |
6.7 |
8.2 |
6.6 |
5.7 |
70 |
6.9 |
8.5 |
6.8 |
6.0 |
71 |
7.2 |
8.7 |
7.0 |
6.1 |
72 |
7.4 |
9.0 |
7.2 |
6.3 |
73 |
7.6 |
9.2 |
7.4 |
6.4 |
74 |
7.8 |
9.5 |
7.6 |
6.6 |
75 |
8.1 |
9.7 |
7.8 |
6.8 |
76 |
8.3 |
9.9 |
7.9 |
6.9 |
77 |
8.5 |
10.1 |
8.1 |
7.1 |
78 |
8.6 |
10.4 |
8.3 |
7.3 |
79 |
8.8 |
10.6 |
8.5 |
7.4 |
80 |
9.0 |
10.8 |
8.6 |
7.6 |
81 |
9.2 |
11.0 |
8.8 |
7.7 |
82 |
9.4 |
11.2 |
9.0 |
7.8 |
83 |
9.6 |
11.4 |
9.1 |
8.0 |
84 |
9.7 |
11.5 |
9.2 |
8.0 |
85 |
9.9 |
11.7 |
9.4 |
8.2 |
86 |
10.1 |
11.9 |
9.5 |
8.3 |
87 |
10.3 |
12.1 |
9.7 |
8.5 |
88 |
10.5 |
12.3 |
9.8 |
8.5 |
89 |
10.7 |
12.6 |
10.1 |
8.8 |
90 |
10.8 |
12.8 |
10.2 |
9.0 |
91 |
11.1 |
13.0 |
10.4 |
9.1 |
92 |
11.3 |
13.2 |
10.6 |
9.2 |
93 |
11.5 |
13.5 |
10.8 |
9.4 |
94 |
11.7 |
13.7 |
11.0 |
9.6 |
95 |
11.8 |
14.2 |
11.4 |
9.9 |
96 |
12.0 |
14.5 |
11.6 |
10.2 |
97 |
12.2 |
14.8 |
11.8 |
10.4 |
98 |
12.4 |
15.0 |
12.0 |
10.5 |
99 |
12.6 |
15.3 |
12.2 |
10.7 |
100 |
12.8 |
15.5 |
12.4 |
10.8 |
101 |
13.0 |
15.8 |
12.6 |
11.1 |
102 |
13.3 |
16.1 |
12.9 |
11.3 |
103 |
13.5 |
16.4 |
13.1 |
11.5 |
104 |
13.7 |
16.7 |
13.4 |
11.7 |
105 |
14.0 |
16.9 |
13.5 |
11.8 |
106 |
14.2 |
17.2 |
13.8 |
12.0 |
107 |
14.5 |
17.5 |
14.0 |
12.2 |
108 |
14.7 |
17.8 |
14.2 |
12.5 |
109 |
15.0 |
18.2 |
14.6 |
12.7 |
Source: FAO, 1982.
TABLE A12
Weight for length, girls, length 65 to 95 cm
Length |
Weight | |||
(cm) |
(kg) | |||
-2 SD |
Median |
80% of median |
70% of median | |
65 |
5.5 |
7.0 |
6.5 |
4.9 |
66 |
5.8 |
7.3 |
5.8 |
5.1 |
67 |
6.0 |
7.5 |
6.0 |
5.3 |
68 |
6.3 |
7.8 |
6.2 |
5.5 |
69 |
6.5 |
8.1 |
6.5 |
5.7 |
70 |
6.8 |
8.4 |
6.7 |
5.9 |
71 |
7.0 |
8.6 |
6.9 |
6.0 |
72 |
7.2 |
8.9 |
7.1 |
6.2 |
73 |
7.5 |
9.1 |
7.3 |
6.4 |
74 |
7.7 |
9.4 |
7.5 |
6.6 |
75 |
7.9 |
9.6 |
7.7 |
6.7 |
76 |
8.1 |
9.8 |
7.8 |
6.9 |
77 |
8.3 |
10.0 |
8.0 |
7.0 |
78 |
8.5 |
10.2 |
8.2 |
7.1 |
79 |
8.7 |
10.4 |
8.3 |
7.3 |
80 |
8.8 |
10.6 |
8.5 |
7.4 |
81 |
9.0 |
10.8 |
8.6 |
7.6 |
82 |
9.2 |
11.0 |
8.8 |
7.7 |
83 |
9.4 |
11.2 |
9.0 |
7.8 |
84 |
9.6 |
11.4 |
9.1 |
8.0 |
85 |
9.7 |
11.6 |
9.3 |
8.1 |
86 |
9.9 |
11.8 |
9.4 |
8.3 |
87 |
10.1 |
11.9 |
9.5 |
8.3 |
88 |
10.3 |
12.2 |
9.8 |
8.5 |
89 |
10.5 |
12.4 |
9.9 |
8.7 |
90 |
10.7 |
12.6 |
10.1 |
8.8 |
91 |
10.9 |
12.8 |
10.2 |
9.0 |
92 |
11.1 |
13.0 |
10.4 |
9.1 |
93 |
11.3 |
13.3 |
10.6 |
9.3 |
94 |
11.5 |
13.5 |
10.8 |
9.5 |
95 |
11.8 |
13.8 |
11.0 |
9.7 |
Source: FAO, 1990c.
TABLE A13
Weight for length, boys, length 65 to 95 cm
Length |
Weight | |||
(cm) |
(kg) | |||
-2 SD |
Median |
80% of median |
70% of median | |
65 |
5.7 |
7.1 |
5.7 |
5.0 |
66 |
6.0 |
7.4 |
5.9 |
5.2 |
67 |
6.2 |
7.7 |
6.2 |
5.4 |
68 |
6.5 |
8.0 |
6.4 |
5.6 |
69 |
6.8 |
8.3 |
6.6 |
5.8 |
70 |
7.0 |
8.5 |
6.8 |
6.0 |
71 |
7.3 |
8.8 |
7.0 |
6.2 |
72 |
7.5 |
9.1 |
7.3 |
6.4 |
73 |
7.8 |
9.3 |
7.4 |
6.5 |
74 |
8.0 |
9.6 |
7.7 |
6.7 |
75' |
8.2 |
9.8 |
7.8 |
6.9 |
76 |
8.4 |
20.0 |
8.0 |
7.0 |
77 |
8.6 |
10.3 |
8.2 |
7.2 |
78 |
8.8 |
10.5 |
8.4 |
7.4 |
79 |
9.0 |
10.7 |
8.6 |
7.5 |
80 |
9.2 |
10.9 |
8.7 |
7.6 |
81 |
9.4 |
11.1 |
8.9 |
7.8 |
82 |
9.6 |
11.3 |
9.0 |
7.9 |
83 |
9.6 |
11.5 |
9.2 |
8.1 |
84 |
9.9 |
11.7 |
9.4 |
8.2 |
85 |
10.1 |
11.9 |
9.5 |
8.3 |
86 |
10.3 |
12.1 |
9.7 |
8.5 |
87 |
10.5 |
12.3 |
9.8 |
8.6 |
88 |
10.6 |
12.5 |
10.0 |
8.8 |
89 |
10.8 |
12.8 |
10.2 |
9.0 |
90 |
11.0 |
13.0 |
10.4 |
9.1 |
91 |
11.2 |
13.2 |
10.6 |
9.2 |
92 |
11.4 |
13.4 |
10.7 |
9.4 |
93 |
11.6 |
13.6 |
11.0 |
9.6 |
94 |
11.9 |
13.9 |
11.1 |
9.7 |
95 |
12.1 |
14.1 |
11.3 |
9.9 |
Source: FAO, 1990c.
