Acacia albida 31, 312, 326
Acacia aneura 58
Acacia angustissima 109, 326
Acacia auriculiformis 17, 326
Acacia catecha 418
Acacia caven 32
Acacia farnesiana 326
Acacia mangium 326, 328
Acacia nilotica 326
Acacia tortilis 326
Acacia villosa 55, 104, 418
ACIAR 104, 112, 477, 482, 486, 492
acid soils 96, 97, 111, 133, 138, 160, 161, 164, 176, 203, 324
Acroceras macrum 115, 487, 489
Adansonia digitata 312
Aeschynomene americana cv. Glenn 91, 112, 115, 487–490
Aeschynomene falcata 98, 198
Aeschynomene villosa 495
Africa 4, 23, 31, 77, 88, 110, 116, 122, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132–134, 140, 142, 143, 147, 148, 150, 155, 171, 174, 176–178, 305, 313, 319, 340, 404, 423, 464
African Star grass 345, 418
Ageratum conyzoides 85, 94, 227
agroforestry 26, 253, 465, 466, 471–474, 476, 482–484
Alabang X grass (see Dichanthium aristatum)
Albizia amara 326
Albizia chinensis 55, 104, 326
Albizia falcataria 326
Albizia lebbek 72, 326
Albizia procera 326
Albizia siamea 326
allelopathy 29
alley/cropping farming 161, 162, 425
Alnus acuminata 76
Alyce clover (see Alysicarpus vaginalis)
Alysicarpus glumaceus 148
Alysicarpus indica 148
Alysicarpus rugosus 148
Alysicarpus vaginalis 85, 91, 98, 99, 111, 113, 114, 117, 120, 133, 148, 201
Amaranthus patalas 314
Amaranthus spinosus 314
Amaranthus viridis 314
America 4, 23, 58, 73, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132–134, 144, 146, 148, 150, 152, 155, 156, 163, 173, 177, 404, 470
Ammalo insulata 223
Anacardium occidentale 2
Ananas comosus 10, 12, 15, 309, 311, 314, 329, 349, 350, 379, 380, 406, 425, 459
Andropogon gayanus 115, 198
Angleton grass (see Dichanthium aristatum)
animal health 165, 253, 376, 393, 482
animal production 2, 17, 20, 22, 59, 84, 85, 117, 119, 132, 145, 209, 233, 246, 248, 253, 258, 265, 272, 279, 284–289, 294, 297, 305, 309, 312, 325, 415, 430, 446, 463, 474, 477, 486, 496
animal size 240, 287, 289, 292
Anona muricata 85, 214
anthracnose 173, 174
Arachis glabrata 112, 145, 494, 495
Arachis pintoi 52, 91, 97, 104, 111, 112, 148–150, 205, 207, 284, 477, 489, 490, 492, 493, 494
Arachis repens 97, 112, 205, 207, 492–494
Araucaria cunninghamii 2, 185
Argentina 158
Artocarpus altilis 314
Artocarpus heterophyllus 312, 314, 326
Asclepias curassavica 85, 182, 270
Asia 3, 4, 20, 21, 23, 74, 85, 86, 88, 104, 125, 133, 134, 148, 150, 153, 156, 157, 171, 172, 176, 177, 224, 272, 311, 312, 330, 348, 349, 404, 418, 450, 463, 506
Asystasia intrusa 57, 85, 94, 111, 270, 271, 283
Athel pines 19
Australia 18, 30, 31, 58, 66, 72, 75, 104, 116, 123, 125, 129, 130, 132, 134, 141, 142, 144, 147, 149–151, 153, 154, 158, 163, 166, 173, 185, 197, 206, 209, 211, 228, 292, 300, 322, 325, 326, 446, 476, 482, 493, 505
Australian Milking Zebu 300, 322, 381
Avocado 11
Axonopus affinis (Carpet, mat or narrow leaf carpet grass) 97, 115, 120, 121, 128, 146, 149, 200, 209, 215, 241, 265, 269, 282, 394, 395
Axonopus compressus (Carpet, mat or broad leaf carpet grass) 17, 31, 51–54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 85–87, 91, 94–98, 100, 107, 108, 112, 114, 120, 121, 128, 145, 146, 155, 200, 209, 215, 241, 243, 260, 265, 269, 270, 277, 280, 282, 287, 289, 394, 395, 425, 486–489, 492, 493
Axonopus scoparius 199
Azadirachta indica 315, 3491
Bali 5, 11, 44, 93, 104, 109, 146, 150, 152, 160, 162, 174, 183, 212, 240, 241, 249, 259, 262, 284, 285, 292, 361, 380, 401, 415, 417, 418, 420, 490–492, 494, 495
Bali cattle (see Bos banteng)
banana (see Musa sapientum)
Bangladesh 348, 406, 410, 412
Barbados 34, 298
Batiki blue grass (see Ischaemum aristatum)
Bauhinia variegata 326
bees 2
biogas 20, 377, 414, 421, 431
biological control 215, 221
Bitter grass (see Paspalum conjugatum)
Blechum pyramidatum 85, 94, 243
block planting 479
bone meal 316, 334, 336, 341, 347
Boran 296
Borreria laevis 85
Borreria latifolia 85
Bos banteng 240, 241, 380, 415, 417, 418, 420
Bos indicus 294, 296
Bos taurus 293, 294, 296, 298
Botswana 31
Brachiaria brizantha (Palisade grass) 29, 52, 54, 55, 69, 70, 91–93, 95, 96, 100, 101, 103, 105, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 121–123, 125, 126, 128, 129, 148– 150, 153–156, 169, 188, 189, 191, 192, 200, 208, 212, 220, 232, 241, 242, 246, 256, 272, 275–276, 295, 305, 324, 324, 352, 353, 398, 477, 488, 489, 492
Brachiaria decumbens (Signal grass) 52, 54, 55, 61, 62, 67, 74, 91, 93–98, 100, 101, 103–106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 121–123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 131, 142, 143, 149, 150, 152–154, 156, 161, 171, 172, 173, 177, 187, 190, 191–193, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203, 206, 209, 210, 211, 213, 215, 218, 220, 241, 242, 246–248, 260, 261, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 275, 277, 279, 280, 281, 285, 286, 287, 295, 297, 298, 299, 301, 353, 360, 361, 387, 388, 389, 393, 395, 397, 427, 428, 436, 449, 488, 489, 493
Brachiaria dictyoneura (see Brachiaria humidicola)
Brachiaria humidicola (Koronivia grass) 37, 52, 55, 57, 61, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 103–106, 107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 115, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155, 157, 177, 191–193, 199, 200, 205, 207, 209, 210, 218, 221, 222, 241, 242, 243, 265, 270, 274, 277, 280, 281, 286, 289, 323, 353, 393, 394, 397, 477, 478, 487–489, 492
Brachiaria miliiformis (Cori grass) 12, 29, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 61, 86, 91–93, 95, 101, 103–106, 108, 110, 111, 113, 114, 122, 127–129, 131, 139, 151, 154, 162, 169, 172, 173, 177, 200, 241, 242, 244, 254, 272, 275, 279, 295, 324, 352, 353, 355, 358, 367, 398, 399, 434
Brachiaria mutica (Para grass) 29, 55, 82, 92, 94–96, 101, 103, 105, 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 121, 122, 129–131, 133, 173, 191, 192, 199, 200, 207, 209, 218, 200, 241, 243, 256, 265, 269, 275, 276, 277, 285, 287, 289, 292, 298, 305, 318, 323, 353, 384
Brachiaria ruziziensis (Ruzi grass) 55, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 100, 121, 125, 126, 148, 197, 200
Brachiaria sp. 93, 126, 149, 209
Brachiaria subguadripara (see B. miliiformis)
Brahman 139, 150, 241, 260, 321, 322
Brazil 7, 35, 88, 93, 110, 117, 132, 142, 149, 158, 203, 209, 264, 319, 325, 334
British Virgin Islands 176
broadleaf carpet grass 120
Brown Swiss 294, 338, 424
browse shrub 163
buffalo 2, 23, 37, 67, 85, 87, 96, 97, 104, 106, 110, 121, 143, 145, 146, 148, 153, 155, 165, 177, 178, 191, 200, 205, 207, 221, 241, 244, 265, 270, 271, 279, 280–282, 285, 289, 313, 329, 330, 335, 383, 393–397, 404, 407, 413, 495
Buffalo couch grass (see Stenotaphrum secundatum)
Burma (see Myanmar)
burning 72, 94, 133, 182, 184, 209, 210, 215, 220
by-products 4, 14, 16, 18, 20, 141, 259, 262, 286, 301, 309, 311, 312, 314, 315, 329, 330, 337, 340, 348–350, 373, 378–380, 382, 401, 404, 415, 416, 425, 427, 429, 430, 432, 442, 447, 449, 464, 485
cacao 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 20, 160, 187, 311, 313, 315, 319–321, 350, 372, 373, 378–380, 397, 406, 407, 408, 425, 428, 455, 458, 459, 500, 503, 505
cacao (cocoa) pod husk 313, 315, 319, 320, 321, 425
Cajanus cajan 314
California 31
Calliandra calothyrsus 55, 94, 104, 109, 111, 160, 326, 328, 418, 495
Calopogonium caeruleum 52, 53, 91, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 107, 108, 117, 151, 152, 226, 270, 271
Calopogonium mucunoides (Calopo) 52, 61, 86, 87, 91, 94, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 107, 111, 114, 115, 116, 138, 139, 150, 151, 169, 172, 186, 197, 201, 206, 221, 270, 277, 488, 489, 490
Cambodia 24
