ANNEXES

Common name

name*

Trade name or trademark

aldicarb

I-S

Aldicarbe, Temik, Sanacarb

brodifacoum

R

Brobait, Forwarat, Havoc, Micedie, Mr. Morton, Nofar, Sorexa, etc.

bromadiolone

R

Acilone, Atila Pellets, Bromalone, Killrat, Lafar, Obamice, etc.

bromethalin

R

Vengeance

calcium cyanide

FM

-

captafol

F

Santar, Foltaf

chlorethoxyfos

I

Fortress

chlormephos

I

Dotan, Sherman

chlorophacinone

R

Actosin, Lepit, Dicusat, Trokat Bait, Ramucide, Ratomet, Raviac, Topitox, etc.

difenacoum

R

Frunax-DS, Neosorexa, Sorexa

difethialone

R

-

diphacinone

R

Diphacin, Promar, Ramik, Tomcat, etc.

disulfoton

I

Ekatin, Disyston, Bay 19639, Disultex, Disulfoton P10, etc.

EPN

I

-

ethoprophos

I-S

Mocap, Fertiprophos, Vimoca, Rifenfos

flocoumafen

R

Storm, Stratagem, Kukbo Coumafen

fonofos

I-S

Dytonato

hexachloro-benzene

FST

Bent-cure, Bent-no-more, No Bunt

mercuric chloride

F-S

-

mevinphos

I

Phosdrin, Duraphos, Mevidrin

parathion

I

Alkron, Ekatox, Folidol, Rhodiatox Paration Metilico, Chimac Par H, Pox Konz, Woprophos, Alleron, Aphamite, Corothion, Etilon, Orthophos, Panthion, Paramar, Phoskil, Soprathion, Stathion, Fighter, etc.

parathion-methyl

I

Cekumethion, Fulkil, Metacide, Bladan M, Folidol M, Metacide, Amithion, Agrodol, Paration Metilico, Agro-Parathion, Vitamethion, Penncap-M, Folidon, Devithion, Dhanudol, Dhanumar, Pox M20, Metpar-200, Fosforin'M, Bration, Methion, Kildot, Korthion, Parathol, Faast, Dipathio M, Vegfru Klofos, Probel MP-35, Proficol, Woprophos- M, Parasul, Gearphos, Metaphos, Partron M, Tekwaisa, etc.

phenylmercury acetate

FST

-

phorate

I

AC 3911, Granutox, Thimet, Agrophor, Frotox, Dhan, Chimifor, Pestophor, Chim, Tuskar, Phoril, Kurunai, etc.

phosphamidon

I

Dimecron, Phosron, C 570, Fosfamid, Alfamidon, Chemphos, Devimidon, Phos-All, Pradhan, Mitekron, Midon, Phos-Sul, etc

sodium fluoroacetate

R

-

sulfotep

I

Bladafum, Dithio, Thiotepp

tebupirimfos

I

-

terbufos

I-S

Plydax, Contrave, AC 92100, Turbolux, Contraven, Counter, Biosban, Pilarfox, Terborox, Tertin, Fortune-T1, etc.

Common name

Use*

Trade name or trademark

acrolein

H

Aqualine Magnacide

allyl alcohol

H

-

azinphos-ethyl

I

Bay 16259, Gusathion, Sepizin L, Crysthion

azinphos-methyl

I

Azimil, Azinugec, Carfene, Metazintox, Sepizin M, Pancide, Gusathion, Guthion, Azinfosmetil, Agrothion, Chimithion P.B., Crysthyon, Cotnion'H, Azin, Azition, Mezyl, Probel G-20, etc.

blasticidin-S

F

Bas-S

butocarboxim

I

-

butoxycarboxim

I

Plant Pin, Co 859

cadusafos

N, I

Apache, Taredan, Rugby

calcium arsenate

I

Spra-cal, Turf-Cal

carbofuran

I

Carbodan, Carbosip, Yaltox, Rampart, Furacarb, Vitafuran, Curaterr, Diafuran, Chemfuron, Fertifuran, Furasun GR, Carbo-Tox, Carboter, Damira, Caribo, Curasol, Fury, Volfuran, Furadan, Woprofuran, Buraon, Furasul, Thodfuran, etc.

chlorfenvinphos

I

Birlane, Supona, Steladone

3-chloro-1,
2-propadeniol

R

-

coumaphos

AC,MT

Asuntol, Co-Ral, Penzin

coumatetralyl

R

Racumin, Kukbo Stunt

zeta-cypermethrin

I

-

demeton-S-methyl

I

Metasystox, DSM, Mifatox, Metaphor

dichlorvos

I

Aminatrix, Canogard, Dedevap, Mafu, Acivap, Agrona, Cazador, Agro-DDVP, Dichlorate, Vitavos, Ouo, Cekusan, Nuvachem, Devikol, Domar, Didivane, Foravap, Didifos, Hercon Vaportape II, Hilvos, Kilvos, Koruma DDVP, Stevie, Novos, Midiltipi DDVP, D.D.V. Paz, Vantaf, Woprylphos, Rupini, Dadasul, De De Vap, Tazusa, etc.