TABLE A14
Weight for height, girls, height 75 to 135 cm
Length |
Weight | |||
(cm) |
(kg) | |||
-2 SD |
Median |
80% of median |
70% of median | |
75 |
7.7 |
9.7 |
7.8 |
6.8 |
76 |
7.9 |
10.0 |
8.0 |
7.0 |
77 |
8.1 |
10.2 |
8.2 |
7.1 |
78 |
8.3 |
10.4 |
8.3 |
7.3 |
79 |
8.5 |
10.6 |
8.5 |
7.4 |
80 |
8.7 |
10.8 |
8.6 |
7.6 |
81 |
8.9 |
11.0 |
8.8 |
7.7 |
82 |
9.1 |
11.2 |
9.0 |
7.8 |
83 |
9.3 |
11.4 |
9.1 |
8.0 |
84 |
9.5 |
11.6 |
9.3 |
8.1 |
85 |
9.7 |
11.8 |
9.4 |
8.3 |
86 |
9.9 |
12.0 |
9.6 |
8.4 |
87 |
10.1 |
12.3 |
9.8 |
8.6 |
88 |
10.3 |
12.5 |
10.0 |
8.8 |
89 |
10.5 |
12.7 |
10.2 |
8.9 |
90 |
10.7 |
12.9 |
10.3 |
9.0 |
91 |
10.8 |
13.2 |
10.6 |
9.2 |
92 |
11.0 |
13.4 |
10.7 |
9.4 |
93 |
11.2 |
13.6 |
10.9 |
9.5 |
94 |
11.4 |
13.9 |
11.1 |
9.7 |
95 |
11.6 |
14.1 |
11.3 |
9.9 |
96 |
11.8 |
14.3 |
11.4 |
10.0 |
97 |
12.0 |
14.6 |
11.7 |
12.2 |
98 |
12.2 |
14.9 |
11.9 |
10.4 |
99 |
12.4 |
15.1 |
12.1 |
10.6 |
100 |
12.7 |
15.4 |
12.3 |
10.8 |
101 |
12.9 |
15.6 |
12.5 |
10.9 |
102 |
13.1 |
15.9 |
12.7 |
11.1 |
103 |
13.3 |
16.2 |
13.0 |
11.3 |
104 |
13.5 |
16.5 |
13.2 |
11.6 |
105 |
13.8 |
16.7 |
13.4 |
11.7 |
106 |
14.0 |
17.0 |
13.6 |
11.9 |
107 |
14.3 |
17.3 |
13.8 |
12.1 |
108 |
14.5 |
17.6 |
14.1 |
12.3 |
109 |
14.8 |
17.9 |
14.3 |
12.5 |
110 |
15.0 |
18.2 |
14.6 |
12.7 |
111 |
15.3 |
18.6 |
14.9 |
13.0 |
112 |
15.6 |
18.9 |
15.1 |
13.2 |
113 |
15.9 |
19.2 |
15.4 |
13.4 |
114 |
16.2 |
19.5 |
15.6 |
13.7 |
115 |
16.5 |
19.9 |
15.9 |
13.9 |
116 |
16.8 |
20.3 |
16.2 |
14.2 |
117 |
17.1 |
20.6 |
16.5 |
14.4 |
118 |
17.4 |
21.0 |
16.8 |
14.7 |
119 |
17.7 |
21.4 |
17.1 |
15.0 |
120 |
18.1 |
21.8 |
17.4 |
15.3 |
121 |
18.4 |
22.2 |
17.8 |
15.5 |
122 |
18.8 |
22.7 |
18.2 |
15.9 |
123 |
19.1 |
23.1 |
18.5 |
16.2 |
124 |
19.5 |
23.6 |
18.9 |
16.5 |
125 |
19.9 |
24.1 |
19.3 |
16.9 |
126 |
20.2 |
24.6 |
19.7 |
17.2 |
127 |
20.6 |
25.1 |
20.1 |
17.6 |
128 |
21.0 |
25.7 |
20.6 |
18.0 |
129 |
21.4 |
26.2 |
21.0 |
18.3 |
130 |
21.8 |
26.8 |
21.4 |
18.8 |
131 |
22.3 |
27.4 |
21.9 |
19.2 |
132 |
22.7 |
28.0 |
22.4 |
19.6 |
133 |
23.1 |
28.7 |
23.0 |
20.1 |
134 |
23.6 |
29.4 |
23.5 |
20.6 |
135 |
24.0 |
30.1 |
24.1 |
21.1 |
Source: FAO, 1990c.
TABLE A15
Weight for height, boys, height 75 to 135 cm
Length |
Weight | |||
(cm) |
(kg) | |||
-2 SD |
Median |
80% of median |
70% of median | |
75 |
7.9 |
9.9 |
7.9 |
6.9 |
76 |
8.1 |
10.1 |
8.1 |
7.1 |
77 |
8.3 |
10.4 |
8.3 |
7.3 |
78 |
8.5 |
10.6 |
8.5 |
7.4 |
79 |
8.7 |
10.8 |
8.6 |
7.6 |
80 |
8.9 |
11.0 |
8.8 |
7.7 |
81 |
9.1 |
11.2 |
9.0 |
7.8 |
82 |
9.3 |
11.5 |
9.2 |
8.1 |
83 |
9.5 |
11.7 |
9.4 |
8.2 |
84 |
9.7 |
11.9 |
9.5 |
8.3 |
85 |
9.9 |
12.1 |
9.7 |
8.5 |
86 |
10.1 |
12.3 |
9.8 |
8.6 |
87 |
10.3 |
12.6 |
10.1 |
8.8 |
88 |
10.5 |
12.8 |
10.2 |
9.0 |
89 |
10.7 |
13.0 |
10.4 |
9.1 |
90 |
10.9 |
13.3 |
10.6 |
9.3 |
91 |
11.1 |
13.5 |
10.8 |
9.5 |
92 |
11.3 |
13.7 |
11.0 |
9.6 |
93 |
11.5 |
14.0 |
11.2 |
9.8 |
94 |
11.7 |
14.2 |
11.4 |
9.9 |
95 |
11.9 |
14.5 |
11.6 |
10.2 |
96 |
12.1 |
14.7 |
11.8 |
10.3 |
97 |
12.4 |
15.0 |
12.0 |
10.5 |
98 |
12.6 |
15.2 |
12.2 |
10.6 |
99 |
12.8 |
15.5 |
12.4 |
10.9 |
100 |
13.0 |
15.7 |
12.6 |
11.0 |
101 |
13.2 |
16.0 |
12.8 |
11.2 |
102 |
13.4 |
16.3 |
13.0 |
11.4 |
103 |
13.7 |
16.6 |
13.3 |
11.6 |
104 |
13.9 |
16.9 |
13.5 |
11.8 |
105 |
14.2 |
17.1 |
13.7 |
12.0 |
106 |
14.4 |
17.4 |
13.9 |
12.2 |
107 |
14.7 |
17.7 |
14.2 |
12.4 |
108 |
14.9 |
18.0 |
14.4 |
12.8 |
109 |
15.2 |
18.3 |
14.6 |
12.8 |
110 |
15.4 |
18.7 |
15.0 |
13.1 |
111 |
15.7 |
19.0 |
15.2 |
13.3 |
112 |
16.0 |
19.3 |
15.4 |
13.5 |
113 |
16.3 |
19.6 |
15.7 |
13.7 |
114 |
16.6 |
20.0 |
16.0 |
14.0 |
115 |
16.9 |
20.3 |
16.6 |
14.2 |
116 |
17.2 |
20.7 |
16.6 |
14.5 |
117 |
17.5 |
21.1 |
16.9 |
14.8 |
118 |
17.9 |
21.4 |
17.1 |
15.0 |
119 |
18.2 |
21.8 |
17.4 |
15.3 |
120 |
18.5 |
22.2 |
17.8 |
15.5 |
121 |
18.9 |
22.6 |
18.1 |
15.6 |
122 |
19.2 |
23.0 |
18.4 |
16.1 |
123 |
19.6 |
23.4 |
18.7 |
16.4 |
124 |
20.0 |
23.9 |
19.1 |
16.7 |
125 |
20.4 |
24.3 |
19.4 |
17.0 |
126 |
20.7 |
24.8 |
19.8 |
17.4 |
127 |
21.1 |
25.2 |
20.2 |
17.6 |
128 |
21.5 |
25.7 |
20.8 |
18.0 |
129 |
21.9 |
26.2 |
21.0 |
18.3 |
130 |
22.3 |
26.8 |
21.4 |
18.8 |
131 |
22.7 |
27.3 |
21.8 |
19.1 |
132 |
21.1 |
27.8 |
22.2 |
19.5 |
133 |
23.6 |
28.4 |
22.7 |
19.9 |
134 |
24.0 |
29.0 |
23.2 |
20.3 |
135 |
24.4 |
29.6 |
23.7 |
20.7 |
Source: FAO, 1990c.