Cameroon 132, 318, 335
Canavalia ensiformis 59
CaO 331
carabao 140, 244, 285, 286, 309, 385, 428, 429
Caribbean 23, 146, 175, 298
Caribbean stylo 175
Carpet grass (see Axonopus affinis or Axonopus compressus)
cash crops 20, 294, 429, 448, 459
cashew 2, 17, 95, 296, 423, 464
cassava 10, 12, 141, 294, 309–311, 314, 318, 319, 334, 337, 340, 344, 415, 416, 421, 423, 432, 436, 441, 459
Cassia occidentalis 227
Cassia rotundifolia 112, 116, 488, 489
Cassia siamea 326
Cassia tora 85, 168, 214, 215, 219–221, 225, 227, 401
Castilloa elastica 85, 182
Casuarina 30
Cattle 1, 2, 11, 13–15, 17–21, 23, 25, 26, 29, 36, 37, 51, 72–76, 78, 82, 85, 87, 92, 96, 110, 113, 116, 121, 123, 125, 128, 129, 133, 137, 139–141, 144, 146, 148, 150, 151, 154, 158, 162, 165–169, 173, 176, 182, 184–186, 192, 207, 218, 220, 221, 234, 237, 239–241, 244, 246–251, 255, 256, 260–264, 268–272, 276, 279, 280, 282–289, 292, 293, 295–298, 300, 305, 309, 312, 313, 315–325, 329, 330, 332, 333, 335, 337, 338, 340–345, 347–350, 352, 358, 360, 361, 363, 366, 367, 371, 373, 374, 376–385, 388, 390–395, 397, 399–401, 403, 404, 407, 409, 410, 413–418, 420, 421, 424–426, 429–436, 441, 443, 447, 448, 450, 463–466, 470, 471, 479, 480, 483, 484, 503–505
production 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14–18, 20–24, 26, 29–32, 35–37, 39, 49–51, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84, 85, 94–98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 109, 112, 117, 119, 123, 129, 132, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142, 145, 153, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 176, 180, 185, 188, 190, 191, 197, 202, 209, 213, 218, 226, 231, 233, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 253, 257–263, 265, 269, 270, 272, 275, 277–289, 293, 294, 295–301, 303–309, 312, 313, 316, 317, 324–326, 329, 330, 333, 334, 337, 338, 340, 342, 344, 350, 352–355, 357, 358, 360, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 372–374, 376, 377, 380, 382–384, 387, 390–394, 397, 398, 399–401, 404, 406, 407, 410, 415, 418–421, 423–425, 427–432, 434–436, 442, 446, 447, 451, 456–465, 467, 468, 470–480, 482–486, 492, 496, 504, 505
reasons for keeping as brushers or sweepers 21
Cedrus deodara 131
Cenchrus ciliaris 117, 198
Central African Empire 263
Central America 130, 134, 146, 150, 155
Centrosema macrocarpum 149, 487, 488
Centrosema pascuorum 91, 112, 115, 489–491
Centrosema plumieri 488, 489
Centrosema pubescens (Centro) 36, 52–54, 59, 61, 70, 86, 87, 91, 93–96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114–116, 123, 131, 136, 138, 143, 152, 153, 169, 171, 188, 191, 197, 198, 201, 203, 206, 203, 209, 241, 242, 250, 270, 277, 285, 287, 289, 295, 337, 350, 385, 423, 429, 436, 488–490
Centrosema schiedianum 115
Ceiba pedandra 2, 313, 315, 348, 464
Ceratonia siliqua 315
Cercospora leaf spot 152
Ceylon (see Sri Lanka)
chain slasher 222
chickens 166
Chloris gayana 64, 149, 246
Chromolaena odorata 220, 223, 255, 401
Chrysopogon acicultatus 365
Chrysopogon orientalis 86, 91
CIAT 123, 125, 149, 156, 175, 199, 492, 494
CIPAV 412–414
citrus 9, 12, 20, 309, 313, 314, 322, 435, 458, 464
Clerodendron fragans 85, 226, 229
Clidemia hista 85
Clitoria ternatea 91, 424, 488, 489
clove 2, 12, 13, 15, 241, 372, 437, 464
cocoa (see cacao)
coconut (Cocos nucifera) 2, 4–20, 23, 25, 26, 28–32, 35–37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50, 53, 54, 61, 68, 69, 71–75, 77–79, 82, 85, 86, 88, 91–96, 98, 100, 101, 103–105, 108, 109, 110–116, 119, 121, 122, 126, 129, 131–139, 141–143, 146, 147, 150, 152, 154, 157, 160–162, 164–166, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180–187, 204, 209–211, 214, 215, 224, 231, 233, 239–241, 247–250, 255, 256, 260, 262, 263, 267, 269, 270, 274–277, 279, 280, 282–287, 289, 292, 295–297, 301, 304, 305, 307, 309, 311, 313–316, 322–324, 326, 331, 350–369, 372–380, 382–385, 387–392, 395, 399, 401, 406–410, 412, 414–416, 418, 421, 423, 428–430, 432, 434–437, 455–465, 480, 482–487, 490, 492, 495, 496, 497–506
age 5, 20, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 50, 53, 59, 68, 69, 75–77, 97, 112, 146, 163, 165, 173, 180, 184, 223, 236–239, 268, 271, 279, 285, 287, 292, 334, 344, 377, 390, 395, 418, 426, 430, 434, 437, 455, 459–461, 463, 466, 467–471, 476, 477, 479, 506
area 2–4, 7, 9, 15, 16, 18, 21, 26, 30, 32, 36–39, 41, 46, 49–53, 58, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 76, 93–95, 98, 99, 102, 113, 130, 142, 152, 180, 182, 183, 185, 188, 195, 198, 204, 206, 207, 210–212, 214, 215, 220, 231, 237, 240, 241, 244, 248, 253, 258, 259, 265, 268, 270, 275, 284, 286, 296, 298, 300, 301, 316, 318, 357, 361, 367, 368, 376, 378, 382, 385, 393, 404, 406–410, 412, 417, 418, 420, 421, 423, 427, 429, 430, 434, 435, 436, 455, 459, 463, 465, 471–474, 485, 495, 497, 498, 501, 505
cattle repellents 75
coconut based farming systems (CBFS) 11, 377, 379, 485, 499, 505
collection 16, 19, 69, 74, 113, 133, 138, 153, 188, 248, 249, 267, 307, 360, 363, 364, 365, 394, 401, 418, 432, 435, 474, 484, 492
commercial production 14
copra cake/meal 20, 262, 283, 292, 309, 315, 319, 322, 323, 327, 334, 336–338, 349, 350, 380, 381, 415, 416, 425, 450, 457
damage by cattle 18, 75–76, 184
density 5, 7, 38, 41, 43, 44
distribution 5, 7–9, 13, 26, 30, 32, 39, 49, 136, 194, 205, 304, 356, 428, 463
drought tolerance 35, 113, 114, 124, 127, 135, 141, 146, 147, 168, 173, 428, 493
exports 4, 456
fencing 75, 166, 247, 249, 250, 258, 263, 282, 398, 466, 474, 479, 483, 505
fibre mats 164
frond burning 72
frond production 50, 354, 355
growing conditions 462
harvesting 18, 74, 138, 153, 197, 215, 247, 249, 258, 263–265, 267, 330, 337, 343, 385, 390, 407, 416, 476
hedge planting system 499, 501, 502
hybrids 7, 35, 77, 78, 97, 167, 459–463, 485, 493, 500
irrigation 35–37, 165, 378, 379, 412, 414, 416
meal 134, 283, 309, 311, 313–319, 322, 323, 327, 329, 330, 334, 336–338, 341, 342, 344, 345, 347–350, 415, 416, 425, 432, 436, 457
monoculture 5, 9, 12, 13, 15, 77, 353, 372, 378, 381, 382, 384, 385, 458, 474, 482, 483, 500
number of farmers 4
nutrient removal 212
planting systems 5, 8, 78, 479, 496–498, 500, 502, 503
price 16, 286, 374, 375, 376, 377, 388, 390, 399, 400, 406, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 485, 500, 503, 505
production systems 9, 11, 14, 61, 112, 304, 312, 394, 401, 415, 424, 425
rainfall requirement 37
Research Institute (CRI) 13, 92, 284, 295, 331, 359, 372, 412, 423, 465, 477, 498, 499, 505, 506
root damage 18, 69, 184
root distribution 8, 9
shade 11, 17, 18, 26, 30, 31, 39, 43, 46–48, 51–57, 59, 61–68, 88, 91, 93–98, 100–105, 107–113, 116, 117, 120, 122, 125, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135–139, 141–143, 145–148, 150, 152–158, 160–164, 168, 171–178, 180, 186, 198, 204, 228, 231, 237, 240, 250, 254, 256, 270, 272, 275, 279, 292, 295–298, 394, 463, 464, 470, 472, 477, 484–487, 490–495, 497, 503, 505
smallholder 46, 74, 95, 109, 113, 115, 116, 133, 139, 145, 161, 165–167, 213, 222, 224–226, 228, 250, 251, 255, 256, 262, 264, 270, 272, 289, 297, 299, 307, 325, 329, 350, 366, 373, 374, 377, 380, 392, 397, 404, 406, 407, 409, 410, 415, 418, 423–425, 427–429, 432, 435, 436, 448, 450, 451, 457, 458, 460, 464, 485, 499
spacing 7, 15, 20, 26, 31, 40, 76–80, 97, 146, 161, 188, 198, 199, 202, 207, 240, 277, 430, 431, 434, 437, 466, 467, 470–472, 474, 477, 479, 480, 485, 486, 496–501, 505
sprouted nuts 363
suitability for intercropping 5, 93, 372
trunk 68, 69, 73, 210, 313, 315, 330
varietal improvement 5, 455, 460
varieties 7, 12, 35, 46, 77, 78, 135, 136, 140, 166, 167, 174, 242, 295, 418, 459, 460, 461, 463, 496