dicrotophos

I

Bidrin, Dicron, Ektafos

dinoterb

H

Herbogil

DNOC

I-S,H

Hercynol, Trifinox, Polartox, etc.

edifenphos

F

Blastoff, Hinosan, Bay 78418, Edisan, Vihino

ethiofencarb

I

Croneton

famphur

I

-

flucythrinate

I

Cybolt, Cythrin, Pay-Off, Fluent

fluoroacetamide

R

Rhodex, Fluorakil, Navron, Yanock

formetanate

AC

Carzon, Dicarzol

furathiocarb

I-S

Deltanet, Promet

heptenophos

I

Hoe 02982, Hostaquick, Ragadan

isazofos

I-S

Miral, Triumph, Victor

isofenphos

I

Bay 12869, Oftanol, Lighter

isoxathion

I

Karphos, E-48

lead arsenate

L

Gypsine, Soprabel, Afos

mecarbam

I

-

mercuric oxide

O

-

methamidophos

I

Tamaron, Monitor, Bay 71628, Tam, Sinator, Amiphos, General, Metamidofos, Agromon, Vitaphos, Nuratron, Sherman, Tamanox, Erkuron, Matón, Amidor, KASA, Metalux, Metaron, Metafós, Methamidopaz, Woprotam, Thodoron, Vetaron, etc.

methidathion

I

Supracide, Supra, Supradate, Datimethion, Medacide, Bumerang, Ultracidin, etc.

methiocarb

I

Draza, Mesurol

methomyl

I

Flytec, Dupont 1179, Kipsin, Lannate, Aldebaran, Acinate, Metholate, Avance, Dumil, Dunet, Memilene L, Lanox, Fertiomyl, Matador, Dynamil, Lanomac, Lanomed, Methopaz, Metopron, Methylan, Agrinate, ect.

monocrotophos

I

Azodrin, Nuvacron, Susvin, Aminophos, Monoglen, Monocrotofos, Monacron, Aimocron, Monochem, Devimono, Monodhan, Crisodrin, Foradrin, Hukron, Atom, Agrodrin, Inisan, Kilphex, Hazodrex, Luxafos, Monofos, Azakron, Milphos, Agrophos, Cropaphos, Monolex Lucadrin, Croton, Woprotect, R C Pos, Monosul, Thodocron, Vacron, etc.

nicotine

I

Nico Soap

omethoate

I

Folimat, Modern, Le-mat

oxamyl oxydemeton-methyl

I

Blade, Vydate Aimcosystox, Anthonox, Metasystox R, Oxydemetchem, Dhanusystox, MSR2, Mesh

paris green

L

-

pentachlorophenol

I,F,H

Pentacon Sinituho Penchloral

pindone

R

-

pirimiphos-ethyl

I

Solgard, Primicid

propaphos

I

Kayaphos

propetamphos

I

Catalyst Blotic Safrotin Seraphos

sodium arsenite

R

Arsenipron L, Prodalummol Double

sodium cyanide

R

Cyanogas A

strychnine

R

-

tefluthrin

I-S

Attack, Forca, Forza, Force, Komet

thallium sulfate

R

-

thiofanox

I-S

Decamox Dacamox

thiometon

I

Ekatin Bay 2319 Thiotox

triazophos

I

Hoe, Hostahion, ABLE, Fulstop, Triumph, Trelka, Trihero, Try, Sutathion, Perfect, Tries

vamidothion

I

Kilval, Trucidor

warfarin

R

Dicusat E, Luxarin, Ramorin 2, Woprodenticide, Warfotox, Cov-R-Tox, Rodex, Tox-Hid

zinc phosphide

R

Deviphos, Fastkill, Zinphos, Fokeba, Phosvin, etc.

Wind and water erosion due to ploughing;

Water erosion due to slope;

Loss of soil fertility.

Conservation Agriculture based on integrated practices such as zero tillage, minimum tillage, crop rotation and permanent soil cover (for more details, see FAO Conservation Agriculture website: http://www.fao.org/ag/ags/AGSE/Main.htm;

Strip cropping or contour planting, by i) direct seedling, e.g. by planting cocoa mother trees' seeds in the furrows, or ii) contouring with grass (preferably native);

Earth bunds, stone lines, contour terraces (using rocks, trunks, etc.);

Protection of cultivated plots with fences, border grasses and windbreaks.

Change in the height of root pedestals;

Accumulation of silt/sand at the foot of bushes, posts and fences, as well as in downstream water bodies;

Depth of rills/gullies;

Changes in yields and total production;

Changes in the soil's water retention capacity;

Data on sediment loads in streams and dams if available from a nearby hydrological station.

