Mechanical Wood Products Branch
Forest Industries Division
FAO Forestry Department
FAO FORESTRY PAPER 41
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1987
First printing 1983
Reprinted 1987
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The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. |
M-37
ISBN 92-5-101328-1
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© FAO 1983
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Chapter 1 - Logistics of charcoal production
1.1. Developing a fuelwood and charcoal energy policy
1.2. The energy balance concept
1.3. Calculating an energy balance
1.4. Unit processes of charcoal production1.4.1. What is charcoal?
1.4.2. Unit processes of charcoal-making
Chapter 2 - Growing the wood raw material
2.1. Forest management and fuelwood supply
2.2. Natural forest for fuelwood
2.3. Forest types for charcoal-making
2.4. Fuelwood plantations
2.5. Cost of plantation establishment
Chapter 3 - Harvesting and transporting fuelwood
3.1. Key factors in harvesting and transport
3.2. Laying out a charcoal production area
3.3. Equipment for harvesting and transport3.3.1. Felling and block preparation
3.3.2. Drying of fuelwood
3.3.3. The role of Government in maintaining forest productivity.
3.3.4. Description of a fuelwood harvesting operation.
Chapter 4 - Carbonisation processes
4.1. How wood is transformed into charcoal
4.2. Industrial safety in carbonization
4.3. Incentives and labour management
Chapter 5 - Earth pits for charcoal making
5.1.1. Making charcoal in miniature pits
5.1.2. Making charcoal in large pits
Chapter 6 - Making charcoal in earth mounds
6.1. Types of mound
6.2. Making a typical mound or earth kiln
6.3. Casamance kiln
6.4. Collecting tar from the Casamance kiln
6.5. Cost of charcoal produced by the Casamance earth mound (from experience in Senegal)
6.6. The Swedish earth kiln with chimney
7.1. The half-orange Argentine kiln
7.1.1. Preparation of the site
7.1.2. Design and construction
7.1.3. Fuelwood
7.1.4. Loading
7.1.5. Operation
7.1.6. Bricks7.2. The Brazilian beehive kiln
7.3.1. The construction of slope type kiln
7.3.2. Maintenance of the kiln7.4.1. Design
7.4.2. Construction
7.4.3. Operation
7.4.4. The Missouri type kiln in the developing world7.5. Charcoal production centres
7.5.1. Operational cycle of a seven kiln charcoal battery
7.5.2. Operating instructions for beehive brick kilns
7.5.3. Carbonization in slope type kilns
8.1. Available designs of transportable metal kilns
8.2. Metal charcoal kiln made from oil drums
8.3. Advantages and disadvantages of transportable metal kilns
8.4. Manufacture of the TPI metal kiln
8.5. The transportation and location of kilns
8.6. Selection and preparation of site
8.7. Preparation of the raw material
8.8. Method of operating the TPI kiln8.8.1. Tools required for a 2-3 man operation:
8.8.2. Assembly and loading the kiln
8.8.3. Lighting the kiln.
8.8.4. Reducing the draught
8.8.5. Control of charring
8.8.6. Unloading the kiln
8.8.7. Bagging of charcoal8.9. Alternative method of operation
8.10. Schedule for commercial operation
8.11. The most common operational faults
8.12. Yields of charcoal
8.13. Working life of transportable metal kilns
Chapter 9 - Transport, storage and distribution of charcoal
9.1. Unit operations in transport of charcoal
9.2. Good practice in charcoal protection and storage
9.3. Transport of charcoal in the iron and steel industry9.3.1. Truck transport
9.3.2. Transport by rail
9.3.3. Aerial rope or cableway transport
9.3.4. Mule packs
9.3.5. Water
Chapter 10 - Using charcoal efficiently
10.1. The quality of charcoal.
10.1.1. Moisture content
10.1.2. Volatile matter other than water
10.1.3. Fixed carbon content
10.1.4. Ash content
10.1.5 Typical charcoal analyses
10.1.6. Physical properties
10.1.7. Adsorption capacity
Chapter 11 - Briquetting of charcoal
11.1. Properties of charcoal fines
11.2. The techniques of briquetting
11.3. Economics of briquetting
11.4. Briquetting as a cottage industry
11.5. Using fine charcoal without briquetting
Chapter 12 - Recovery of by-products from hardwood carbonization
12.1.1. The yield of pyroligneous acid
12.1.2. Refining pyroligneous acid
Chapter 13 - Comparative performance of carbonization systems
13.1. Performance indices of carbonising equipment
13.2. Influence of wood characteristics on carbonization methods
Chapter 14 - Problems of economics and cost control in charcoal production
14.1. Economic analysis and cost control
14.2. The methods of economic project analysis
14.3. Cost control in established enterprises14.3.1. The unit operations
14.3.2. Unit costs and budgeting
14.3.3. Supervision and management overheads
Appendix 1 - Building and Operating the Brazilian Beehive Kiln*
1. Building
2. Operation
Discharging of the kiln must start only when it is sufficiently cool.
Appendix 2 - Building a T.P.I. Steel Kiln*
1. Description
2. Manufacture
Appendix 3 - Building and operating the Argentine Half Orange Kiln