yield 5, 13, 16, 18, 26–37, 77, 78, 91, 134, 139, 146, 147, 184, 186, 187, 210, 212, 233, 250, 272, 286, 351–369, 372, 374, 377, 383, 384, 387, 390, 391, 392, 394, 395, 407, 415, 435, 455, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463, 482, 485, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 503
Codariocalyx gyroides 104, 109
Coffea arabica (coffee) 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 160, 262, 311, 313, 315, 372, 373, 378, 380, 382, 434, 455, 458, 459, 477
by-products 4, 14, 16, 18, 20, 141, 259, 262, 286, 301, 309, 311, 312, 314, 315, 329, 330, 337, 340, 348–350, 373, 378–380, 382, 401, 404, 415, 416, 425, 427, 429, 430, 432, 442, 447, 449, 464, 485
Cola nitida 2, 464
Colletotrichum gloesporioides 173
Colombia 88, 123, 149, 155, 199, 203, 305, 312, 316, 319, 338, 410, 412
competition 15, 18, 26, 30–32, 36–38, 59, 61, 68, 74, 104, 105, 107, 132, 135, 141, 164, 180, 185, 186, 202, 209, 210, 218, 221, 231, 276, 357, 358, 360, 361, 455, 463, 472, 484, 498
computer models/modelling 476, 480, 482
concentrates 260, 279, 283, 298, 304, 307, 309, 316, 318, 324, 327, 333, 337, 341, 347, 348, 379, 415
coral soils 127, 152, 168
Cordia alliodora 31
Cori grass (see B. miliiformis)
Cortaderia sp. 466
Costa Rica 59, 76, 89, 120, 126, 134, 149, 160, 320, 345, 350, 485
cotton 38, 311, 322, 323, 334, 337, 344, 432
cover crop 30, 36, 150–153, 172, 173, 226, 428
CPCRI 35, 184, 377–379, 414, 415
creeping guinea grass (see P. maximum cv. Embu)
critical leaf area 265
crop residues 259, 294, 304, 309, 311, 312, 314–316, 318, 323, 401, 404, 420, 442
Crotalaria pallida 227
Cuba 129, 195, 319, 338, 341, 342, 345
Cuphea carthagenensis 227
Cut-and-carry 76, 95, 96, 101, 109, 112, 122, 132, 136, 138, 141, 143, 146, 185, 212, 241, 258, 259, 261–263, 265, 297, 305, 307, 358, 380, 381, 404, 427, 429, 432, 464, 495
advantages and disadvantages 14, 16, 85, 246, 247, 263, 417
Cyamopsis tetragondoba 348
Cyathula prostrata 94
Cynodon dactylon 66, 115, 296, 482
Cynodon plectostachyus 52, 100
Cyperus aromaticus 85, 227, 230
Cyperus ryllingia 243
Cyrtococcum acoresscens 350
Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum 268
Cyrtococcus trigonum 243
dairying 128, 150, 294, 295, 392, 424
Dahomey 356, 357
Dalbergia sissoo 326
Dalrymple vigna (see V. luteola)
Desmanthus 249, 312
Desmanthus virgatus 312
Desmodium auriculatum 298
Desmodium adcendens 91
Desmodium aparine 488, 489
Desmodium canum 52, 86, 91, 96, 101, 111, 143–145, 155, 156, 158, 269, 277, 280, 289, 298
Desmodium discolor 109
Desmodium distortum 109
Desmodium gangeticum 489, 490
Desmodium heterocarpon (see D. ovalifolium)
Desmodium heterophyllum (Hetero) 52, 59, 85, 86, 91, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 107, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 123, 128, 133, 134, 138, 140, 149, 153–155, 156, 157, 172, 176, 177, 188, 190, 191, 201, 207, 209, 213, 242, 249, 256, 270, 274, 277, 393, 397, 399, 464, 477, 486–490, 492, 494
Desmodium intortum (Greenleaf desmodium) 52, 59, 91, 96, 97, 101, 115, 130, 142, 150, 152, 156–158, 171, 198, 201, 487–490, 494
Desmodium ovalifolium (or D. heterocarpon) 52, 53, 85, 86, 91, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101, 108, 112, 117, 123, 128, 152, 156, 158, 175, 188, 197, 205, 489, 492, 494
Desmodium rensonii 104, 109
Desmodium salicifolium 109
Desmodium scropiurus 488
Desmodium triflorum 52, 85, 86, 91, 94, 98, 157, 365
Desmodium uncinatum (Silverleaf desmodium) 91, 158, 201
DHP 166, 325
Dichanthium aristatum (Angleton or Alabang x grass) 63, 91, 94, 100, 109, 115, 116, 132, 188, 200, 487, 489
Dichanthium caricosum (Nadi blue grass) 91, 115, 132, 133, 254, 200
digestibility 20, 22, 31, 51, 65–67, 121, 125–127, 142, 148–150, 152, 156, 162, 235, 236, 237, 294, 299, 316, 317, 320, 330, 331, 338, 344, 505
Digitaria decumbens (Pangola grass) 31, 52, 53, 62, 66, 66, 91–93, 95–97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 110, 111, 121, 122, 124, 125, 130, 131, 132, 142, 147, 150, 154, 171, 177, 178, 190, 197, 199, 200, 202, 206, 210, 211, 213, 215, 220, 236, 237, 243, 246, 264, 272, 269, 279, 286, 287, 298, 299, 307, 342, 352, 361, 387, 389, 395, 428, 436
Digitaria didactyla 149
Digitaria endlichii 488, 489
Digitaria milanjiana 487–489, 492, 495
Digitaria mombasana 91
Digitaria natalensis 487, 488
Digitaria pentzii 52, 91, 100, 487–489
Digitaria setivalva 52, 53, 62, 91, 98, 100, 103, 108, 110, 112, 151, 266
Digitaria swynnertonii 488, 489
Dimocarpus longan 392
disc plough 182, 183
Dolichos argentis 91
draught animals 14, 20, 344, 432, 437
drinking water 20, 21, 125, 272, 316, 417, 435
drought tolerance 35, 113, 114, 124, 127, 135, 141, 146, 147, 168, 173, 428, 493
ducks 2, 413, 431
dung (see manure)
dung beetle (see Onthophagus gazella)
Durian zibethinus 314
East Africa 88, 110, 116, 132, 134, 143, 178
Echinochloa crus-galli 115
Echinochloa pyramidalis 115
economics 11, 29, 226, 231, 318, 330, 331, 337, 367, 371, 374, 379–382, 392, 394, 406, 415, 416, 425, 483, 485, 498, 500, 503, 505
Ecuador 157, 317
Eichornia crassipes 314
Elaeis guineensis (Oil palm) 2, 11, 18, 28, 29, 37, 38, 46, 47, 49, 50, 57, 61, 62, 73, 75, 97, 98, 100, 102, 104, 108, 111–113, 138, 139, 249, 250, 255, 268, 270–272, 282, 283, 297, 311, 313, 315, 329, 330, 366, 373, 381, 401, 464, 465, 479, 480, 481, 482, 485, 498, 505
elephant grass (see Pennisetum purpureum)
Elephantopus mollis 227
Elephantopus sp. 85, 94, 214, 215, 227, 228, 384, 386, 387
Eleusine coracana 12, 314
Enterolobium cyclocarpum 326
Eragrostis plana 29
Eremochloa ciliaris 85, 86, 91
Erythrina edulis 413
Erythrina glauca 413
Erythrina indica 312
Erythrina lithosperma 326
Erythrina poeppegiana 31, 326, 418
Erythrina sp. 109, 249, 323, 418
Erythrina variegata 326
Ethiopia 188
Eucalyptus deglupta 2
Eucalyptus grandis 7, 58, 59, 63, 64
Eucalyptus tereticornis 38
Eugenia aromatica 2, 435
Eugenia jambos 326
Eupatorium odoratum 85, 270
European cross 296
evapotranspiration 31, 34
exotic pasture (see improved pasture)
facial eczema (pithomycotoxicosis) 125
farming systems 11, 12, 19, 281, 378, 379, 388, 397, 404, 409, 410, 422, 423, 435, 442, 446, 449, 464, 485, 499, 505
feeding trials 68, 160, 321, 322, 324, 335, 343
feedlot 262–264, 321, 327, 329, 336, 338, 341, 347, 430
fertilizer use 105, 128, 210, 256, 258, 276, 382
Ficus bengalensis 326
Ficus benjamina 418
Fiji 11, 24, 36, 44, 86, 89, 96, 113, 117, 120, 121, 126, 127, 129, 132–134, 142, 147, 148, 153, 155, 160, 168, 240, 241, 254, 260, 293, 306, 322, 323, 374, 376, 456, 460–462, 504, 505
fire 182, 215
fish 11, 283, 315, 337, 338, 341, 342, 344, 345, 423, 430, 431
fish meal 283, 315, 337, 338, 341, 342, 344, 345
Flemingia congesta 52, 59, 161, 418
Flemingia macrophylla 109
flooding 115, 116, 140, 144, 147, 153, 176
Florida 131, 148, 166, 193, 470, 471, 489, 490
food crops 9, 12, 14, 20, 314, 404, 418, 423, 448, 464, 466, 485, 499
food gardens 207
forage conservation 258, 307
forest plantations 125, 153, 157, 175
Forest Research Institute (FRI) 465, 505
forestry 292, 465, 466, 473, 476, 484
French Polynesia 89
Friesian-Holstein 299
Friesians 293, 297, 298, 300
Galactia striata 59, 209
Ghana 89, 141, 146
giant mimosa (see Mimosa invisa)
Gliricidia ehrenbergii 159
Gliricidia maculata (also G. sepium) 31, 55, 91, 93, 94, 104, 109, 159–162, 193, 194, 201, 267, 305, 324, 413, 418, 434
Gliricidia sepium (see G. maculata)
glycine (see N. wightii)
Glycine max 12, 314
goats 2, 23, 94, 95, 100, 121, 125, 152, 169, 182, 244, 253, 260, 262, 283–286, 317, 318, 329, 349, 360, 381, 382, 418, 424, 429, 436
grain 38, 311, 322, 344, 347, 429