Loss of soil fertility and proliferation of weeds due to shortened fallow periods;

Water erosion due to slope.

Increased fallow periods;

Use of compost and/or green manure (using legumes) in rotation with grain crops (e.g. velvet bean in rotation with corn improves corn yields, protects the soil from erosion and from evaporation, and prevents the growth of weeds; besides, harvest residue is excellent fodder);

Inter-cropping with leguminous trees and or annual leguminous crops;

Enriched fallow with leguminous crops.

Change in humus content of soil;

Change in the height of root pedestals;

Depth of rills/gullies;

Changes in yields and total production;

Data on sediment loads in streams if available from a nearby hydrological station;

Appearance or disappearance of weeds.

Proliferation of pests;

Soil and water contamination resulting from intensive pesticide use;

Soil depletion;

Water contamination resulting from intensive fertilizer use.

Crop diversification practices, inter-cropping, relay cropping;

Crop rotation practices;

Integrated Pest Management (IPM): see below;

Cultivation of nitrogen fixing species (e.g. leguminous plants that fix nitrogen in the soil);

Use of green manure.

Appearance or disappearance of pests;

Pest management practices, including use levels of pesticides;

Area of barren land;

Change in the height of root pedestals;

Depth of rills/gullies;

Changes in yields;

Sediment loads in streams if data available from a nearby hydrological station.

Contamination of soil, surface and ground water;

Appearance of and/or increase in intoxication cases among farm workers or rural populations;

Appearance of and/or increase in cases of death by contamination in wild flora and fauna, including beneficial organisms such as earth worms, termites and pollinators;

Pesticide residues on crops affecting public health and product marketing;

Old pesticide stocks turning into toxic waste.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to reduce reliance on pesticides.

IPM refers to the careful consideration of all available pest control techniques and subsequent integration of appropriate measures that discourage the development of pest populations and keep pesticides and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and minimize risks to human health and the environment. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms. Techniques that can be applied under an IPM approach include e.g.: crop rotation, crop diversification, selection of pest resistant crop varieties, biological control or other non-chemical techniques, selective pesticide use as a last resort control option. For more details, see IPM website
http://www.fao.org/globalipmfacility/home.htm.

Where pesticide use remains necessary: substitution of highly and moderately hazardous and broad-spectrum pesticides with less dangerous and more target specific products, and reducing the concentration and number of applications to a minimum;

Knowledge and enforcement of pesticide legislation to eliminate products or applications that are not permitted and to ensure appropriate packaging and proper labeling;

Product knowledge, use of adequate personal protection equipment during handling and application and correct use of appropriate application equipment;

Proper storage of pesticides.

Direct:

Uptake of IPM practices;

Incidence of poisoning cases and pesticide related chronic health problems among farmers and workers using pesticides;

Incidence of health problems due to consumption of produce or drinking water contaminated with pesticide residues.

Water quality in drinking water wells and pesticide residues on food crops;

Changes in populations of beneficial organisms, wildlife, and flora.

Indirect:

Training courses on the subject;

People being trained on the subject;

Requests for technical assistance on the subject;

Sales of dangerous pesticides in the area;

Total sales of pesticides in the area.

Deterioration in groundwater quality through infiltration as a result of inappropriate application;

Excessive growth of algae and aquatic plants in water bodies due to upstream use of fertilizers, leading to oxygen depletion and eventually to fish kill.

Knowledge about the substances being used, correct storage and application;

Reducing fertilizer use or substituting chemical fertilizers with manure or other organic fertilizers.

Water quality in drinking water wells (if measurements performed);

Visible changes in aquatic plants in downstream water bodies;

Number of farmers using organic fertilizers.

Soil compaction;

Erosion and soil degradation.

Conservation Agriculture (see above).

Formation of barren soil;

Change in the height of root pedestals;

Accumulation of silt/sand at the foot of bushes, posts and fences, as well as in downstream water bodies;

Depth of rills/gullies;

Changes in yields;

Sediment loads in streams if data available from a nearby hydrological station.

Salinization of soil;

Erosion.

Stop burning of residues and adopt the following:

• Mulching with crop residues;

• Use of plant residues to create humus;

• IPM to control pests and diseases (see above);

• Agricultural extension and applied research on the prevention of soil salinization.

Deaths or decreased productivity of plants and soil organisms due to salinity;

Change in the height of root pedestals;

Accumulation of silt/sand at the foot of bushes, posts and fences, as well as in downstream water bodies;

Depth of rills/gullies;

Changes in yields;

Sediment loads in streams if data available from a nearby hydrological station.

Competition between different users for land and water resources; e.g. crop farmers and livestock breeders over the use of water sources or most fertile lands.

