1. Secondary: 1 a : of second rank, importance, or value b : of, relating to, or constituting the second strongest of the three or four degrees of stress recognized by most linguists <the fourth syllable of basketball team carries secondary stress c of a tense : expressive of past time 2 a : immediately derived from something original, primary, or basic (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2. (Europe) -Forest land where there has been a period of complete clearance by humans with or without a period of conversion to another land use. Forest cover has regenerated naturally or artificially through planting. http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/definitions.asp
3. (Nicaragua) - Draft - Bosque Secundario: Area boscosa que se desarrolla una vez que la vegetación original ha sido eliminada por actividades humanas y/o fenómenos naturales y se encuentra en período de sucesión secundaria. www.nicarao.org.ni/ja (see Borrador de la ley, CAPITULO II DEFINICIONES) Harrie <[email protected]>
4. (syn. pioneer forest) Forest which has developed by secondary succession on deforested land, such as land abandoned after shifting or settled agriculture, or after pasture.
5. (Thailand) secondary forest: forest which have been logged or cleared for other purposes, and are regrowing but not fully regrown. These forests would be expected to have significantly lower biomass densities than undisturbed forests of the same type. The report of Thailand's National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990. "Wilailak Pangtawaong" [email protected] .
6. A forest that has been logged and has recovered naturally or artificially. Not all secondary forests provide the same value to sustaining biological diversity, or goods and services, as did primary forest in the same location. http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/definitions.asp
7. A new forest no more than 50 years or so claiming back disturbed areas, either by human intervention or natural causes, such as fires, floods.
8. A woodland occupying a site that has not been wooded continuously throughout history [in Britain since the last ice advance]. It may be the product of natural succession or of planting on formerly unwooded land. In the tropics, secondary woodland [forest] is pure or regrowing following clear-felling; it contains fewer species than primary forest (Allaby 1994). Helene M Cleveland CCMAIL [email protected]
9. Forests regenerating largely through natural processes after significant human and/or natural disturbance of the original forest vegetation at a single point in time or over an extended period, and displaying a major difference in forest structure and/or canopy species composition with respect to nearby primary forests on similar sites. (Chokkalingam and De Jong 2001).
10. Forest regenerating naturally after intense/drastic
human and/or natural disturbance of the original forest vegetation, and
involving a major change in canopy species composition from that of primary
forests growing on similar site conditions in the area. Secondary forest can be
said to have reverted to primary forest when canopy species composition
approaches that of primary forest growing on similar site conditions in the
area.
http://www.biodiv.org/Forests/Glossary.html
11. Forest that has been subject to a light cycle of
shifting cultivation or to various intensities of logging, but which still
contains indigenous trees and shrubs.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/forests/en/en4_6.htm
12. Forest that has regenerated naturally after clearcutting, burning or other land clearing activities. from the Glossary of Terms pp200 - 204 of Indigenous Forestry - Sustainable Management (Ministry of Forestry and the New Zealand Farm Forestry Association Inc., January 1998).
13. Forest that is subject to various intensities of
logging, or to a long cycle of shifting cultivation, but that still contains
indigenous trees and shrubs.
http://www.wrm.org.uy/actors/WB/1994policy.html
14. Forest which, after destruction of the original
vegetation (primary forest) as a result of human activities (e.g. land clearing,
anthropogenic fire), regenerates naturally, and is thus composed mainly of
natural vegetation in early successional stages. Though often associated
specifically with the tropics, the term is not limited to these: boreal and
temperate forests left to natural regeneration after clearcutting are also
secondary forests.
http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/WBGU/wbgu_sn1998_voll_engl.html#Heading67
15. second growth -- (a second growth of trees covering
an area where the original stand was destroyed by fire or cutting)
http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?forest
16. The ecosystems that regenerate from a substantial
disturbance (flood, fire, land clearing or extensive and intensive logging)
characterized by a scarcity of mature trees and an abundance of pioneer species
and a dense understory of saplings and herbaceous plants. Although secondary
forests frequently peak in terms of biomass accumulation well-within one felling
cycle, the transition to primary forests usually requires several rotation
lengths, depending upon the severity of the original disturbance. Irreversible
transformation of the underlying soil and nutrient cycle brought about by
chronic or intense use may render it impossible for the original, primary forest
type to return. (further details will be addressed by FSC-approved national and
regional standards of forest stewardship). PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA FOR FOREST
STEWARDSHIP. Revised March 1996, edited October 1996.
http://www.metla.fi/archive/forest/1994/07/msg00035.html http://www.fscus.org/html/about_fsc/who_we_are/glossary_of_terms.html#s
17. Woodland formed on sites since 1600 AD which have formerly been under farmland, moorland or some other non woodland use.
http://www.angelfire.com/on3/wildberks/Glossary.htm
18. Woodland growing on a site that has either formerly
been woodland or has been cleared at some time
http://www.tnw.org.uk/Note17.html