grasshopper damage 128, 137
grass-legume balance 146, 173, 233–234, 247
grass morphology 51, 82
grazing 7, 14, 15, 17–20, 22, 28–30, 37, 51, 61, 63, 67, 69, 72–77, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 93, 95–97, 100, 105, 107, 109–113, 116, 117, 120, 121, 123–125, 127, 128, 131–134, 136–142, 145–157, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 177, 178, 182, 184, 199, 207, 209, 212, 215, 218–221, 224, 226–228, 231, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246–253, 255, 256, 258–265, 267–280, 282–289, 292, 294, 296–301, 305, 309, 316–318, 322, 323, 331, 333, 340, 342, 344, 347, 348, 350, 353, 358, 359, 360–367, 369, 373, 380–387, 398, 399, 404, 405, 417–420, 423, 424, 425–429, 434, 436, 447, 459, 463, 465, 466, 468, 470, 471, 473, 474, 476–482, 484, 485, 491–493, 495, 500, 503–506
animal grazing days 243
behaviour 73, 140, 246, 271
early 36, 37, 67, 74, 75, 88, 96, 128, 139, 150, 151, 154, 162–164, 166, 172, 173, 174, 184, 186, 187, 195, 196, 202, 209, 210, 213, 218–220, 225, 231, 256, 329, 331, 344, 352, 355, 399, 424–426, 430, 446, 447, 456, 460, 461, 465, 466, 471, 472, 480, 504, 505
height 5, 40, 41, 43, 44, 74, 76, 85, 93, 97, 105, 109, 120, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129–131, 134, 137, 140, 142, 145, 153, 156, 165, 171, 178, 185, 190, 196, 209, 218, 220, 221, 250, 260, 265, 267, 363, 466, 471, 475, 495
interval 61, 62, 64, 66, 98, 100, 165, 234, 235, 237, 250, 260, 263–266, 282, 334, 337, 495
management 16, 18, 19, 26, 30, 61, 73, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 96, 105, 110, 113, 114, 115, 120, 128, 133, 135–138, 141, 146, 170, 173, 180, 202, 210, 217, 218–221, 224, 226, 231, 233, 234, 237, 238, 244, 246–250, 254, 255, 267, 268, 272, 282, 287, 292, 293, 295–297, 300, 305, 329, 360, 364, 365, 369, 372, 377, 379, 381, 383–385, 392, 393, 396, 401, 406, 407, 410, 412, 427, 430, 432, 446, 448, 461–466, 471, 473, 476, 479, 480, 482, 483, 485, 486, 490, 492, 503, 505–507
overgrazing 76, 97, 121, 130, 136, 171, 219, 220, 226, 231, 237, 248, 255, 268, 466
pressure 61, 72, 76, 85, 88, 120, 123, 151, 173, 178, 203, 237, 265, 268, 331, 363, 486, 495
selective 51, 87, 209, 218, 219, 223, 246, 247, 270, 271
system (see stocking system)
tolerance 11, 35, 39, 51–55, 59, 61, 62, 64, 88, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112–117, 122, 124, 127–129, 131–136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145–147, 154, 155, 160, 164, 168, 173–175, 177, 428, 462, 486, 487, 490, 492, 493
trials 54, 57, 61, 68, 77, 93–96, 110, 111, 117, 122, 125, 127, 134, 136, 150, 154, 160, 166, 174, 177, 209, 225, 240, 244, 246, 247, 250, 258, 262, 270, 272–275, 277, 279, 286, 292, 295, 296, 301, 316, 320–322, 324, 335, 342, 343, 353, 356, 361, 362, 366, 398, 418, 424, 450, 466, 485, 490, 491, 492, 495, 499, 500
undergrazing 96, 237
zero grazing 93, 141, 212, 246, 258, 263, 423
green manure 150, 160, 162, 172, 177
Green panic (see P. maximum var. trichoglume)
Greenleaf desmodium (see D. intortum)
groundnut 12, 320
Guatemala 82, 116, 146, 147, 160, 166, 191, 200, 305, 309
Guatemala grass (see T. laxum)
Guava (see Psidium guajava)
Guinea grass (see P. maximum)
Hawaii 116, 122, 130, 141, 155, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 192, 270, 325, 326
hay 151, 258, 307, 314, 318, 347, 349, 466, 506
HCN 315
heat stress 17, 18, 294
hedgerow 470, 477–479, 503
Hemarthria altissima 93
Hereford 14, 136, 241, 246, 273, 283, 398
hetero (see D. heterophyllum)
Heteropogon contortus 91, 119
Heteropsylla cubana 104, 109, 166, 167, 418, 425, 166, 167, 418, 425
Heteropsylla sp. 223
Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber) 2, 18, 29, 30, 40, 46, 47, 50, 54–57, 61, 73, 75, 93–98, 101, 104, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 116, 121, 128, 138, 151, 156, 157, 175, 187, 188, 226, 241, 249, 268, 270–272, 279, 282, 283, 285, 297, 309, 313, 315, 337, 349, 353, 360, 366, 373, 392, 401, 428, 446, 455, 463–465, 476–479, 482, 485, 487, 490–492, 494, 495, 497, 501, 505
seeds 105, 137, 139, 140, 152, 159, 162, 163, 168, 173, 176, 180, 182, 190, 191, 195, 197, 199, 202–206, 218, 220, 221, 235, 311, 313, 314, 423, 429, 440, 441
Hibiscus sinensis 326
Hibiscus tileaceus 214
Hila hila (see M. pudica)
holding size 21, 258, 259, 296, 374, 392, 404, 406, 407, 408, 410
Holsteins 298
Homolepis aturensis 31
Hong Kong 24
horses 23, 142
hurricanes (typhons) 17, 374, 387, 388, 462
Humenachne acutiglume 115
Hyparrhenia rufa 301
Hyptis capitata 85, 215
Hyptis pectinata 85, 215
Hyptis rhomboides 85
ILCA 162, 188, 422–424, 485
Imperata cylindrica (Cogon) 52, 85–87, 91, 94, 107, 161, 209, 210, 227, 255, 284, 286, 287, 350, 425
improved pasture 69, 72, 73, 94, 117, 180, 182, 186, 188, 205, 213, 218, 241, 248, 285, 295, 297, 333, 359, 363, 383, 384, 392–394, 463, 466, 483
India 4, 23, 31, 37, 38, 43, 44, 89, 128, 130–134, 142–144, 147, 148, 171, 174, 184, 312, 317, 318, 324, 325, 338, 348, 349, 354, 356, 367, 377, 406, 410, 413, 414, 456, 461
Indian cross 296
Indian dairy cattle 297, 321, 322, 381, 382
Indian Ocean 132, 143, 153
indigenous pasture (see natural pasture)
Indigofera spicata 97, 495
Indigofera suffruticosa 214
Indonesia 4, 11, 12, 23, 44, 73, 86, 89, 94, 112, 125, 150, 152, 160, 162, 166, 167, 172, 174, 184, 212, 240, 241, 258, 259, 284, 285, 287, 288, 301, 335, 360, 373, 401, 406, 410, 415, 418, 431, 456, 458, 460, 463, 479, 491, 492, 494, 495, 500
Inga edulis 157
Inga laurina 326
inoculation 149, 153, 168, 171, 173, 203, 204
insect damage 177, 254
integrated farming 15, 19, 410, 412, 418, 435, 446, 464
integrating Photon Irradiance meter 49
integrating pyranometer 106
intensive feed gardens 161, 305
intercropping 4, 5, 7–17, 19, 21, 26, 38, 78, 184, 372–374, 377, 380, 399, 406–408, 412, 428, 429, 458, 459, 464, 471, 474, 475, 479, 485, 498, 499, 500–505
advantages and disadvantages 14, 16, 85, 246, 247, 263, 417
economics 11, 29, 226, 231, 318, 330, 331, 337, 367, 371, 374, 379–382, 392, 394, 406, 415, 416, 425, 483, 485, 498, 500, 503, 505
various crops 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 38, 262, 295, 372, 373, 380, 407, 428, 458, 459, 474, 503, 504, 505
Ipil-ipil (see Leucaena)
Ipomea batatas 10, 12, 20, 141, 294, 309–311, 314, 334, 340, 344–346, 410, 430, 432, 436, 459
IRETA 505
IRHO 97, 150, 209, 280, 282, 289, 357, 462
irrigation 35–37, 165, 378, 379, 412, 414, 416
Ischaemum aristatum (Batiki blue grass) 52, 55, 57, 91, 96, 97, 101, 103–106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 121, 129, 133, 134, 139, 153, 191, 192, 199, 200, 207, 215, 236, 237, 243, 250, 255, 256, 265, 272, 275, 276, 323, 342, 353, 398, 399, 486
Ischaemum indicum 96, 115, 133, 134
Ischaemum muticum 85, 134, 255
Ischaemum timorense 134
Ivory Coast 29, 35, 78, 88, 120, 121, 125, 146, 241, 250, 356, 357, 367, 410, 421, 461, 480, 498, 500
Jamaica 44, 77, 79, 93, 110, 120, 162, 240, 241, 272, 298, 352, 461
Jamaica Hope 298
jaundice 125 (also see photosensitization)
Java 30, 160, 285, 460, 477
Jerseys 293, 295, 298, 300
Jiddu cows 296
Jiffy Pots 192
Juglans nigra 471, 485, 504
Kaimi clover (see D. canum)
Kao haole (see L. leucocephala)
Kapok (see C. petandra)
KARI 423, 424
Kava 11, 13, 459, 503, 505
Kedah-Kelantan cattle 282, 425
Kenya 17, 26, 31, 137, 142, 146, 296, 410, 423, 425
Kola (see C. nitida)
Korea 24
Koronivia grass (see B. humidicola)
Kyllingia polyphylla 227, 230
Lablab purpureus 59, 91
labour use on coconut holdings 12, 13, 17, 19, 21, 82, 180, 181, 182, 192, 195, 205, 207, 213, 214, 219, 222, 247, 248, 258, 259, 261, 263, 294, 363, 366, 376–418, 428–430, 434, 442, 447, 448, 455, 457, 463, 483, 499, 503, 505