TABLE A16
Standard triceps skinfold, birth to 96 months, by sex (mm)
Age |
Male |
Female |
(months) |
||
0 |
6.0 |
6.5 |
6 |
10.0 |
10.0 |
12 |
10.3 |
10.2 |
18 |
10.3 |
10.2 |
24 |
10.0 |
10.1 |
36 |
9.3 |
9.7 |
48 |
9.3 |
10.2 |
60 |
9.1 |
9.4 |
72 |
8.2 |
9.6 |
84 |
7.9 |
9.4 |
96 |
7.6 |
10.1 |
Source: WHO,1966.
TABLE A17
Percentiles of triceps skinfold thickness, male adolescents, 9 to 18 years (mm)
Age |
Percentile | ||||||
(years) |
5th |
10th |
25th |
50th |
75th |
90th |
95th |
9.0 |
4.8 |
5.5 |
6.7 |
8.4 |
11.1 |
14.6 |
17.8 |
9.5 |
4.8 |
5.5 |
6.7 |
8.6 |
11.5 |
15.5 |
18.7 |
10.0 |
4.9 |
5.6 |
6.8 |
8.8 |
11.9 |
16.4 |
19.8 |
10.5 |
4.9 |
5.6 |
6.9 |
9.0 |
12.4 |
17.4 |
20.8 |
11.0 |
4.9 |
5.6 |
7.0 |
9.3 |
12.8 |
18.3 |
21.8 |
11.5 |
5.0 |
5.7 |
7.0 |
9.4 |
13.2 |
19.1 |
22.7 |
12.0 |
4.9 |
5.7 |
7.1 |
9.6 |
13.4 |
19.8 |
23.4 |
12.5 |
4.9 |
5.6 |
7.1 |
9.6 |
13.6 |
20.2 |
23.9 |
13.0 |
4.8 |
5.6 |
7.0 |
9.6 |
13.5 |
20.3 |
24.1 |
13.5 |
4.6 |
5.4 |
6.8 |
9.4 |
13.3 |
20.1 |
24.0 |
14.0 |
4.5 |
5.3 |
6.6 |
9.1 |
13.0 |
19.6 |
23.7 |
14.5 |
4.3 |
5.1 |
6.4 |
8.7 |
12.5 |
19.0 |
23.2 |
15.0 |
4.1 |
4.9 |
6.2 |
8.4 |
12.0 |
18.2 |
22.7 |
15.5 |
3.9 |
4.7 |
5.9 |
8.0 |
11.5 |
17.4 |
22.1 |
16.0 |
3.8 |
4.6 |
5.8 |
7.7 |
11.2 |
16.8 |
21.6 |
16.5 |
3.8 |
4.5 |
5.6 |
7.4 |
10.9 |
16.2 |
21.3 |
17.0 |
3.8 |
4.5 |
5.6 |
7.3 |
10.9 |
16.0 |
21.3 |
17.5 |
3.9 |
4.5 |
5.7 |
7.3 |
11.1 |
16.1 |
21.6 |
18.0 |
4.2 |
4.6 |
5.9 |
7.5 |
11.7 |
16.6 |
22.3 |
Source: WHO,1995. Reference data are based on the Health Examination Survey and the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States.
TABLE A18
Percentiles of triceps skinfold thickness, female adolescents, 9 to 18 years (mm)
Age |
Percentile | ||||||
(years) |
5th |
10th |
25th |
50th |
75th |
90th |
95th |
9.0 |
6.0 |
6.8 |
8.4 |
11.0 |
14.1 |
18.5 |
21.2 |
9.5 |
6.0 |
6.8 |
8.5 |
11.2 |
14.5 |
19.1 |
22.0 |
10.0 |
6.1 |
6.9 |
8.6 |
11.4 |
15.0 |
19.8 |
22.8 |
10.5 |
6.2 |
7.0 |
8.8 |
11.6 |
15.4 |
20.4 |
23.5 |
11.0 |
6.3 |
7.2 |
9.0 |
11.9 |
15.9 |
21.1 |
24.2 |
11.5 |
6.4 |
7.3 |
9.2 |
12.2 |
16.4 |
21.6 |
24.9 |
12.0 |
6.6 |
7.6 |
9.5 |
12.6 |
16.9 |
22.2 |
25.6 |
12.5 |
6.7 |
7.8 |
9.8 |
12.9 |
17.5 |
22.8 |
26.2 |
13.0 |
6.9 |
8.0 |
10.1 |
13.3 |
18.0 |
23.3 |
26.8 |
13.5 |
7.1 |
8.3 |
10.4 |
13.7 |
18.5 |
23.8 |
27.4 |
14.0 |
7.3 |
8.5 |
10.7 |
14.1 |
19.0 |
24.2 |
28.0 |
14.5 |
7.5 |
8.8 |
11.1 |
14.5 |
19.5 |
24.7 |
28.5 |
15.0 |
7.7 |
9.1 |
11.4 |
14.8 |
20.0 |
25.1 |
29.0 |
15.5 |
7.9 |
9.3 |
11.8 |
15.2 |
20.5 |
25.5 |
29.4 |
16.0 |
8.0 |
9.6 |
12.2 |
15.6 |
20.9 |
25.9 |
29.8 |
16.5 |
8.2 |
9.8 |
12.5 |
16.0 |
21.3 |
26.3 |
30.1 |
17.0 |
8.4 |
10.0 |
12.8 |
16.3 |
21.7 |
26.7 |
30.4 |
17.5 |
8.5 |
10.2 |
13.2 |
16.6 |
22.0 |
27.0 |
30.7 |
18.0 |
8.6 |
10.4 |
13.5 |
17.0 |
22.2 |
27.3 |
30.9 |
Source: WHO,1995. Reference data are based on the Health Examination Survey and the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States.
TABLE A19
Triceps skinfold and arm circumference, adults, by sex
Percentage of standard |
Triceps skinfold |
Arm circumference | ||
(mm) |
(cm) | |||
Male |
Female |
Male |
Female | |
100 |
12.5 |
16.5 |
29.3 |
28.5 |
90 |
11.3 |
14.9 |
26.3 |
25.7 |
80 |
10.0 |
13.2 |
23.4 |
22.8 |
70 |
8.8 |
11.6 |
20.5 |
20.0 |
60 |
7.5 |
9.9 |
17.6 |
17.1 |
Source: WHO,1966.