Participatory land use planning at village level;

Creation of water user associations and training of their management committees, etc.;

Crop/livestock integration (use of crop residues as fodder, use of manure as fertilizer, etc.).

Number of land use plans prepared;

Number of management committees in operation.

The impact of new agricultural crops/practices/machinery on traditional division of labor between men and women;

Elevated vulnerability of women to pesticide poisoning.

Participation of women in technology development and adaptation;

Mainstreaming gender considerations in training and attention to gender balance in training;

Access of women to agricultural extension services.

IPM - see above.

Number of women participants to training courses;

Changes in pesticide use by women and occurrence of pesticide poisoning symptoms.

Soil compaction, increase in surface run-off and erosion due to overgrazing and excessive trampling;

Degradation of vegetation and reduction of most palatable species, in particular around water points.

Reduction of stocking density:

• Selective culling of animals in the herd;

• Pasture rotation, deferred grazing;

• Farm diversification (e.g. agro-tourism).

Increasing carrying capacity:

• Pasture management and fertilization;

• Supplementary forage production;

• Supplementary feeding;

• Inclusion of forage shrubs and trees.

Erosion control:

• Cover crops & direct seeding;

• Crop residue management & treatment;

• Avoid grazing fragile areas.

Elaboration of drought survival strategies:

• Livestock markers;

• Temporal slaughter houses.

For more details, see Livestock, Environment and Development website http://www.fao.org/lead/.

Area changes of degraded pastures;

Size of "desertification circles" around water points;

Change in the height of root pedestals;

Accumulation of silt/sand at the foot of bushes, posts and fences;

Depth of rills/gullies;

Sediment loads in streams if data available from a nearby hydrological station;

Animal population & density;

Changes in weed incidence.

Lowering of water table due to increased extraction of groundwater through cattle wells;

Groundwater contamination through cattle wells.

Strategic placement of water sources;

Regulation of water use: control of waterpoint use, limitation of well capacity, closure of permanent water sources during the rain season, covering of wells, appropriate watering structures, well management committees, etc.

Changes in water table levels in wells;

Water quality in drinking water wells (if measurements performed).

Biodiversity loss;

Change and loss of natural habitats.

Silvopastoral systems for conservation of biodiversity and carbon sequestration;

Farm diversification.

Area changes in forested areas and grasslands.

Contamination of animal products destined for human consumption.

Intoxication of workers handling tick killers and/or persons using empty bottles;

Water contamination from inadequate disposal of chemicals;

Tick resistance to acaricides.

Preparation of balanced feeds on the farm.

Choice of tick killer chemicals, methods and timing that minimize environmental impacts (see also Table 1, on the use of pesticides);

Training and awareness-raising of livestock owners and herders on acaricide & insecticide use and handling.

Chemical analysis of animal products destined for human consumption.

For monitoring the use of tick killers, see Table 1;

Water quality in water bodies (if measurements performed).

Reduction of agro-biodiversity due to breed choices;

New breeds less adapted to local conditions.

Promotion of local breeds;

Maintaining variability within populations;

Unconventional livestock production (e.g. alpaca, llama).

Proportion of local breeds in cattle population;

Number of breeds grown in the area.

Increased killing of wildlife considered as pests or predators;

Competition for food and water resources;

Increase in diseases;

Loss of habitat or migratory routes.

Creation of protected areas;

Range management strategies that minimize impacts on wildlife;

Agro-tourism;

Appropriate methods of pest and predator control (e.g. traps instead of poison, see also Table 1 on pesticides).

Cases of wildlife killing and poaching;

Number of predator poisoning cases;

Size of Protected Areas.

Contamination of surface and ground waters;

Odor problems & greenhouse gases.

Nutrient enrichment of soils.

Proper manure storage and management:

• Reduction in water use;

• Separation of solids;

• Proper storage until application time;

• Anaerobic fermentation & biogas production.

Manure application to soils at recommended fertilizer rates;

Use of high yielding crops.

Water quality in streams;

Proportion of farmers with manure storage facilities;

Volume of biogas produced.

Nutrient concentration in soils (N, P, K);

Changes in crop yields.

Social and cultural changes due to change from nomadism/transhumance to stable livestock production.

Access of mobile pastoralists to veterinary and other services;

Consultation of all affected communities;

Recognition of traditional land use rights and practices.

Reduction of minimum flow in rivers, affecting aquatic flora and fauna and reducing water availability downstream;

Changes in the natural course of waterways;

Soil- and tree-cutting along riparian areas where water will be drawn (uptake for irrigation), resulting in erosion along riverbanks;

Vertical drainage associated with high concentration of wells for pumping ground water and the consequent lowering of water table.