Lamda Quantum Sensor 47, 274
land preparation 152, 173, 180, 182, 184, 389, 393
land clearing 180
preparation machinery 181
Lantana camara 17, 85, 182, 214, 215, 227, 256, 270, 401
Laos 24, 317, 330
leader farmers 449, 450
Lecersia hexandra 115
Legumes 12, 17, 29, 30, 50–55, 57, 61, 72, 82, 83, 85, 86, 91–97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 109, 111–117, 119, 121, 123, 127, 128, 132, 133, 138, 141–145, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 155–157, 159, 165, 170, 174, 176, 186, 188, 191, 197, 198, 199, 203, 205, 207, 209–211, 213–215, 218, 219, 221, 224, 233, 235, 236, 241, 242, 244, 247–249, 263, 265, 269, 270, 280, 287, 289, 295, 298, 304, 305, 307, 312, 314, 326, 355, 384, 386, 387, 394, 397, 399, 414, 420, 424, 428, 434, 447, 450, 463–465, 477–479, 485, 486, 487–494
importance of 17, 18, 29, 49, 113, 115, 116, 185, 202, 211, 212, 220, 289, 399, 407, 446, 448, 450
morphology 82, 83, 113
Leucaena diversifolia 109, 117, 164, 326, 418
Leucaena leucocephala (Leucaena, Koa haole, Ipil-ipil) 17, 20, 52, 54, 55, 91, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 109, 111, 114, 116, 138, 147, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 191, 195, 201, 203, 204, 248, 260, 261, 297, 305, 312, 316, 324, 326, 327, 333, 334, 336, 353, 355, 384, 388, 410, 413, 427, 429, 434, 436, 495
Leucaena pallida 109
light intensity 46, 55, 59, 62, 65, 66, 101, 117, 156, 224, 421, 498
light transmission 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 49–55, 57, 59, 63, 67, 68, 77, 78, 96–98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 110–113, 115, 120–122, 125, 126, 128–131, 133, 134, 136–139, 141–143, 145–147, 151, 156, 174, 176, 177, 239, 240, 254, 268–270, 274–277, 279, 280, 282, 283, 285, 287, 288, 289, 301, 437, 479, 485–487, 490, 491, 494–496, 503
liveweight gain 21, 55, 67, 77, 87, 117, 120, 123, 125, 127–130, 132–136, 142, 145, 146, 147, 149, 152, 154, 157, 162, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 177, 221, 234, 240, 241, 244, 246, 248, 250, 262, 270, 272, 275–280, 282–290, 292, 301, 316, 320, 322, 324, 326, 329, 334, 335, 338, 344, 345, 348, 380, 388, 392, 398, 399, 420, 426, 463, 475
living fence 160, 161
Lolium perenne 67, 292
Longan 96, 392
Lotononis bainesii 91, 116
Lotus pendunculatus 115
Lotus uliginosis 466
lychee 96
Macroptilium atropurpureum (Siratro) 52, 54, 61, 65, 66, 84, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 101, 102, 111, 113–118, 123, 127, 133, 142, 145, 147, 152, 155, 164, 168, 169, 171, 188, 198, 201, 202, 206, 213, 215, 234, 235, 257, 263, 276, 280, 360, 488–490
Macroptilium lathyroides 91, 116, 206
Madagascar 143, 146, 174, 319
Madhuca indica 349
maize 12, 26, 294, 309–311, 314, 318, 320, 321, 335, 340, 344, 345, 349, 384, 410, 421, 423–425, 441
Malawi 141, 171, 269, 488, 489
Malaysia 2, 4, 11, 18, 20, 23, 31, 37, 38, 54, 57, 66, 73, 77, 79, 89, 97, 98, 101, 103, 111, 116, 120–122, 125, 128, 130–132, 134, 143, 150–152, 157, 172, 175, 183, 206, 209, 210, 237, 246, 253, 255, 258, 260–262, 264, 266, 268, 271, 282, 283, 293, 295, 297, 299, 309, 316, 321, 322, 330, 349, 360, 366, 373, 374, 378, 381, 382, 406, 407, 410, 425, 427, 456, 458, 463, 477–479, 482, 490–492, 494, 505
Mangifera indica 2, 314, 349
Manihot esculenta 12, 161, 314, 318, 436
manure 17, 19, 20, 29, 73, 75, 123, 141, 150, 160, 162, 172, 177, 207, 212, 256, 263, 309, 315, 350, 358, 361, 388, 404, 407, 414–416, 418, 426, 431, 432, 435, 436
MARDI 54, 75, 89, 97, 98, 112, 132, 210, 297, 427, 464, 478, 480, 482, 491, 505
mastitis 18, 297
mat grass 67, 85, 106, 110, 114, 120, 287
Mauritius 20, 89, 143, 337, 340, 342
meat 14, 20, 21, 24, 119, 233, 244, 245, 256, 269, 281, 282, 294, 316, 347, 349, 373, 381, 391, 393, 397–399, 404, 413, 423, 435
meat quality 244
Medicago sativa 115
Melia azedarach 18
Melinis minutiflora 91, 200
Melochia umbellata 418
Meloidogyne arenaria (see root nematodes)
Merremia 182
Meuse-Rhine-Yssel cattle 294, 324
Mexico 4, 31, 160, 301
Microstegium ciliatum 85
Mikania cordata 85, 255, 283, 337
Mikania micrantha 85, 223, 227, 270
Mikania sp. 277
milk 14, 17, 18, 20, 134, 142, 162, 203, 233, 246–248, 256, 260, 261, 293, 294, 295–301, 305, 318, 320, 322–326, 329–331, 333, 335, 337, 338, 340, 347, 377–379, 381, 388, 391, 392, 404, 409, 413–416, 419, 423, 424, 425, 427–429, 434, 435, 440–442, 447, 457, 464
production 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14–18, 20–24, 26, 29–32, 35–37, 39, 49–51, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84, 85, 94–98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 109, 112, 117, 119, 123, 129, 132, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142, 145, 153, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 176, 180, 185, 188, 190, 191, 197, 202, 209, 213, 218, 226, 231, 233, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 253, 257–263, 265, 269, 270, 272, 275, 277–289, 293, 294, 295–301, 303–309, 312, 313, 316, 317, 324–326, 329, 330, 333, 334, 337, 338, 340, 342, 344, 350, 352–355, 357, 358, 360, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 372–374, 376, 377, 380, 382–384, 387, 390–394, 397, 398, 399–401, 404, 406, 407, 410, 415, 418–421, 423–425, 427–432, 434–436, 442, 446, 447, 451, 456–465, 467, 468, 470–480, 482–486, 492, 496, 504, 505
yield 11, 13, 16–18, 28–31, 33, 35–39, 50, 52–59, 61–64, 68, 72, 76–78, 87, 92, 94, 95–101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 117, 122, 125, 126, 128, 130, 136, 138, 150, 160–162, 167, 174, 184, 186–188, 193–195, 197, 199, 202, 211, 212, 222, 233–235, 237, 243, 246, 257, 260–264, 266, 267, 268, 280, 294–298, 300, 301, 304, 306, 307, 316, 320, 323–326, 329, 333, 335, 340, 352–362, 364–368, 372, 377, 381, 382, 387, 390, 392, 394–396, 415, 420, 424–428, 442, 451, 460–463, 467, 468, 470, 472–475, 477, 480, 482, 486–490, 492, 494–501
milkweed (see A. curassavica)
Mimosa invisa (Giant mimosa) 85, 168, 223, 225, 227, 229
Mimosa pigra 221
Mimosa pudica (Sensitive plant, Hila hila) 52, 85–87, 107, 111, 117, 120, 121, 123, 126, 133, 145, 168, 170, 223, 225, 276, 227, 243, 249, 269, 271, 274, 276, 282, 287, 384, 386, 387, 399, 401
mimosine 165, 166, 325
mixed farming 11, 12, 15, 294, 353, 354, 372, 377–379, 388, 404, 409, 413, 414, 416, 422, 447
Mongolia 24
monkeys 74, 365
monocropping 5, 15, 377, 408, 474, 475, 498
monsoon 32, 212, 258, 367
Moringa oleifera 312
Moringia pterygosperma 161
Mozambique 356, 357, 423
Mucuna sp. 487–489
Mucuna utilis 92
multicropping 15, 486, 503–506
multinutrient blocks 348
multiple and multistorey cropping 8, 15–16, 141, 379, 458
muriate of potash 212, 258, 434
Musa sapientum 10, 12, 13, 15, 20, 116, 141, 260, 294, 309–311, 313, 314, 316–319, 344, 350, 372, 373, 377, 380, 408, 409, 414, 416, 418, 421, 430, 432, 434, 436, 441, 450, 458, 459
Myanmar (Burma) 24, 128, 133
N'dama 421, 423
Nadi blue grass (see D. caricosum)
NaOH 314, 321, 330, 338
Napier grass (see P. purpureum)
narrow leaf carpet grass (see A. affinis)
native pastures (see natural pastures)
natural pastures 69, 71, 72, 87, 94, 97, 119, 140, 148, 153, 155, 157, 169, 182, 210, 214, 239–241, 244, 249, 250, 271, 274–277, 280, 282, 283, 284, 287, 288–290, 297, 322, 352, 362, 381, 383, 384, 392, 393, 398, 425
Nauru 4
Navua sedge 142, 227, 230
Neonotonia wightii (Glycine) 54, 91, 96, 97, 101, 111, 123, 124, 127, 138, 142, 152, 156, 171, 172, 198, 201, 203, 213–215, 241, 269, 270, 280, 300, 314, 350, 448, 489, 490
Nephrolepis biserrata 85
Nephrolepis hirsutula 85, 228, 230, 256
New Hebrides (see Vanuatu)