TABLE A20
Mid-upper-arm circumference, boys, 6 to 60 months, median and standard deviations (cm)
Age |
-3 SD |
-2 SD |
-1 SD |
Median |
+1 SD |
+2 SD |
+3 SD |
(months) |
|||||||
6 |
11.5 |
12.6 |
13.8 |
14.9 |
16.1 |
17.3 |
18.4 |
7 |
11.6 |
12.7 |
13.9 |
15.1 |
16.3 |
17.5 |
18.6 |
8 |
11.7 |
12.8 |
14.0 |
15.2 |
16.4 |
17.6 |
18.8 |
9 |
11.7 |
12.9 |
14.2 |
15.4 |
16.6 |
17.8 |
19.0 |
10 |
11.8 |
13.0 |
14.2 |
15.5 |
16.7 |
17.9 |
19.1 |
11 |
11.9 |
13.1 |
14.3 |
15.6 |
16.8 |
18.0 |
19.3 |
12 |
11.9 |
13.2 |
14.4 |
15.7 |
16.9 |
18.1 |
19.4 |
13 |
12.0 |
12.2 |
14.5 |
15.7 |
17.0 |
18.2 |
19.5 |
14 |
12.0 |
13.3 |
14.5 |
15.8 |
17.1 |
18.3 |
19.6 |
15 |
12.1 |
13.3 |
14.6 |
15.9 |
17.1 |
18.4 |
19.7 |
16 |
12.1 |
13.4 |
14.6 |
15.9 |
17.2 |
18.5 |
19.8 |
17 |
12.1 |
13.4 |
14.7 |
16.0 |
17.3 |
18.6 |
19.8 |
18 |
12.1 |
13.4 |
14.7 |
16.0 |
17.3 |
18.6 |
19.9 |
19 |
12.2 |
13.5 |
14.8 |
16.1 |
17.4 |
18.7 |
20.0 |
20 |
12.2 |
13.5 |
14.8 |
16.1 |
17.4 |
18.7 |
20.0 |
21 |
12.2 |
13.5 |
14.8 |
16.1 |
17.5 |
18.8 |
20.1 |
22 |
12.2 |
13.5 |
14.9 |
16.2 |
17.5 |
18.8 |
20.1 |
23 |
12.2 |
13.5 |
14.9 |
16.2 |
17.5 |
18.9 |
20.2 |
24 |
12.2 |
13.6 |
14.9 |
16.2 |
17.6 |
18.9 |
20.2 |
25 |
12.2 |
13.6 |
14.9 |
16.3 |
17.6 |
18.9 |
20.3 |
26 |
12.3 |
13.6 |
14.9 |
16.3 |
17.6 |
19.0 |
20.3 |
27 |
12.3 |
13.6 |
15.0 |
16.3 |
17.7 |
19.0 |
20.4 |
28 |
12.3 |
13.6 |
15.0 |
16.3 |
17.7 |
19.1 |
20.4 |
29 |
12.3 |
13.7 |
15.0 |
16.4 |
17.7 |
19.1 |
20.4 |
30 |
12.3 |
13.7 |
15.0 |
16.4 |
17.8 |
19.1 |
20.5 |
31 |
12.3 |
13.7 |
15.1 |
16.4 |
17.8 |
19.2 |
20.5 |
32 |
12.3 |
13.7 |
15.1 |
16.5 |
17.8 |
19.2 |
20.6 |
33 |
12.4 |
13.7 |
15.1 |
16.5 |
17.9 |
19.2 |
20.6 |
34 |
12.4 |
13.8 |
15.1 |
16.5 |
17.9 |
19.3 |
20.6 |
35 |
12.4 |
13.8 |
15.2 |
16.5 |
17.9 |
19.3 |
20.7 |
36 |
12.4 |
13.8 |
15.2 |
16.6 |
18.0 |
19.3 |
20.7 |
37 |
12.4 |
13.8 |
15.2 |
16.6 |
18.0 |
- |
- |
38 |
12.4 |
13.8 |
15.2 |
16.6 |
18.0 |
- |
- |
39 |
12.5 |
13.9 |
15.3 |
16.7 |
18.1 |
- |
- |
40 |
12.5 |
13.9 |
15.3 |
16.7 |
18.1 |
- |
- |
41 |
12.5 |
13.9 |
15.3 |
16.7 |
18.1 |
- |
- |
42 |
12.5 |
13.9 |
15.4 |
16.8 |
18.2 |
- |
- |
43 |
12.5 |
14.0 |
15.4 |
16.8 |
18.2 |
- |
- |
44 |
12.5 |
14.0 |
15.4 |
16.8 |
18.3 |
- |
- |
45 |
12.6 |
14.0 |
15.4 |
16.9 |
18.3 |
- |
- |
46 |
12.6 |
14.0 |
15.5 |
16.9 |
18.4 |
- |
- |
47 |
12.6 |
14.0 |
15.5 |
17.0 |
18.4 |
- |
- |
48 |
12.6 |
14.1 |
15.5 |
17.0 |
18.4 |
- |
- |
49 |
12.6 |
14.1 |
15.6 |
17.0 |
18.5 |
- |
- |
50 |
12.6 |
14.1 |
15.6 |
17.1 |
18.5 |
- |
- |
51 |
12.6 |
14.1 |
15.6 |
17.1 |
18.6 |
- |
- |
52 |
12.6 |
14.1 |
15.6 |
17.1 |
18.6 |
- |
- |
53 |
12.6 |
14.1 |
15.7 |
17.2 |
18.7 |
- |
- |
54 |
12.6 |
14.2 |
15.7 |
17.2 |
18.7 |
- |
- |
55 |
12.6 |
14.2 |
15.7 |
17.2 |
18.8 |
- |
- |
56 |
12.6 |
14.2 |
15.7 |
17.3 |
18.8 |
- |
- |
57 |
12.6 |
14.2 |
15.8 |
17.3 |
18.9 |
- |
- |
58 |
12.6 |
14.2 |
15.8 |
17.3 |
18.9 |
- |
- |
59 |
12.6 |
14.2 |
15.8 |
17.4 |
19.0 |
- |
- |
60 |
12.6 |
14.2 |
15.8 |
17.4 |
19.0 |
- |
- |
Source: WHO,1995. Reference data are based on the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and II) in the United States.