Proper siting and participatory planning, including studies on water availability;

Community participation in design and construction (walkthrough with farmers and Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA)) and establishment of water users association before construction;

Design of works so as to minimize the need to change natural watercourses;

Soil conservation;

Control on boring of new wells;

Reduction in the density of wells or limitation of pump capacity (it should be pointed out that in the case of water logging, vertical drainage might be deemed necessary to lower the groundwater level).

Changes in the level of lake/river flow;

Changes in fish catches from the affected water body;

Area of exposed riverbanks;

Fall of water table in wells;

Change in the height of root pedestals;

Accumulation of silt/sand at the foot of bushes, posts and fences, as well as in downstream water bodies;

Depth of rills/gullies;

Sediment loads in streams if data available from a nearby hydrological station.

Reduction of minimum flow in rivers, endangering aquatic flora and fauna and reducing water availability downstream;

Water logging (rise of water table) associated with low irrigation efficiency;

Overexploitation of groundwater through wells and consequent lowering of water table;

Salinization or alkalization of soil;

Erosion;

Degradation of water quality in reservoirs or receiving water bodies (algal blooms, aquatic weeds, etc.);

Increase in waterborne diseases;

Disease transmission through contaminated irrigation water;

Conflicts over the use of water and irrigated land;

Unsustainable crop production and excessive use of pesticides, resulting in water contamination and diminishing returns on investment in the irrigation scheme.

Control of irrigation water volumes, respecting minimum flows and aquifer capacity;

Operation and maintenance plans for irrigation infrastructure;

Agricultural extension, training and applied research on soil salinization and related issues (water logging, alkalization, etc);

Micro-watershed management;

Quality tests on irrigation water, including monitoring of pesticide contamination;

Particularly for larger schemes: good irrigation management, i.e., a more rational and efficient use of irrigation water, by: a) closely matching irrigation demands and supply to reduce seepage and increase irrigation efficiency; b) providing drainage if water is of good quality, and c) maintaining canals to prevent seepage, and reduce inefficiencies resulting from siltation and weed;

Training in sanitation and hygiene;

Protection of canals from livestock;

Consultation of all affected communities, establishment of management committees, etc.

IPM - see Table 1.

Changes in the level of lake/river flow;

Changes in fish catches from the affected water body;

Changes in water table in wells;

Volume of water used per hectare;

Visible changes in the water quality in receiving water bodies;

Water quality in drinking water wells (if measurements performed);

Change in the area of barren lands;

Change in the height of root pedestals;

Accumulation of silt/sand at the foot of bushes, posts and fences;

Depth of rills/gullies;

Deaths or decreased productivity of plants and soil organisms due to salinity;

Alkalinity: increase in soil pH;

Number of operation and maintenance plans;

Number of micro-watershed management plans;

Changes in water-related disease levels;

Number of serious land use conflicts;

Pesticide residues in water;

Pest management practices and use levels of pesticides.

Contamination of surface and ground water from wastewater;

Over-extraction of surface and ground waters;

Air pollution;

Noise and odor pollution.

Contamination of products with pesticides due to improper post-harvest pest control.

Location of agro-industries in zones where water supply can be ensured and which have sewage and wastewater treatment systems;

Minimization of water and chemical use;

Promotion of transformation processes based on bio-degradable substances;

Use of "clean" production technologies;

Treatment of wastewater, and atmospheric emissions;

Acoustic protection methods in plants that create excessive noise;

Non-chemical post-harvest pest control.

Volume of water use;

Changes in the level of lake/river where the water is drawn;

Changes in water table level in wells;

Visible changes in the water quality in receiving water bodies;

Changes in fish catches from affected water bodies;

Water quality in drinking water wells (if measurements performed).

For bigger plants (in addition to the above):

Quantity and quality of wastewater discharges;

Quality of air emissions.

Complaints on noise and odor from local populations;

Chemical analysis of products destined for human consumption.

Contamination of the environment due to accumulation of solid waste, introduction of hazardous waste, and/or decomposition of organic materials.

Use of organic waste as fertilizer on agricultural/pasture soils;

Reduction of solid waste through the use of cleaner technology, recycling residues, etc.;

Treatment and disposal of solid waste according to the regulations on solid waste management;

Proper treatment and disposal of hazardous waste (disposal in regulated landfills).

Volume of solid waste (not recycled);

Volume of organic waste (not reused);

Volume of hazardous waste;

Water quality in drinking water wells (if measurements performed);

Final disposal of waste (regulated or unregulated landfills).

Contamination of processed foodstuffs.

Strict hygienic standards;

Product quality control;

Training of workers.

Chemical and bacteriological analysis on foodstuffs.

Deforestation in forests near agro-industry;

Incentives for deforestation for sale to agro-industry;

Air pollution.

Use of alternative energy sources;

Use of energy efficient equipment;

Use of agro-residues as fuel;

Woodfuel plantations (but see Table 5).

Volume of fuelwood use per plant;

Size of degraded forest around the plant.