New Zealand 67, 72, 75, 125, 185, 209, 253, 465, 466, 468, 476, 479, 480, 483, 485, 505
Nicotiana tabaccum 349
Nigeria 88, 160, 186, 202, 295, 320, 446, 479
nitrogen 18, 20, 29, 30, 50–53, 57, 61–64, 66, 72, 83, 84, 92, 94, 98, 117, 119, 121, 127, 131, 134, 137, 153, 154, 157, 163, 165, 173, 177, 185, 211, 219, 223, 234, 237, 257, 286, 292, 301, 312, 315, 319, 346–348, 354, 355, 361, 365, 410, 424, 463
nitrogen fixation 117, 153, 157, 163, 257
nitrogen transfer 117
nodules 83, 84, 116
non-conventional feed 309, 311, 312
non-protein nitrogen 315, 346
North America 58, 470
North Sulawesi 9, 94, 109, 120, 127, 142, 145, 150, 169, 284, 490–492, 495
North Sumatra 112, 160, 337, 401
nutrient recycling 361, 413
Oceania 4
off-farm income 394, 395, 407, 483
oil cakes 348
oil palm (see E. guineensis)
on-farm trials 117, 449
Onthophagus gazella 73
Oryctes rhinoceros 19, 73
Orbygnya cohune 315
Oryza sativa 11, 29, 148, 203, 206, 260, 261, 263, 279, 307–311, 314, 317, 319, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 330–337, 340, 343, 344, 348, 350, 384, 350, 384, 388, 404, 408, 410, 415, 416, 425, 429, 430, 435, 436, 450, 455, 459
rice bran 260, 263, 308, 309, 335, 337, 350, 384, 415, 416, 450
rice by-products 330
rice millmeal 311, 314, 129, 330, 436
rice straw 261, 279, 317, 322, 324, 326, 327, 330–336, 340, 348, 350, 404, 429, 430, 435, 436, 450
Ottochloa nodosum 55, 91
oxalates 142
Pacific 3, 4, 11, 74, 85, 86, 88, 89, 96, 101, 104, 110, 113, 123, 128, 132–134, 139, 144, 146, 148, 153, 156, 213, 223, 224, 226, 254, 272, 292, 311, 394, 418, 449, 450, 456, 457, 460, 462, 463, 505, 506
Pakistan 130
palisade grass (see B. brizantha)
palm kernel cake 283, 309, 313, 329, 330, 349, 425–427
Pangola grass (see D. decumbens)
Panicum coloratum 92, 115, 116
Panicum maximum (Guinea grass) 31, 52–54, 55, 57, 62, 64–67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 82, 91, 92, 93, 94–96, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 114, 115, 116, 118, 122, 125, 131, 134–139, 145, 151, 152, 153, 154, 157, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 188, 195, 196, 198, 200, 206, 208, 213, 218, 234, 237, 243, 246, 248, 250, 251, 252, 256, 258, 260, 265, 266, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 285, 295, 297, 298, 300, 305, 307, 316, 317, 324, 340, 342, 352, 354, 355, 356–358, 363, 384, 392, 393, 399, 400, 405, 414, 416, 423, 429, 436, 477, 480, 487–489, 492
Panicum maximum cv. Embu (Creeping guinea grass) 91, 96, 103, 105, 108, 110, 114, 136, 137, 138, 243, 256, 275, 488, 489
Panicum maximum cv. Hamil (Hamil guinea grass) 57, 91, 126, 137
Panicum maximum var. trichoglume (Green panic) 54, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 91, 92, 93, 103, 104, 105, 114, 136, 168, 171, 200, 206, 213, 243, 104, 285, 300
Panicum repens 115
papaya 10, 12, 15, 314, 372, 421, 458
Papua New Guinea 4, 24, 58, 59, 79, 86, 89, 96, 120, 121, 125, 134, 139, 150, 223, 240, 292, 322, 360, 381, 406, 456, 458, 460, 462, 500
Para grass (see B. mutica)
Paraguay 18
Paspalum commersonii 91, 92, 96, 114, 139, 168, 200, 272, 367, 488
Paspalum conjugatum (Sour, bitter, T or Tee grass) 51–54, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 85, 91, 94–98, 100, 103, 106, 107, 108, 110, 121, 139, 140, 150, 210, 228, 265, 270, 271, 277, 280, 285, 286, 337, 350, 384, 386, 387, 389, 425, 487, 488, 489
Paspalum dilatatum 149, 198, 488, 489
Paspalum fasciculatum 31
Paspalum malacophyllum 101, 487–489, 493, 495, 496
Paspalum notatum 63, 67, 91, 92, 93, 95, 110, 112, 149, 286, 353, 492, 470, 477, 482, 488, 492, 493
Paspalum plicatulum 91, 92, 93, 100, 103, 115, 200, 206, 243, 285, 488, 489
Paspalum scrobiculatum 488, 489
Paspalum wettsteinii 101, 110, 112, 487–489, 492, 493, 495–497
Passion fruit 10, 12
pastoralism 59
pasture
area reduction under coconuts 58, 68, 69, 72, 73
carrying capacity 58, 59, 60, 78, 95, 109, 119, 146, 180, 237, 239, 240, 244, 250, 279, 285, 286, 297, 299, 377, 383, 421, 429, 465, 467, 468, 469, 472, 473, 476, 483, 485
characteristics 5, 40, 53, 61, 82, 83, 87, 88, 101, 104, 105, 113, 114, 119, 167, 180, 218, 221, 223, 410, 463, 466, 482, 492
cost 12–14, 16, 17, 26, 105, 117, 136, 146, 149, 181, 183, 187, 188, 191, 198, 205, 209–215, 219, 226, 231, 233, 258, 261, 263, 264, 282, 321, 326, 340, 343, 355, 366, 377–382, 385, 388–390, 392–395, 397, 398, 409, 415–417, 421, 423, 425, 427, 428, 430–435, 447, 451, 456, 471, 482, 483, 485, 500, 503, 506
crude protein level 143, 149, 236, 237
cutting frequency 264
cutting height 165, 265, 267, 495
cutting interval 61, 62, 64, 66, 98, 100, 165, 234, 235, 237, 260, 263, 264, 266, 495
cutting trials 96, 136, 150
digestibility 20, 22, 31, 51, 65–67, 121, 125–127, 142, 148–150, 152, 156, 162, 235, 236, 237, 294, 299, 316, 317, 320, 330, 331, 338, 344, 505
disease 20, 88, 157, 168, 173, 228, 253, 254, 424, 449, 477
effects on coconut collection 16, 19, 74, 113, 133, 138, 153, 248, 249, 267, 360, 363, 364, 365, 394, 401, 432, 484, 492
effects on coconut yields 29, 30, 38, 91, 96, 146, 184, 186, 272, 351–369, 390, 392
establishment 16, 36, 70, 77–79, 82, 85, 88, 94, 97, 101, 102, 105, 111, 112, 123, 128, 129, 146, 162, 164, 171, 176, 179, 180, 184–186, 190, 191, 193, 194–197, 199, 202, 205–211, 213–215, 218–222, 228, 231, 232, 234, 257, 276, 285, 365, 373, 377, 384, 387, 389, 397–399, 401, 423, 429, 430, 433, 434, 465, 466, 502, 504, 506
disc strip techniques 123
fertilizer rates 213
method of establishment 162, 193, 194, 205
oversowing and sod seeding 209
timing 215, 319
zero-till 123, 206, 209, 120, 215, 270
grazing height 74, 76, 105, 109, 120, 123, 124, 127, 128, 129, 131, 137, 140, 145, 153, 171, 178, 190, 209, 218, 220, 221, 250, 265, 363
intake 20, 22, 24, 51, 61, 65, 67, 121, 142, 150–152, 156, 166, 237, 263, 264, 272, 293–295, 305, 312, 316–318, 320–323, 325–327, 330, 331, 336, 337, 338, 340, 346–349, 380, 382, 419, 427
management 16, 18, 19, 26, 30, 61, 73, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 96, 105, 110, 113, 114, 115, 120, 128, 133, 135–138, 141, 146, 170, 173, 180, 202, 210, 217, 218–221, 224, 226, 231, 233, 234, 237, 238, 244, 246–250, 254, 255, 267, 268, 272, 282, 287, 292, 293, 295–297, 300, 305, 329, 360, 364, 365, 369, 372, 377, 379, 381, 383–385, 392, 393, 396, 401, 406, 407, 410, 412, 427, 430, 432, 446, 448, 461–466, 471, 473, 476, 479, 480, 482, 483, 485, 486, 490, 492, 503, 505–507
mowing or topping 210, 220, 222, 367
nitrogen economy 62
nurseries 154, 177, 188
nutritive value 61, 63, 65, 67, 87, 94, 121, 233, 236, 263, 286, 288, 292, 301, 305, 312, 318, 330, 338, 348, 398, 463
odour 151, 160
palatability 67, 73, 87, 94, 129, 139, 140, 151, 155, 156, 172, 173, 270, 276, 286, 315, 321, 338, 340, 346, 349
persistence 51, 61, 62, 98, 100, 101, 110, 112, 113, 120, 133, 150, 157, 175, 180, 213, 234, 248, 253, 254, 268, 292, 463, 486, 490, 492
planting material 82, 105, 159, 188, 190–192, 195, 196, 198, 205–207, 218, 220
cuttings 70, 85, 105, 109, 122, 123, 127–130, 133, 140, 142, 146, 149, 150, 162, 163, 164, 172, 173, 178, 180, 182, 184, 188–195, 197–199, 202, 205, 207, 213, 218, 231, 394, 398, 436, 466, 492, 495
machine planting 206, 208, 213, 214, 215
size of 9, 20, 31, 37, 69, 70, 140, 187, 195, 196, 258, 259, 268, 289, 366, 374, 383, 404, 406–408, 410, 418, 425
spacing 161, 188, 198, 199, 202, 207, 434
storage 133, 191, 195, 197, 203, 204, 315, 331, 335, 349
types of 13, 190, 203, 206, 218, 307, 397, 420, 446, 480, 503