TABLE A21
Mid-upper-arm circumference, girls, 6 to 60 months, median and standard deviations (cm)
Age |
-3 SD |
-2 SD |
-1 SD |
Median |
+1 SD |
+2 SD |
+3 SD |
(months) |
|||||||
6 |
10.4 |
11.5 |
12.7 |
13.9 |
15.0 |
16.2 |
17.4 |
7 |
10.6 |
11.8 |
13.0 |
14.1 |
15.3 |
16.5 |
17.7 |
8 |
10.8 |
12.0 |
13.2 |
14.4 |
15.6 |
16.8 |
18.0 |
9 |
11.0 |
12.2 |
13.4 |
14.6 |
15.8 |
17.0 |
18.2 |
10 |
11.1 |
12.3 |
13.6 |
14.8 |
16.0 |
17.2 |
18.4 |
11 |
11.3 |
12.5 |
13.7 |
15.0 |
16.2 |
17.4 |
18.6 |
12 |
11.4 |
12.6 |
13.9 |
15.1 |
16.4 |
17.6 |
18.8 |
13 |
11.5 |
12.7 |
14.0 |
15.2 |
16.5 |
17.7 |
19.0 |
14 |
11.6 |
12.8 |
14.1 |
15.4 |
16.6 |
17.9 |
19.2 |
15 |
11.7 |
12.9 |
14.2 |
15.5 |
16.7 |
18.0 |
19.3 |
16 |
11.7 |
13.0 |
14.3 |
15.6 |
16.8 |
18.1 |
19.4 |
17 |
11.8 |
13.1 |
14.4 |
15.7 |
16.9 |
18.2 |
19.5 |
18 |
11.8 |
13.1 |
14.4 |
15.7 |
17.0 |
18.3 |
19.6 |
19 |
11.9 |
13.2 |
14.5 |
15.8 |
17.1 |
18.4 |
19.7 |
20 |
11.9 |
13.2 |
14.5 |
15.8 |
17.2 |
18.5 |
19.8 |
21 |
11.9 |
13.3 |
14.6 |
15.9 |
17.2 |
18.5 |
19.8 |
22 |
12.0 |
13.3 |
14.6 |
15.9 |
17.3 |
18.6 |
19.9 |
23 |
12.0 |
13.3 |
14.7 |
16.0 |
17.3 |
18.6 |
20.0 |
24 |
12.0 |
13.4 |
14.7 |
16.0 |
17.4 |
18.7 |
20.0 |
25 |
12.0 |
13.4 |
14.7 |
16.1 |
17.4 |
18.7 |
20.1 |
26 |
12.1 |
13.4 |
14.7 |
16.1 |
17.4 |
18.8 |
20.1 |
27 |
12.1 |
13.4 |
14.8 |
16.1 |
17.5 |
18.8 |
20.2 |
28 |
12.1 |
13.4 |
14.8 |
16.1 |
17.5 |
18.9 |
20.2 |
29 |
12.1 |
13.5 |
14.8 |
16.2 |
17.5 |
18.9 |
20.3 |
30 |
12.1 |
13.5 |
14.8 |
16.2 |
17.6 |
18.9 |
20.3 |
31 |
12.1 |
13.5 |
14.9 |
16.2 |
17.6 |
19.0 |
20.3 |
32 |
12.1 |
13.5 |
14.9 |
16.3 |
17.6 |
19.0 |
20.4 |
33 |
12.2 |
13.5 |
14.9 |
16.3 |
17.7 |
19.0 |
20.4 |
34 |
12.2 |
13.6 |
14.9 |
16.3 |
17.7 |
19.1 |
20.5 |
35 |
12.2 |
13.6 |
15.0 |
16.3 |
17.7 |
19.1 |
20.5 |
36 |
12.2 |
13.6 |
15.0 |
16.4 |
17.8 |
19.2 |
20.5 |
37 |
12.2 |
13.6 |
15.0 |
16.4 |
17.8 |
19.2 |
- |
38 |
12.2 |
13.6 |
15.0 |
16.4 |
17.8 |
19.2 |
- |
39 |
12.3 |
13.7 |
15.1 |
16.5 |
17.9 |
19.3 |
- |
40 |
12.3 |
13.7 |
15.1 |
16.5 |
17.9 |
19.3 |
- |
41 |
12.3 |
13.7 |
15.1 |
16.6 |
18.0 |
19.4 |
- |
42 |
12.3 |
13.8 |
15.2 |
16.6 |
18.0 |
19.4 |
- |
43 |
12.4 |
13.8 |
15.2 |
16.6 |
18.1 |
19.5 |
- |
44 |
12.4 |
13.8 |
15.2 |
16.7 |
18.1 |
19.5 |
- |
45 |
12.4 |
13.8 |
15.3 |
16.7 |
18.1 |
19.6 |
- |
46 |
12.4 |
13.9 |
15.3 |
16.7 |
18.2 |
19.6 |
- |
47 |
12.4 |
13.9 |
15.3 |
16.8 |
18.2 |
19.7 |
- |
48 |
12.4 |
13.9 |
15.4 |
16.8 |
18.3 |
19.8 |
- |
49 |
12.5 |
13.9 |
15.4 |
16.9 |
18.3 |
19.8 |
- |
50 |
12.5 |
14.0 |
15.4 |
16.9 |
18.4 |
19.9 |
- |
51 |
12.5 |
14.0 |
15.5 |
17.0 |
18.4 |
19.9 |
- |
52 |
12.5 |
14.0 |
15.5 |
17.0 |
18.5 |
20.0 |
- |
53 |
12.5 |
14.0 |
15.5 |
17.0 |
18.6 |
20.1 |
- |
54 |
12.5 |
14.0 |
15.6 |
17.1 |
18.6 |
20.1 |
- |
55 |
12.5 |
14.1 |
15.6 |
17.1 |
18.7 |
20.2 |
- |
56 |
12.5 |
14.1 |
15.6 |
17.2 |
18.7 |
203 |
- |
57 |
12.5 |
14.1 |
15.7 |
17.2 |
18.8 |
203 |
- |
58 |
12.5 |
14.1 |
15.7 |
17.3 |
18.8 |
20.4 |
- |
59 |
12.5 |
14.1 |
15.7 |
17.3 |
18.9 |
20.5 |
- |
60 |
12.5 |
14.1 |
15.7 |
17.3 |
18.9 |
20.5 |
- |
Source: WHO,1995. Reference data are based on the first and second National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I and II) in the United States.
TABLE A 22
Average age of dentition, first teeth
Teeth |
Age |
(months) | |
Central incisors, lower |
7-8 |
Central incisors, upper |
8-9 |
Lateral incisors, upper |
9-11 |
Lateral incisors, lower |
10-12 |
First molars |
12-18 |
Canines |
18-24 |
Second molars |
24-36 |
TABLE A23
Average age of dentition, permanent teeth
Teeth |
Age |
(years) | |
First molars |
6 |
Central Incisors |
6-7 |
Lateral Incisors |
8 |
Lower canines |
10 |
First premolars |
10 |
Upper canines |
11 |
Second premolars |
11 |
Second molars |
12-14 |
This annex provides data on the content of energy and of ten important nutrients in some selected foods. The data are based on determinations done by many different scientists in several countries and have been published previously in Food and nutrition in the management of group feeding programmes (FAO, 1993b).
The nutrient content is given per 100 g of edible portion of the food listed. It is stressed that foods vary in their nutrient content depending on the particular variety of the food and the conditions under which it is produced, processed, marketed, stored and cooked. For example, one figure is given for the vitamin A content of "tomato, ripe" in these tables, but there are many varieties of tomatoes; some are picked very ripe and others when green; and some are eaten uncooked while others are eaten boiled, fried or cooked in other ways. All of these factors may influence the content of carotene, the precursor of vitamin A. The figure of 113 µg vitamin A per 100 g of tomato consumed has been obtained from many different analyses of different tomato varieties treated under different conditions; it has been judged to be a usual amount of vitamin A of average tomatoes. Although some tomatoes under some conditions may provide only 80 µg per 100 g and others 140 µg, the table shows nevertheless that tomatoes always contain less vitamin A than carrots (listed as 2 813 µg vitamin A per 100 g) and more than bananas (listed as 20,ug per 100 g). Thus the table, used judiciously, is helpful in forming dietary advice and for many other useful purposes.
Readers who need data not included here should consult the source publications.