Decreased demand for certain agricultural products or for micro-scale agro-processing.

Consultation and participation of the whole community in project preparation.

Reduction or loss of bio-diversity.

Avoid clearing indigenous forest;

Give complete protection to critical habitats;

If adequate samples of the original vegetation do not exist outside the plantation, create protection areas (set-asides) of representative samples (10%) inside the plantation.

Field inspection/maps

Changes in populations of Indicator species

Protection Areas identified in management plan.

Soil erosion during land preparation.

Plant up as soon as possible after land clearing.

Increase in areas subject to erosion and depth of rills/gullies.

Siltation of streams.

Do not clear steep, unstable slopes or highly erosive soils, and limit site preparation to the dry season.

Sediment loads in streams.

Soil compaction.

If ploughing is needed, it should be done along the contour using tractors with flotation tires.

Presence of hardpan (i.e. soil/subsoil condition in which the soil grains become cemented together by such bonding agents as iron oxide and calcium carbonate, forming a hard, impervious mass).

Reduction in stream flow and lowering of the water table.

Conserve all riparian forests (areas located on the banks of rivers, creeks and springs); plant with indigenous species;

Conserve all wetlands and marshes.

Changes in dry season water levels and water table level; Management plan and field inspection.

Soil contamination due to use of herbicides and insecticides.

Ensure that only the correct dosage of herbicides and insecticides are used, that workers are properly trained in their use, and closely supervise field operations.

Level of contaminants in ground water and streams.

Increased incidence of pests and diseases.

Use mixed species plantations;

Implement a simple, ocular system of pest and disease monitoring.

Increase or decrease in the incidence of pests, damage to trees.

Wild fires.

Clear firebreak in the area if burning is to be used for clearing and keep adequate labor available to control fires.

Fire records.

Changes in soil structure and loss of fertility.

If possible, use exotic species in agroforestry/silvopastoral systems only, and use only organic fertilizers.

Nutrient levels in soils organic content and pH of soil.

Reduced stream flow and lowering of water table.

Conserve riparian forest and wetlands; use wider tree spacing.

Changes in dry season water levels in wells and dry season flow in streams.

Increased risk of pests and diseases.

Implement simple ocular systems of pest and disease monitoring.

Increase or decrease in pest and plant disease levels.

Reduction or loss of biodiversity, especially in natural forest areas.

Products from natural forest must be harvested in accordance with an approved harvesting plan which must be based on growth data and inventories; logging must include pre harvesting climber cutting, minimum diameters limits, an adequate felling cycle, annual coupes, directional felling, well planned skid trails and protection areas.

Approved management plan and, if practical, certification received.

Fragmentation of habitats and disruption of biological corridors.

Identify critical habitats and prohibit intervention, avoid sensitive areas and provide passageways to link corridors.

Inventories to monitor populations of indicator species.

Forest/ecosystem degradation.

Harvest in accordance with prescriptions of management plan, and have the operation certified;

In plantations, avoid areas of natural vegetation.

Management plan and field records.

Uncontrolled human settlement and deforestation.

Ensure the existence of enforceable property rights and the institutional capacity/commitment to control settlement.

Cases of new illegal human settlements;

Existence of legislation/institutions regulating human settlements.

Conflicts with traditional users.

Define and enshrine traditional user rights in management plan.

Management plan.

Soil compaction and erosion.

Use cable ways instead of roads;

Where roads are the only alternative, they must be well planned and constructed in accordance with technical specifications appropriate to local conditions;

Minimize canopy disturbance and damage to the understorey through better road alignment;

Use animal extraction.

Management plan and field observations;

Erosion indicators (see above tables).

Siltation of streams.

Conserve riparian forest and minimize canopy and understorey disturbance.

Sediment load in streams.

Illegal hunting and accidental fires.

Implement environmental education programs for forest workers and forest communities in and around forest;

Ensure that adequate legal protection exists to control hunting.

Bushmeat consumption surveys, species inventories and forest fire records.

Air pollution - carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide smoke and dust.

Legislation, emission control, cyclone dust removal, use of hydropower.

Air quality monitoring.

Soil and water pollution - extractives of bark, wood preservatives, additives, sawdust, charcoal, acids, tars, vehicle fuel oils and lubricants.

Legislation, spill ponds, oil traps, recovery of waste wood.

Soil and water quality monitoring.

Noise.

Legislation, careful site planning, insulation, noise abatement.

Noise level monitoring;

Complaints from local populations.

Changes in livelihoods and cultural identity;

Spread of infectious diseases.

Careful site selection avoiding indigenous areas, participation of indigenous people in project planning, indigenous peoples' plan.

Consultations and workshops with local people;

Medical records.

Fires in forest and grasslands.

Construction of proper campsites and fireplaces;

Regulation, supervision and control of tourist activities.