production 2, 4, 5, 9, 11, 12, 14–18, 20–24, 26, 29–32, 35–37, 39, 49–51, 54, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84, 85, 94–98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 109, 112, 117, 119, 123, 129, 132, 134, 135, 137, 140, 141, 142, 145, 153, 156, 157, 160, 162, 163, 176, 180, 185, 188, 190, 191, 197, 202, 209, 213, 218, 226, 231, 233, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 253, 257–263, 265, 269, 270, 272, 275, 277–289, 293, 294, 295–301, 303–309, 312, 313, 316, 317, 324–326, 329, 330, 333, 334, 337, 338, 340, 342, 344, 350, 352–355, 357, 358, 360, 362, 363, 366, 367, 369, 372–374, 376, 377, 380, 382–384, 387, 390–394, 397, 398, 399–401, 404, 406, 407, 410, 415, 418–421, 423–425, 427–432, 434–436, 442, 446, 447, 451, 456–465, 467, 468, 470–480, 482–486, 492, 496, 504, 505
quality 17, 20, 21, 24, 30, 31, 39, 51, 54, 65–68, 74, 85, 94, 117, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129, 137, 146, 149, 152, 165, 188, 191, 197, 198, 218, 219, 233, 235–238, 240, 244, 262–264, 271, 276, 280, 283, 288, 289, 292, 296, 297, 299, 305, 307, 316, 322, 323, 329, 338, 340, 342, 343, 345, 346, 347, 383, 392, 394, 401, 404, 407, 424, 426, 477, 486
rehabilitation 17, 97, 181, 214, 215, 288, 394, 457, 479
seasonality 180, 303–305, 312, 464
shade tolerance 11, 39, 51–55, 59, 61, 62, 64, 88, 91, 94, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 109, 110, 112, 113, 117, 122, 128, 129, 131–133, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147, 154, 155, 164, 173–175, 177, 486, 487, 490, 492, 493
species selection 11, 35, 39, 51–55, 59, 61, 62, 64, 88, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112–117, 122, 124, 127–129, 131, 132, 133–136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145–147, 154, 155, 160, 164, 168, 173, 174, 175, 177, 428, 462, 486, 487, 490, 492, 493
for coconut environment 50, 88–113, 129, 135, 136, 147, 156, 178, 486, 490, 502
for drought tolerance 35, 113, 114, 124, 127, 135, 141, 146, 147, 168, 173, 428, 493
management level 238
tolerance to flooding 116
tolerance to salinity 116
tolerance to waterlogging 115, 142
type of cattle-coconut enterprise 116
Peanut weed or Pistache (Cassia tora)
Pemba grass (see S. dimidiatum)
Pennisetum americanum 141, 194, 305, 432
Pennisetum clandestinum 56, 62, 66, 67, 76, 101
Pennisetum polystachyon 86, 133
Pennisetum purpureum 52, 54, 74, 91, 93, 94, 96, 98, 101, 103, 105, 108, 109, 112, 114, 115, 116, 140, 141, 146, 150, 171, 172, 185, 193, 194, 195, 198– 200, 243, 259, 264, 266, 270, 297, 305, 307–309, 318, 319, 320, 321, 324, 325, 335, 336, 349, 352, 377, 382, 384, 424, 425, 432, 436, 450, 479, 498
Peperomia pellucida 277
pepper 10, 12, 13, 15, 104, 372, 377, 379, 414–416, 434, 459
Phanerochaeta salmonicolor 157
Phaseolus vulgaris 314
Philippines 4, 11–13, 17, 23, 29, 43, 44, 77, 79, 85, 86, 88, 89, 94, 95, 110, 115, 119, 120, 122, 125, 129, 130, 132–134, 138, 139, 142, 148, 151, 166, 183, 184, 212, 240, 241, 244, 248–250, 259, 262, 267, 285, 286, 288, 289, 297, 304, 316, 322, 325, 330, 331, 334, 337, 345, 349, 353, 359, 361, 368, 369, 372–375, 382–384, 387, 388, 390, 397, 398, 401, 404, 406, 407, 408, 410, 418, 428–430, 456–459, 462, 482, 503
photosensitization 112, 125, 286
Phragmites australis 115
Phytophthora colocasiae 503
Phytophthora heveae 462
Pico (see Solanum torvum)
pigs 2, 166, 322, 345, 407, 413, 418, 431
pineapple (see A. comosus)
Pinus caribaea 2, 59
Pinus elliottii 185, 470
Pinus kesiya 2
Pinus palustris 470
Pinus radiata 37, 59, 72, 75, 465–467, 469, 475, 476, 479, 481, 485, 501, 505
Pinus roxburgii 131
Pinus taeda 482
pioneer legumes 152, 186
Pithecellobium saman 312
Pithomyces chartarum 125
plantation 2, 14, 21, 29, 32, 38–42, 49, 57, 61, 63–67, 72–76, 85, 94, 104, 107, 108, 112, 113, 120, 121, 125, 139, 153, 159, 161–163, 185, 186, 219, 221, 241, 249, 250, 258, 268, 270, 279, 285, 287, 292, 305, 307, 321, 331, 350, 353, 363, 377, 394, 396, 406, 414, 418–420, 449, 455, 458, 459, 463, 464, 465, 477, 479, 482, 485, 486, 490, 502, 504
plastic pots 164
poles 74, 365
Polynesia (see Pacific)
POME 329
poplars 474, 475
Poultry 2, 309, 315, 329, 340, 344, 350, 407–409, 436, 441, 442
manure 309, 315, 350
Prosopis cineraria 31
Prunus avium 30
Pseudarthria hookeri 109
Pseudo-elephantopus spicatus 85, 94, 214, 215, 228
Pseudotsuga menziessi 471
Psidium guajava 2, 15, 59, 85, 182, 224, 226, 228, 256, 314, 416, 464
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 314
Psyllid (see H. cubana)
psyllid resistance 418, 425
Pteridium 85
Puccinia oahuensis 131
Pueraria lobata 94
Pueraria phaseoloides (Puero) 52, 55, 59, 85–87, 91, 92, 93–95, 97, 98, 107, 111, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 128, 130, 141, 150–152, 156, 172, 173, 177, 186, 188, 191, 197, 198, 201, 215, 218, 234, 269–271, 276, 277, 337, 377, 384, 386, 387, 434, 489, 494
puero (see P. phaseoloides)
Puerto Rico 129, 131, 132, 134, 173, 298, 338
pulses 9, 311
P.U.T.P. 415, 417
Queensland 58, 59, 64, 72, 119, 132, 150, 152–155, 160, 162, 172, 180, 197, 198, 209, 264, 294, 295, 300, 486, 490
rambutan 11
rat damage 74
reafforestation 2, 464
Red Dane 297, 321, 382
Rhaphis aciculata 91
rhinoceros beettle (see O. rhinoceros)
Rhizoctonia solani leaf blight 168, 173
Rhizobium 83, 148, 149, 152, 153, 162, 163, 168, 172, 203
rhizomes 51, 66, 82, 140, 142, 143, 146, 190, 191
Rhyncophorous 462
rice (see O. sativa)
Ricinus communis 315, 348
root crops 9, 184, 314, 455
root nematodes 148, 150
root reserves 248
root stocks 85, 142, 190, 191, 195, 205
root systems 7, 26, 83, 141, 191, 219
root weight 248
rubber (see H. brasiliensis)
Rubber Research Institute 477
Ruellia prostrata 85, 243
rumen microbes 166
Ruzi grass (see B. ruziziensis)
Rynchosia minima 487, 488
Sabah 176, 321
Sabi grass (see U. mosambicensis)
Saccarum officinarum 20, 116, 193, 260, 308–311, 315–319, 326, 337, 338, 340, 343–345, 384, 388, 412, 421, 436, 441, 450
bagasse 309, 311, 315, 316, 338–340, 412
cane juice 311, 344, 345
cane tops 260, 337, 342, 384, 430
chopped whole cane 315, 343
derinded cane 342, 343
molasses 134, 151, 200, 260, 307, 309, 311, 313, 315–323, 326, 329–331, 334–338, 340–342, 344, 345, 347–350, 384, 418, 436
Saccarum spontaneum 115
sago 313, 314
saline soils 144
salt blocks 138
Samanea saman 31, 326, 350
sandy soils 32, 37, 144
Sarawak 168, 176
Scamurius sp. 223
Scapanes 462
Schofield stylo (see S. guianensis)
seasonality of forage production 304, 464
seeds
depth of planting 163, 195, 205
dormancy 176, 191, 202
drying 35, 195, 197, 203, 349, 376, 424
formation 51
fungal disease 61, 157, 173, 254
germination 29, 123, 133, 137, 152, 172, 180, 197, 198, 202–205, 207, 209, 218
hardseededness 149, 202
harvesting 18, 74, 138, 153, 197, 215, 247, 249, 258, 263–265, 267, 330, 337, 343, 385, 390, 407, 416, 476
inoculation 149, 153, 168, 171, 173, 203, 204
method of establishment 162, 193, 194, 205
nurseries 154, 177, 188
pelleting 204
preparation 152, 173, 180–185, 199, 202, 207, 209, 220, 389, 393, 437
quality 125, 191, 197, 198, 219
rate 2, 13, 17, 18, 21, 35, 50, 52, 57, 62, 63, 65, 75, 93–95, 105, 119, 125, 133, 139, 140, 145–147, 149, 152, 162, 164, 173, 176, 182, 185, 188, 198, 199–202, 207, 209, 210, 212, 214, 218, 226–228, 231, 233, 237, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 253, 254, 257, 258, 260, 265, 268, 270, 274–281, 283–292, 300, 313, 316, 317, 320–324, 326, 329, 330, 333, 334, 337, 338, 342, 344, 345, 347, 355, 361–363, 368, 369, 383, 384, 385, 389, 390, 393, 396, 398, 399, 416, 423–425, 434, 446, 448, 455, 460, 462, 470, 475, 476, 483, 495, 497, 500, 503, 505, 506
scarification 168, 172, 173, 202–204
seedbed preparation 168, 173, 183, 185
sowing 70, 128, 147, 152, 163, 171, 172, 180, 184, 198, 199, 202, 203, 205, 206, 209, 210, 221, 222, 268, 275, 393