TABLE A24
Nutrients in 100 g edible portion of food
Food (waste %)a |
Energy |
Protein |
Fat |
Calcium |
Iron |
Vitamin A |
Thiamine |
Riboflavin |
Niacin |
Folate |
Vitamin C |
(kcal) |
(g) |
(g) |
(mg) |
(mg) |
(µg) |
(mg) |
(ma) |
(ma) |
(µa) |
(ma) | |
Cereals | |||||||||||
Barley |
350 |
8.2 |
1.0 |
16 |
2.0 |
0 |
0.12 |
0.05 |
3.1 |
20 |
0 |
Maize flour, whole |
353 |
9.3 |
3.8 |
10 |
2.5 |
0 |
0.30 |
0.10 |
1.8 |
U |
0 |
Maize flour, refined |
368 |
9.4 |
1.0 |
3 |
1.3 |
50b |
0.26 |
0.08 |
1.0 |
U |
0 |
Millet, bulrush |
341 |
10.4 |
4.0 |
22 |
3.0 |
0 |
0.30 |
0.22 |
1.7 |
U |
0 |
Rice, polished |
361 |
6.5 |
1.0 |
4 |
0.5 |
0 |
0.08 |
0.02 |
1.5 |
10 |
0 |
Rice. Parboiled |
364 |
6.7 |
1.0 |
7 |
1.2 |
0 |
0.20 |
0.08 |
2.6 |
11 |
0 |
Sorghum |
345 |
10.7 |
3.2 |
26 |
4.5 |
U |
0.34 |
0.15 |
3.3 |
U |
0 |
Wheat, whole |
323 |
12.6 |
1.8 |
36 |
4.0 |
0 |
0.30 |
0.07 |
5 |
51 |
0 |
Wheat flour, white |
341 |
9.4 |
1.3 |
15 |
1.5 |
0 |
0.10 |
0.03 |
0.7 |
22 |
0 |
Bread,white |
261 |
7.7 |
2.0 |
37 |
1.7 |
0 |
0.16 |
0.06 |
1.0 |
17 |
0 |
Pasta |
342 |
12.0 |
1.8 |
25 |
2.1 |
0 |
0.22 |
0.03 |
3.1 |
34 |
0 |
Cereal products (food aid items) | |||||||||||
Bulgur wheat |
354 |
11.2 |
1.5 |
23 |
7.8 |
0 |
0.30 |
0.1 |
5.5 |
38 |
0 |
Soy-forflfled bulgur wheat |
350 |
17.3 |
2.0 |
54 |
4.7 |
0 |
0.25 |
0.13 |
4.2 |
74 |
0 |
Maize meal, yellow, degermed |
364 |
7.9 |
1.2 |
25 |
1.1 |
132 |
0.14 |
0.05 |
1.0 |
U |
0 |
Soy-forflfled Maize meal |
392 |
13.0 |
1.5 |
178 |
4.8 |
228 |
0.70 |
0.30 |
3.1 |
U |
0 |
Rolled oats |
363 |
13.0 |
7.0 |
70 |
4.0 |
0 |
0.60 |
0.20 |
1.3 |
24 |
0 |
Soy-fortifled sorghum grits |
360 |
16.0 |
1.0 |
40 |
2.0 |
t |
0.20 |
0.10 |
1.7 |
50 |
0 |
Soy-fortifled rolled oats |
380 |
20.0 |
6.0 |
81 |
5.3 |
0 |
0.74 |
0.14 |
4.0 |
U |
0 |
Wheat flour(mediumextraction) |
350 |
11.5 |
1.5 |
29 |
3.7 |
0 |
0.28 |
0.14 |
4.5 |
U |
0 |
Soy-fortified wheat flour, 6% soy |
355 |
14.0 |
1.2 |
0 |
U |
0 |
U |
U |
U |
U |
0 |
Soy-fortifled wheat flour,11-12% soy |
355 |
16.5 |
1.4 |
211 |
4.8 |
265 |
0.65 |
0.36 |
4.6 |
U |
0 |
Blended food and biscuits | |||||||||||
Maize soy milk + wheat soy milk |
380 |
20.0 |
6.0 |
1 000 |
18.0 |
510 |
0.80 |
0.80 |
8.0 |
200 |
40 |
Instant maize soy milk |
380 |
20.0 |
6.0 |
1 000 |
18.0 |
510 |
0.80 |
0.80 |
8.0 |
200 |
40 |
Maize soy blend |
380 |
18.0 |
6.0 |
513 |
18.5 |
500 |
0.65 |
0.50 |
6.8 |
U |
40 |
Wheat soy blend |
360 |
20.0 |
6.0 |
750 |
20.8 |
496 |
1.50 |
0.60 |
9.1 |
U |
40 |
Australian high-protein biscuits |
450 |
20.0 |
20.0 |
1 125 |
25.0 |
0 |
2.75 |
4.08 |
27.5 |
U |
63 |
Danish high-protein biscuits |
480 |
20.0 |
19.0 |
179 |
7.2 |
0 |
0.25 |
U |
1.0 |
U |
1 |
Starchy roots and fruits | |||||||||||
Cassava. fresh (26) |
149 |
1.2 |
0.2 |
68 |
1.9 |
15 |
0.04 |
0.05 |
0.60 |
24 |
31 |
Cassava flour |
344 |
1.6 |
0.5 |
66 |
3.6 |
0 |
0.06 |
0.05 |
0.90 |
U |
0 |
Plantain (34) |
135 |
1.2 |
0.3 |
8 |
1.3 |
390 |
0.08 |
0.04 |
0.60 |
16 |
20 |
Potato, Irish (20) |
79 |
2.1 |
0.1 |
7 |
0.8 |
0 |
0.09 |
0.04 |
1.50 |
13 |
20 |
Sweet potato (yellow) (19) |
105 |
1.7 |
0.3 |
22 |
0.6 |
(2000)c |
007 |
0.04 |
0.70 |
52 |
23 |
Yam,ffesh(16) |
118 |
1.5 |
0.2 |
17 |
0.5 |
0 |
0.11 |
0.03 |
0.80 |
23 |
17 |
Pulses | |||||||||||
Kidney beans, dry |
333 |
23.6 |
0.8 |
143 |
8.2 |
0 |
0.5 |
0.22 |
2.1 |
180 |
5 |
Mung beans, dry |
347 |
23.9 |
1.1 |
132 |
6.7 |
11 |
0.6 |
0.23 |
2.3 |
120 |
5 |
Lentils, dry |
338 |
28.1 |
1.0 |
51 |
9.0 |
4 |
0.5 |
0.25 |
2.6 |
U |
6 |
Pigeon peas, dry |
343 |
21.7 |
1.5 |
130 |
5.2 |
3 |
0.6 |
0.19 |
3.0 |
100 |
0 |
Groundnuts,dry |
567 |
25.8 |
49.2 |
92 |
4.6 |
0 |
0.6 |
0.14 |
12.1 |
110 |
0 |
Soybeans, dry |
416 |
36.5 |
20.0 |
277 |
15.7 |
2 |
0.9 |
0.25 |
1.6 |
210 |
0 |
Sunflower seeds |
605 |
22.5 |
49.0 |
98 |
6.3 |
0 |
1.9 |
0.14 |
4.1 |
U |
0 |
Coconut flesh (27) |
376 |
3.9 |
36.5 |
20 |
2.3 |
0 |
0.6 |
0.80 |
0.4 |
U |
0 |
Vegetables | |||||||||||
Carrot(19) |
43 |
1.0 |
0.2 |
27 |
0.5 |
2813 |
0.10 |
0.06 |
0.9 |
14 |
9 |
Eggplant(17) |
26 |
1.1 |
0.1 |
36 |
0.6 |
7 |
0.09 |
0.02 |
0.6 |
18 |
2 |
Dark green leaves (spinach) (15) |
22 |
2.9 |
0.4 |
99 |
2.7 |
672 |
0.08 |
0.19 |
0.7 |
194 |
28 |
Medium-green leaves (Chinese cabbage) (15) |
16 |
1.2 |
0.2 |
77 |
0.3 |
120 |
0.04 |
0.05 |
0.4 |
79 |
27 |
Light-green leaves (lettuce) (32) |
13 |
1.0 |
0.2 |
19 |
0.5 |
33 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.2 |
56 |
4 |
Onion (8) |
34 |
1.2 |
0.3 |
25 |
0.4 |
0 |
0.06 |
0.10 |
0.1 |
20 |
8 |
Green pepper (23) |
25 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
6 |
1.3 |
53 |
0.09 |
0.05 |
0.6 |
17 |
128 |
Red pepper |
25 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
6 |
1.3 |
530 |
0.09 |
0.05 |
0.6 |
17 |
128 |
Pumpkin (30) |
26 |
1.0 |
0.1 |
21 |
0.8 |
160 |
0.05 |
0.11 |
0.6 |
8 |
9 |
Tomato,ripe |
19 |
0.9 |
0.2 |
7 |
0.5 |
113 |
0.06 |
0.05 |
0.6 |
9 |
18 |
Sweet potato leaves |
35 |
4.0 |
0.3 |
37 |
1.0 |
130 |
0.16 |
0.35 |
1.1 |
U |
11 |
Amaranth |
26 |
2.5 |
0.3 |
215 |
2.3 |
292 |
0.03 |
0.16 |
0.7 |
85 |
43 |
Beans,ffesh |
36 |
2.5 |
0.2 |
43 |
1.4 |
375 |
0.08 |
0.12 |
0.5 |
U |
27 |
Maize, fresh |
165 |
5.0 |
2.1 |
2 |
0.5 |
28 |
0.20 |
0.06 |
1.7 |
46 |
7 |
Fruits | |||||||||||
Avocado(50) |
161 |
2.0 |
15.3 |
11 |
1.02 |
61 |
0.11 |
0.12 |
1.9 |
22 |
8 |