Changes in the frequency and severity of forest fires.

Disturbance of wildlife;

Erosion associated to trail construction;

Increased human presence in isolated areas that may lead to illegal logging or land conversion.

Proper siting avoiding ecologically sensitive areas;

Awareness-raising and training of local communities and visitors;

Schemes for sharing benefits from ecotourism.

Changes in occurrence of wild animals;

Depth of rills/gullies along trails;

Cases of illegal logging or land conversion;

Training sessions for local communities.

Loss of bio-diversity;

Loss of natural resources.

Prohibition/restriction on tourism in sensitive sites;

Restriction on the extraction of plants or other resources in Protected Areas (in consistency with their management rules, see section E of chapter 5);

Prohibition on the hunting or removal of endangered plants and animals;

Prohibition/restriction on coral collection and/or extraction or other marine life;

Awareness-raising of visitors and guides;

Supervision and control of tourist activities.

Wildlife monitoring;

Cases of illegal hunting;

Cases of coral collection;

Degradation/disappearance of plants, corals or other resources.

Accumulation of garbage and rubbish at tourist sites.

Proper waste collection facilities and services

Occurrence of non-collected waste at sites.

Involvement of these communities in project design;

Benefit-sharing schemes.

Stakeholder consultations during project design.

Pond culture: Contamination of downstream water-bodies in particular when draining ponds due to excessive organic loading and accumulation in pond water and pond bottom sediments;

Higher risk of diseases among cultivated fish related to stress and, eventually, in neighboring wild populations;

New bacterial diseases due to the use of medicated feeds.

Floating cages: continuous pollution of surrounding waters and bottoms when cages are in shallow waters;

Impact on local fauna from escapes from cages.

Proper siting of ponds and cages avoiding sensitive water bodies;

Distance between cages and sufficient depth to reduce impact on bottom;

Use of reservoirs for treatment of effluents in pond farms or use of pond recirculating systems to treat water. Closed systems (i.e. without effluent discharge) are more desirable in intensive systems;

Use of vaccines preferable to routine use of antibiotics and chemicals (use chemicals and drugs only in extreme cases when symptoms of disease are apparent);

Use of species present in nearby waters to avoid impacts on biodiversity.

Changes in water quality within the system and in neighboring water bodies;

Changes (degradation) in bottom fauna and flora in the case of floating cages;

Cases of fish disease within the system and in neighboring water bodies; appearance of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics;

Changes in composition of catches in surrounding waters.

Large seed mortality rates of non target species due to the collection of shrimp or fish seed from the wild;

Destruction of mangroves and wetlands for construction of coastal ponds; exposure of acid sulfate soils; accelerated coastal erosion by reduction of mangrove forest;

Soils and groundwater salinization due to percolation of saltwater;

Elimination/reduction of local species due to the introduction of exotics for stocking purposes;

Introduction of diseases due to transfer/import of seed.

Utilization of hatchery-produced seed for stocking;

Use of barren areas bordering mangroves using pumping and not tides to fill ponds, separation of pond farms to avoid creation of barriers behind mangroves;

Avoid pond construction in coastal areas close to agricultural fields or freshwater wells. Use of liners to avoid water percolation in proximity of agricultural field and freshwater wells where viable;

Carry out studies on potential impact on existing fauna prior to introducing a new species in an open water body. Utmost care with the introduction of predator species. Improve regulations on introductions;

Quarantine practices for seed and introductions; use of hatchery produced certified disease-free seed. Improved education of farmers and improved regulations on movements of seed/adults.

Monitoring of seed collectors operation, changes in species abundance and composition in catches of fishermen;

Testing of soils for potential acidity prior to pond construction;

Measurable increase in salinity in water extracted from coastal wells near aquaculture farms;

Displacement or elimination of local fish species;

Occurrence of epidemics or noticeable presence of disease in farms or surrounding water bodies.

Compaction of soil during construction;

Slope and riverbank destabilization: landslides, collapse of gullies and steep slopes, side-tipping of spoil material;

Degradation of vegetation along riverbanks, road bed or at sites where construction materials are drawn;

Hydrological changes (e.g. increased runoff and flooding, waterflow diversion, channel modification);

Erosion due to the above reasons;

Clogging of drainage works, creation of stagnant water pools;

Siltation, sedimentation and degradation of water bodies;

Changes in groundwater table levels;

Contamination and health risks from oil and hazardous waste;

Dust and noise during

Careful route and site selection avoiding steep slopes and rivers with low flow, minimizing cutting of trees, minimizing number of water crossings and disruption in waterflows;

Careful design to minimize impacts of water crossings, to balance filling and cutting, and to avoid creation of steep cut slopes;

Buffer zones between road and water bodies;

Construction in dry season;

Ensure use of proper and appropriate construction standards (incl. protection of soils during construction, construction site clean-up and rehabilitation);

Proper drainage and infiltration ditches;

Stabilization of vulnerable surfaces: terraced slopes, retaining walls/ponds, barriers, riprap, gridwork, crib walls etc.;

Replanting (with native species) early in the construction process;

Proper disposal of oil and hazardous materials;

Dust control by water and other means.

