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TECHNICAL PAPER FAO Environmental and Social Standards, Certification and Labelling for Cash CropsPrepared by Raw Materials, Tropical and Horticultural Products Service
(ESCR) |
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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS |
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ISBN 92-5-105068-6
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© FAO 2003
GLOSSARY OF BASIC CONCEPTS ASSOCIATED WITH CERTIFICATION PROGRAMMES
2.1. FOOD LABELLING
2.2. LABOUR STANDARDS AND SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY
2.3. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND LABELLING
2.4. FAIR TRADE
3. THE CONCEPTS OF STANDARDS, CERTIFICATION AND LABELLING
3.1. STANDARDIZATION
3.2. STANDARDS
3.3. CERTIFICATION
3.4. ACCREDITATION
3.5. LABELS
3.6. ECONOMICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL LABELLINGEconomics of information
Variables determining the effects of labelling
4. OVERVIEW OF EXISTING STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION PROGRAMMES
4.1. TYPES OF STANDARD-SETTING ORGANIZATIONS
4.2. STANDARDS WITH GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT
4.3. STANDARDS SET BY INDUSTRY4.5. STANDARDS WITHOUT CERTIFICATION PROGRAMMES
ICFTU/ITS Basic Code of Labour Practice
Ethical Trading Initiative
Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Platform
"Race to the Top" project4.6. COLLABORATION IN LABELLING INITIATIVES
5.1. MARKETS FOR LABELLED PRODUCTS
Organic production and markets
Rainforest Alliance labelled products
Fair-trade production and markets
Markets for selected labelled products5.2. CASE STUDY: THE MARKET FOR ORGANIC AND FAIR-TRADE BANANAS
Sources of supply
Market situation
Prices
Market prospects
Implications for banana producers5.3. MARKETS FOR CERTIFIED BUT UNLABELLED PRODUCTS
6. IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CERTIFICATION
6.1. CERTIFIED ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
Organic fresh vegetables for local supermarkets in El Salvador
Organic mango pulp from Alto Piura, Peru
Organic tropical fruits - a business opportunity in Uganda
Organic bananas from the Dominican Republic
Cocoa and banana production in Talamanca, Costa Rica
Organic shade coffee from the Baturité mountains in Northeast Brazil
Organic coffee in Costa Rica
Organic coffee from Huehuetenango, Guatemala
Maikaal Cotton from India
The EPOPA project and organic cotton from UGANDA
Organic sugar from small-scale producers in Misiones, Argentina
Organic tea from Bio Foods Ltd., Sri Lanka6.2. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS FROM ORGANIC CASES
6.3. FAIR-TRADEFair-trade bananas from Volta River Estates Ltd., Ghana
Divine cocoa from Kuapa Kokoo, Ghana
Fair-trade coffee in Bolivia
Fair-trade coffee from Coocafé, Costa Rica
Smallholder coffee from UCIRI, Mexico
Café Mam high altitude coffee, ISMAM, Mexico
Coffee from cooperatives in Tanzania6.4. LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE FAIR-TRADE CASES
6.5. OTHER STANDARDSSustainably grown oranges from Costa Rica
Ethical Wine from South Africa
EurepGap-certified pineapples from Ghana
7. THE WTO AND ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL STANDARDS, CERTIFICATION AND LABELLING
7.1. INTRODUCTION
7.2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE WTOGATT Articles I and Iii: Non-discrimination of like products
GATT Article XX: General Exceptions7.3. THE AGREEMENT ON TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE
Definitions of regulations and standards
The definitions
Mandatory or voluntary?
Unrelated PPM labelling
NGO standardsArticle 4: Preparation, Adoption and Application Of Standards
Code of Good Practice for the Preparation, Adoption and Application of StandardsGeneral provisions of the Code of Good Practice
The MFN and NT principles
International harmonization
Publication and consultation provisionsOther TBT Articles relevant for standards
Articles 5 to 9: Conformity Assessment
Article 12: Information and differential treatment of developing countries
Article 14: Dispute SettlementOrganic agriculture regulations
National regulations on social responsibilityStandards and labelling systems developed by NGOs
7.5. ONGOING DEBATES AT WTO LEVEL
8.1. LOCAL SPECIFICITY VERSUS GLOBAL CREDIBILITY
8.2. ACCOUNTABILITY OF STANDARD-SETTING NGOS AND ACCREDITATION BODIES
8.3. THE "CERTIFICATION INDUSTRY"
8.4. WHO PAYS?
8.5. POTENTIAL AND CONSTRAINTS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AND SMALLHOLDERSGeneral potential and constraints
Potential and constraints in relation to specific certification programmes