Banana (33) |
92 |
1.0 |
0.5 |
6 |
0.30 |
20 |
0.05 |
0.10 |
0.5 |
19 |
9 |
Orange(28) |
47 |
0.9 |
0.1 |
40 |
0.10 |
120 |
0.09 |
0.04 |
0.3 |
30 |
53 |
Lime (36) |
30 |
0.7 |
0.2 |
33 - |
0.60 |
1 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.2 |
8 |
23 |
Lemon (36) |
29 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
26 |
0.60 |
3 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
0.1 |
11 |
53 |
Guava (11) |
51 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
20 |
0.30 |
79 |
0.05 |
0.05 |
1.2 |
7 |
184 |
Mango (31) |
65 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
10 |
0.10 |
389 |
0.06 |
0.06 |
0.6 |
7 |
28 |
Papaw (28) |
39 |
0.6 |
0.1 |
24 |
0.10 |
201 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.3 |
1 |
62 |
Pineapple (46) |
49 |
0.4 |
0.4 |
7 |
0.40 |
2 |
0.09 |
0.04 |
0.4 |
11 |
15 |
Watermelon (56) |
32 |
0.6 |
0.4 |
8 |
0.20 |
37 |
0.08 |
0.02 |
0.2 |
2 |
10 |
Baobab (72) |
290 |
2.2 |
0.8 |
284 |
7.40 |
70 |
0.37 |
0.06 |
2.1 |
U |
270 |
Fruits and sugar | |||||||||||
Dried apricots |
238 |
3.7 |
0.5 |
45 |
4.7 |
724 |
0.01 |
0.15 |
3.0 |
10 |
2 |
Raisins |
300 |
3.2 |
0.5 |
49 |
2.1 |
1 |
0.16 |
0.09 |
0.8 |
3 |
3 |
Dates, dry (10) |
275 |
2.0 |
0.5 |
32 |
1.2 |
5 |
0.09 |
0.10 |
2.2 |
13 |
0 |
Marmalade |
243 |
0.4 |
0 |
32 |
2.0 |
t |
t |
t |
t |
t |
4 |
Jam |
234 |
0.4 |
0 |
10 |
2.0 |
t |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.3 |
t |
9 |
Sugar |
400 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Meat | |||||||||||
Mutton flesh |
122 |
20.4 |
3.40 |
12 |
1.8 |
U |
0.18 |
0.25 |
5.8 |
3 |
0 |
Beef flesh |
115 |
22.0 |
1.90 |
4 |
1.9 |
20 |
0.23 |
0.26 |
7.5 |
15 |
0 |
Beef fat |
900 |
1.5 |
94.00 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Beef blood |
80 |
17.8 |
0.13 |
6 |
44 |
21 |
0.90 |
0.30 |
1.0 |
0 |
0 |
Beef liver |
123 |
19.7 |
3.10 |
7 |
7.1 |
1 500 |
0.30 |
2.88 |
14.7 |
22 |
30 |
Pork flesh |
114 |
22.0 |
1.90 |
3 |
1.0 |
6 |
0.90 |
0.23 |
5.0 |
6 |
2 |
Goat meat (with fat) |
161 |
19.5 |
7.90 |
10 |
2.0 |
36 |
0.15 |
0.28 |
4.9 |
U |
0 |
Corned beef |
225 |
25.3 |
12.00 |
14 |
4.1 |
0 |
0.20 |
0.23 |
3.2 |
2 |
0 |
Canned pork |
536 |
11.0 |
51.30 |
U |
U |
0 |
0.60 |
0.16 |
2.5 |
U |
0 |
Poultry (33) |
139 |
19.0 |
7.00 |
15 |
1.5 |
0 |
0.10 |
0.15 |
9.0 |
U |
0 |
Fish | |||||||||||
Cod(25) |
82 |
17.7 |
0.4 |
24 |
0.4 |
10 |
0.6 |
0.46 |
2.3 |
12 |
2 |
Perch(60) |
89 |
18.4 |
0.8 |
20 |
1.0 |
7 |
0.8 |
0.12 |
1.7 |
U |
0 |
Fish, dried, salted |
225 |
47.0 |
7.5 |
343 |
2.8 |
0 |
0.07 |
0.11 |
8.6 |
U |
0 |
Stock fish (Norway), unsalted (36) |
330 |
79.0 |
1.4 |
60 |
4.3 |
U |
0.9 |
0.10 |
3.5 |
U |
0 |
Sardines (canned In oil) |
238 |
24.1 |
13.9 |
330 |
2.7 |
58 |
0.4 |
0.30 |
6.5 |
16 |
0 |
Fish protein concentrate, Norse type B |
390 |
73.0 |
10.0 |
1 800 |
26.9 |
500 IU |
0.3 |
0.73 |
12.6 |
U |
0 |
Fish protein concentrate, Astra type A |
330 |
80.0 |
0.1 |
300 |
U |
U |
U |
U |
U |
U |
U |
Dairy products and eggs | |||||||||||
Breast milk |
70 |
1.0 |
4.4 |
32 |
0.05 |
64 |
0.01 |
0.04 |
0.18 |
5 |
5 |
Cows' milk, whole |
61 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
119 |
0.05 |
31 |
0.04 |
0.16 |
0.10 |
5 |
1 |
Dried whole milk |
496 |
26.3 |
26.7 |
912 |
0.50 |
280 |
0.28 |
1.21 |
0.60 |
37 |
9 |
Dried skimmed milk |
362 |
36.2 |
0.8 |
1 257 |
1.0 |
1 500a |
0.42 |
1.55 |
1.00 |
50 |
7 |
Condensed milk sweetened |
321 |
7.9 |
8.7 |
284 |
0.20 |
81 |
0.09 |
0.42 |
0.21 |
11 |
3 |
Evaporated milk |
134 |
6.8 |
7.6 |
261 |
0.20 |
54 |
0.05 |
0.32 |
0.20 |
8 |
2 |
Canned cheese (average) |
355 |
22.5 |
28 |
630 |
0.20 |
120 |
0.03 |
0.45 |
0.20 |
U |
0 |
Danish new cheese |
275 |
19.0 |
21.0 |
480 |
0.60 |
1 000 |
0.02 |
0.14 |
4.40 |
38 |
0 |
Milk bars |
475 |
23.5 |
23.0 |
U |
U |
U |
U |
U |
U |
U |
U |
Milk tablets |
540 |
27.0 |
27.0 |
U |
U |
U |
U |
U |
U |
U |
U |
Eggs,ffesh |
158 |
12.1 |
11.2 |
56 |
2.1 |
156 |
0.09 |
0.30 |
0.3 |
65 |
0 |
Eggs,dried |
594 |
45.8 |
41.8 |
212 |
7.9 |
588 |
0.31 |
1.17 |
6.40 |
184 |
0 |
Fats and oils | |||||||||||
Animal tat (lard) |
900 |
0 |
100.0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Butter |
717 |
0.9 |
81.0 |
24 |
0.2 |
754 |
t |
0.04 |
t |
3 |
0 |
Ghee |
876 |
0.3 |
99.5 |
0 |
0 |
925 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Margarine |
719 |
0.9 |
80.5 |
30 |
0 |
993d |
0.01 |
0.04 |
t |
1 |
0 |
Palm oil |
884 |
0 |
100.0 |
0 |
0 |
5000e |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Vegetable oil (maize) |
884 |
0 |
100.0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Cooked food | |||||||||||
Rice polished boiled |
123 |
2.2 |
0.3 |
U |
0.2 |
0 |
0.01 |
0.01 |
0.3 |
3 |
0 |
Kidney beans, boiled |
127 |
8.7 |
0.5 |
U |
2.9 |
0 |
U |
U |
0.6 |
129 |
1 |
Lentils, boiled |
116 |
9.0 |
0.4 |
U |
3.3 |
1 |
U |
U |
1.1 |
180 |
2 |
Groundnuts. boiled |
318 |
13.5 |
22.0 |
U |
1.0 |
0 |
U |
U |
5.3 |
75 |
0 |
Groundnuts. dry roasted |
585 |
23.7 |
49.7 |
U |
2.3 |
0 |
U |
U |
13.5 |
45 |
0 |
Potatoes, boiled, no skin |
86 |
1.7 |
0.1 |
U |
0.3 |
0 |
0.10 |
U |
1.3 |
9 |
7 |
Spinach, boiled. Drained |
23 |
3.0 |
0.3 |
U |
3.4 |
819 |
U |
U |
0.5 |
145 |
10 |
Sources: USDA, 1976-88; Holland, Unwin and Buss,1988; Souci, Fachmann and Kraut, 1989; FAO/USDA, 1968, 1972; FAO, 1982; West, Pepping and Temaliwa, 1988.