Change in area of denuded slopes/length of exposed riverbanks;

Number of landslide cases affecting traffic;

Change in the height of root pedestals;

Accumulation of silt/sand at the foot of bushes, posts and fences;

Depth of rills/gullies;

Changes in yields in neighboring fields;

Flow and sediment loads in streams if data available from a nearby hydrological station;

Visible changes in water quality in neighboring water bodies;

Changes in water table levels in wells;

Changes in fish catches from the affected water body;

Changes in levels of water-related diseases.

Restriction of biological corridors, barriers to the free movement of wildlife;

Disruption or destruction of wildlife, road kills;

Loss, fragmentation and disturbance of natural habitats (incl. aquatic);

Disturbance of protected areas, threats for endangered species;

Increase in forest fires caused by increased human activity;

Illegal hunting, see Table 5;

Deforestation and loss of biodiversity from increased logging, tourism, and conversion of forest areas into pasture or farmland.

Careful route and site selection to avoid important habitats, sensitive or protected areas;

Conservation of natural corridors;

Creation of animal crossings under and over roads, fencing;

No construction during breeding season;

Awareness-raising and training among rural communities on sustainable use of forested areas and their resources;

Vigilance and monitoring by both local communities and police and wildlife authorities;

Establishment and maintenance of firebreaks;

Elimination of flammable materials in construction;

Educational programs to reduce the incidence of fires;

Establishment of protected areas.

Changes in occurrence of wild animals;

Changes in hunting/fish catches;

Rates of extraction of timber and non-timber forest products;

Cases of illegal logging/land conversion.

Loss of buildings, property, or economic livelihood;

Impact on human health from traffic accidents and transmission of diseases along roads;

Degradation of historical/cultural sites;

Social changes from new roads to isolated communities;

Impacts on indigenous people.

Careful route selection avoiding economic losses, indigenous peoples lands, cultural sites, etc.;

Safety designs: regulation, signposting, visibility, speed limits, etc.;

Special measures to protect cultural sites.

Traffic accidents;

Disease cases.

Contamination of surface and groundwater from wastewater at site or downstream;

Lowering of water table due to overexploitation;

Creation of stagnant water pools;

Unpleasant odors;

Degradation of soil cover and vegetation;

Disturbance of natural habitats and wildlife;

Increase in waterborne diseases.

Siting studies to avoid sensitive sites;

Consultation and participation of all affected communities;

Regional water use planning;

Minimal distance from human settlements and fields;

Proper drainage;

Wastewater treatment systems: settling ponds, screens, aeration systems, connection to larger sewage systems;

Odor-control technology;

Soil and vegetation protection during construction, stabilization (e.g. re-vegetation);

Operation and maintenance plans and training;

Protection from livestock;

Water quality tests;

Hygiene training.

Changes in water table levels in wells;

Water quality in wells (if measurements performed);

Visible changes in water quality in receiving water bodies;

Size of area of degraded vegetation at site;

Number of operation and maintenance plans and regional water use plans;

Disease cases.

Pollution of surface and groundwater from landfill;

Smog, haze and particulate contamination from burning garbage (incl. impact on human health);

Unpleasant odors;

Contamination and health risks from hazardous waste;

Disease transmission;

Unpleasant living conditions close to site.

Siting studies (covering also transport needs);

Proper design of collection and disposal systems;

Proper drainage;

Spread and cover garbage at landfill site, prohibit or minimize burning;

Separate disposal system for medical or hazardous waste;

Operation and maintenance plans and training;

Recycling programs;

Safety procedures and training.

Water quality in wells (if measurements performed);

Visible changes in water quality in receiving water bodies;

Number of operation and maintenance plans;

Illegal landfills;

Cases of garbage burning;

Disease cases.

Water and soil contamination from building waste;

Degradation of vegetation at site and along transport routes;

Water contamination from inadequate sanitation;

Accumulation and soil contamination from solid waste;

Contamination and health risks from medical waste;

Construction accidents.

Dust and noise during construction;

Disturbance of habitats and wildlife;

Proper siting and selection of transport routes;

Protection of soil surfaces and vegetation during construction;

Dust control by water or other means;

Control and daily cleaning of construction sites;

Provision for adequate waste disposal and sanitation during construction and operation;

Separate disposal facilities for hazardous waste;

Special attention to drainage;

Safety measures and procedures.

Water quality in wells (if measurements performed);

Visible changes in water quality in receiving water bodies;

Size of area of degraded vegetation at site;

Disease and accident cases.