Notes: All values are for raw food, except in the final section. U = no value could be found for the nutrient; t = a trace of the nutrient is present.
a Values for percentage waste are from Souci, Fachmann and Kraut,1989. Where there is no figure, the food contains no waste.
b Yellow Maize (FAO 1982).
c Deep-yellow varieties only.
d If fortified.
e Fresh, unbleached oil.
The traditional approach to providing dietary guidance and evaluating the nutritional adequacy of diets, which focused on recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for specific nutrients, has proved inadequate for developing effective nutrition education programmes. The 1995 FAO/WHO Consultation on Preparation and Use of Food-Based Dietary Guidelines used the concept of nutrient density applied to total diet as an alternative to RDA to address better the issues of optimal nutrient intakes.
The concept of nutrient density was originally developed to compare the amount of essential micronutrients provided by a food or diet to the energy provided by that food or diet. Thus, those foods that have a high nutrient density are good sources of micronutrients or protein and are more important as sources of these essential nutrients than as sources of energy.
For use in food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs), the original nutrient density approach has been modified to include: required nutrient intake (RDA, for example, for protein), desirable nutrient intake (a range from RDA to a higher level that may be protective; for example, a higher level of vitamin C to promote iron absorption or of folic acid to lower the risk of neural tube defects) and population goals (a range of desirable average intakes within the population that may lower the risk of non-communicable diseases, for example, for fat and salt). Because of this comprehensive approach, the concept could be most appropriately used by health professionals or policy-makers in developing dietary goals or targets or for devising FBDGs in relation to the total diet consumed as opposed to individual foods or meals.
In the table, the nutrient density is expressed in relation to 1000 kcal. This association should not be interpreted as a physiological relationship between the specific nutrients and energy requirements, but as a way of defining the adequacy of a given diet to meet the needs of specific nutrients if sufficient energy is consumed.
TABLE A25
Reference nutrient densities for selected nutrients
Nutrient |
Nutrient density |
Comments |
(amount of nutrient per 1 000 kcal) |
||
Energy |
See age-. sex- and activity-specific recommendations in Annex 1 |
For 2-5 years of age: 0.6-0.8 kcal/ml liquid foods: 2 kcal/g solid foods |
Protein |
20-25 g |
8-10% of total energy If protein quality is high |
25-30 g |
10-12% of total energy if animal protein intake is low | |
Fats |
16-39 g (max) |
15-35% of energy: cholesterol <300 mg/day |
Saturated fats |
<11 g |
Up to 10% of total energy intake |
Carbohydrates |
140-190 g |
55-75% of energy |
Fibre |
8-20 g |
Total dietary fibre must be accounted, not only crude fibre |
Vitamin A (retinol) |
350-500 µg RE |
1 retinol equivalent (RE) = 1 µg retinol or 6 µg beta-carotene as provitamin A |
Beta-carotene |
- |
Functions as antioxidant: no RDA for beta-carotene |
Vitamin D |
2.5-5 µg |
Promotes bone health |
Vitamin E |
3.5-5 mg alfa-TE |
1 mg _-TE = 1 mg _-d-tocopherol; inhibits lipoprotein oxidation |
Vitamin K |
20-40 µg |
|
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
25-30 mg |
Functions as an antioxidant: enhances iron absorption |
Thiamine |
0.5-0.8 mg |
|
Riboflavin |
0.6-0.9 mg |
|
Niacin (or equivalent) |
6-10 mg |
60 mg tryptophan equivalent to 1 mg niacin |
Vitamin B6 |
0.6-1 mg |
|
Vitamin B12 |
0.5-1 µg |
Reduces homocysteinaemia |
Folate |
150-200 µg |
Intakes of 400 µg/day associated with reduced risk of neural tube birth defects: reduces hyperhomocysteinaemia |
Iron |
3.5,5.5,11 or 20 mg |
For high, intermediate, low and very low bioavailability diets |
Zinc |
6 or 10 mg |
For high and low bioavailabity diets |
Calcium |
250-400 mg |
Calcium-rich foods especially for adolescents and lactating pregnant women |
Iodine |
75 µg |
100 200 µg/day in regions free of goitre: salt fortification usually required |
Fluoride |
0.5-1 mg (max) |
If water has _1 ppm requirement is met |
Sodium as NaCI |
<2.5 g |
Total sodium as NaCI <6 g/day (population mean) |
Source: WHO, 1996.
Note: These nutrient densities refer to total diet; if intake is sufficient to meet energy needs, the diet will also meet the needs of all except possibly infants under two years of age and pregnant and lactating women. Infants up to four to six months of age should be fed exclusively human milk; after this period breastmilk should be complemented with appropriate foods to provide additional energy, protein and specific nutrients.
This annex provides approximate values of measurements in the metric and non-metric systems to allow conversion from one to the other. Approximate values are given for easy calculation.
The United States, Canada and the United Kingdom for many years did not use the metric system, whereas most continental European countries did. In the non-industrialized countries the system used up until about 1965 often depended on the main large power that had colonized or influenced that country. Thus in Africa Zaire and Senegal, for example, used the metric system, whereas Nigeria and Zimbabwe did not. Now the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom are increasingly moving to use the metric system, and many countries have followed suit. Nutrition journals largely use the metric system except in some areas. Thus in some countries distances are given in the metric system, but heights of individuals are given in inches rather than centimetres and kilocalories are used rather than joules to express quantities of energy.
Length
1 centimetre (cm) = 0.4 inches (in)
1 metre (m) = 100 cm = 39 in (approximately 3 feet)
1 in = 2.5 cm
1 foot (ft) = 30.5 cm
Weight
100 milligrams (mg) = 1.5 grains (gn)
1 grain = 65 mg
100 grams (g) = 3.6 ounces (oz)
1 ounce = 28.3 g
1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds (lb)
Fluid measures
1 millilitre (ml) = 17 minims (min)
1 fluid ounce (fl oz) = 30 ml
1 litre = 1.8 pints (pt) = 35.2 fl oz
1 pint = 570 ml
1 teaspoon = 4 ml = 1/8 fl oz
1 tablespoon = 15 ml = 1/2 fl oz
Temperature
Temperature in °C = (Temperature in °F - 32) x 5/9
Temperature in °F = Temperature in °C x 9/5 + 32
Freezing point = 0°C = 32°F
Boiling point = 100°C = 212°F
Energy
1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1 Calorie = 1 000 calories (cal) = 4 200 joules (J) = 4.2 kilojoules
(kJ)
1 kilojoule = 1 000 J = 240 cal = 0.24 kcal = 0.24 Calories