storage 133, 191, 195, 197, 204, 315, 349
time of planting 434
treatment 37, 118, 119, 122, 151, 176, 202–204, 215, 221, 248, 258, 262, 273, 274–276, 283, 285, 301, 315, 320, 321, 324, 330, 331, 333–336, 338, 344, 348, 349, 352, 355, 358, 359, 361, 362, 366–368, 382, 386–388, 467, 470, 471, 474, 475, 486, 487
trellises 188
yield 138
sensitive plant (see M. pudica)
sequential cropping 15
Sesbania formosa 326
Sesbania grandiflora 55, 104, 109, 161, 312, 326, 418
Sesbania sesban 84, 109, 312, 326, 329
Setaria anceps 92, 142
Setaria sphacelata 7, 52, 54, 62, 63, 67, 91, 92, 95, 98, 103, 108, 109, 142, 143, 198, 246, 266, 284, 297, 353, 427, 487–489
Setaria splendida 94, 95, 110, 115, 237, 295
Seychelles 20, 89, 144, 212, 298, 316, 410, 430
shade
cloth 63, 486
effects on N fixation 56, 57, 62–64, 93, 122, 153
patterns 15, 43, 46–48, 67, 71, 234, 270, 304, 372, 410, 462, 471, 477, 479, 480
quality of light 39
quantity of light 39, 40, 62
relative humidity 18, 30, 197, 293
temperature 5, 17, 64–66, 135, 204, 293–295, 356
tolerance 11, 35, 39, 51–55, 59, 61, 62, 64, 88, 91, 93, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112–117, 122, 124, 127–129, 131–136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145–147, 154, 155, 160, 164, 168, 173–175, 177, 428, 462, 486, 487, 490, 492, 493
trees 2, 4, 7, 11, 15–18, 28, 30, 31, 37–43, 46, 49, 54, 58–61, 63, 64, 68, 72, 74, 75–79, 85, 88, 92–95, 101, 110, 135, 156, 157, 160–165, 181, 184, 185, 187, 188, 249, 258, 277, 279, 283, 286, 296, 297, 305, 307, 312, 323, 326, 350, 355, 358, 360, 361, 365, 366, 368, 369, 373, 387, 394, 406, 407, 408, 412–414, 418, 420, 421, 425, 429, 430, 432, 434, 437, 457, 459, 460, 464–466, 468, 470–477, 479, 480, 482–485, 496, 499, 500, 501, 503, 505, 506
sheep 2, 18, 23, 28, 30, 37, 67, 72, 73, 76, 94, 95, 112, 125, 131, 151, 152, 157, 161, 162, 182, 226, 231, 244, 249, 253, 268, 270, 271, 279, 282, 283, 285, 286, 292, 317, 318, 321, 324, 329, 330, 337, 344, 353, 360, 366, 392, 401, 413, 424, 463, 465–468, 470, 473–482, 484, 485, 491, 505
Shorea robusta 315, 349
Sida 85, 215, 224, 225, 228, 256
Sida acuta 85, 215, 228, 256
Sida glomerata 85
Sida rhombifolia 85, 215, 228
signal grass (see B. decumbens)
silage 125, 162, 258, 307, 314, 325, 330, 337, 338, 436, 466
silverleaf desmodium (see Desmodium uncinatum)
silvopastoral system 30
Simmenthal 421
Sindhi 294, 295
sinhala cattle 241, 295, 296
Siratro (see Macroptilium atropurpureum)
Sisal 311
smallholder dairy development 350, 429
smallholder systems 226, 410, 485
smallholders 19, 97, 113, 128, 166, 171, 205, 258, 262, 265, 283, 316, 349, 374, 380, 394, 397, 405–408, 410, 418, 425, 432, 447, 449, 451, 457, 462, 500, 503
sodium 138, 145, 342
Soil 5, 7, 9, 16–20, 26, 28–33, 35–38, 40, 50, 51, 61, 63, 64, 69, 72, 73, 76, 77, 82, 88, 94, 107, 113, 117, 120, 121, 123, 126, 133, 139, 144, 146–148, 150, 153, 159, 164, 173, 178, 180–182, 184–188, 191–193, 199, 204–207, 209–213, 218–221, 228, 231, 238, 241, 254, 256, 258, 263, 268, 285, 287, 294, 341, 354, 355, 357, 358, 360, 361, 365, 366, 368, 369, 372, 373, 381, 390, 410, 412, 420, 421, 424, 435, 436, 446, 462, 463, 465, 472
acidity 107
compaction 19, 31, 72, 73, 192, 193, 368, 369
copper deficiency 213
cultivation 2, 4, 15, 18, 37, 41, 42, 69, 70, 73, 77, 133, 148, 173, 183–185, 210, 365–369, 378, 382, 404, 437, 440, 441, 450, 501
depth 5, 9, 30, 32, 97, 113, 163, 184, 195, 199, 205, 366
fertility 17, 19, 29, 31, 40, 61, 63, 94, 107, 110, 121, 128, 132, 133, 139, 146, 156, 178, 180, 181, 207, 211–213, 238, 254, 263, 282, 294, 331, 355, 369, 390, 420, 435, 436, 446
foliage testing 258
iron deficiency 212
moisture 19, 26, 29–32, 35–38, 59, 63–65, 68, 74, 94, 109, 141, 150, 153, 164, 185, 191, 197, 203, 205, 258, 260, 352, 356–358, 369, 472, 484
moisture deficit 30–38, 50, 76, 185, 357, 358
nitrogen deficiency 63, 212
nutrients 18, 19, 26, 28, 29, 31, 59, 68, 73, 109, 141, 150, 180, 192, 210, 212, 256, 259, 268, 319, 331, 343, 348, 358, 369, 420, 435, 472
organic matter 26, 28, 181, 285, 424, 426, 430, 479
pH 28, 147, 160, 161, 171, 176, 178, 213
phosphorus deficiency 20, 213
potassium deficiency 213, 258, 355,
preparation 28, 147, 152, 160, 161, 171, 173, 176, 178, 180–185, 199, 202, 207, 209, 213, 220, 389, 393, 437
depth 32, 163, 184, 195, 199, 205, 366
timing 184, 185
property relationships 181, 182
temperature 5, 17, 64–66, 135, 204, 293–295, 356
Solanum torvum 17, 85, 177, 181, 186, 214, 215, 219, 220, 224, 225, 228, 394
Solomon Islands 41, 43, 45, 46, 54, 55, 58, 59, 68, 76, 77, 79, 86, 87, 90, 96, 97, 103, 110, 113, 120–123, 125–127, 129, 130, 133, 136, 139, 144, 146, 150, 168, 169, 174, 184, 224, 239–241, 249, 250, 254–256, 270, 274, 277, 278, 279, 287–289, 291, 292, 358, 362, 365, 366, 390, 456, 458, 460
Sorghum almum 198
Sorghum bicolor 12, 314
Sorghum spp. hybrid cv. Silk 74, 187
sour grass (see Paspalum conjugatum)
South Africa 130, 142, 340
South America 126, 132, 133, 144, 148, 152, 155, 156, 163, 173, 177
South Pacific 11, 104, 110, 113, 128, 133, 139, 223, 224, 226, 254, 394, 449, 450, 457, 505, 506
Southeast Asia 21, 23, 86, 104
soybean 12, 126, 301, 314, 334, 344, 347
Sphaerostephanos unitus 256
spittlebug 126
Sporobulus indica 85
Sri Lanka 4, 11–13, 19, 23, 29, 31, 35–37, 45, 54, 75, 77, 79, 88, 90–92, 109, 110, 116, 120, 122, 127, 128, 131, 134, 136, 139, 141, 143, 146, 148, 156, 157, 160, 161, 163, 166, 168, 174, 175, 183, 187, 188, 202, 212, 223, 240, 241, 244, 246, 258, 264, 272, 279, 295, 296, 304, 305, 307, 322, 324, 331, 352–356, 358–361, 367, 372, 391, 405–407, 409, 410, 431, 432, 456, 461, 462, 498, 499
St. Augustine grass (see Stenotaphrum secundatum)
Stachytarpheta indica 401
Stachytarpheta sp. 224
Stachytarpheta urticifolia 85, 214, 215
stakes 109, 159, 162, 163, 190, 192, 195, 198, 199, 205, 207
stall-fed cattle 417, 418
stem cuttings 123, 140, 146, 172, 173, 192–195
stem painting 182
Stenotaphrum dimidiatum (Pemba grass) 85, 91, 110, 111, 121, 143, 144, 175, 200, 265
Stenotaphrum secundatum (Buffalo grass) 37, 51, 52, 56, 57, 62, 66, 67, 85, 86, 91, 96, 97, 104, 106, 107, 108, 110, 112, 115, 116, 121, 143–146, 153, 155, 165, 177, 178, 191, 200, 205, 207, 221, 241, 244, 265, 270, 279, 280, 281, 282, 289, 298, 392, 393, 394–397, 477, 486, 492, 495
Stocking rate 75, 93–95, 119, 133, 139, 140, 146, 149, 152, 173, 182, 218, 231, 233, 237, 238, 240, 241, 243, 244, 246, 248, 249, 253, 254, 258, 265, 268, 270, 274–281, 283–291, 300, 316, 317, 323, 333, 361–363, 368, 369, 383, 389, 390, 393, 396, 398, 425
rotational length of cycle 246, 250–251
overstocking 75, 390
understocking 251, 390
Stocking system 2, 5, 8, 11, 12, 15, 18–21, 25, 26, 28–30, 39, 49, 68, 73, 76–78, 84, 93, 95, 96, 113, 122, 141, 160, 162, 163, 166, 181, 182, 184, 185, 188, 209, 223, 237, 238, 241, 244, 246–248, 250, 251, 256, 258–264, 267–269, 271, 276, 281–283, 285, 294–297, 305, 307, 324, 344, 352, 353, 358, 360, 363, 364, 369, 372, 377, 379, 380, 382, 387, 390, 401, 404, 407, 410–415, 417–421, 423–432, 434, 435, 442, 446, 447, 448–451, 457, 463–466, 469–471, 474, 476–478, 480–482, 484, 485, 498–505
advantages and disadvantages 14, 16, 85, 246, 247, 263, 417
continuous grazing 152, 246–250, 268, 274–276, 286, 287, 387
rotational grazing 246–251, 260, 261, 265, 267, 276, 282, 297, 305, 344, 362, 363, 427, 428, 503–505
zero grazing 93, 141, 212, 246, 258, 263, 423
stoloniferous grasses 82, 109, 116, 165, 168, 182, 193, 250
Stylosanthes fruticosa 174
Stylosanthes guianensis (Stylo) 52–54, 91, 95, 98, 100, 108, 112, 149, 173, 174, 175, 176, 195, 197, 198, 201, 210, 277, 363, 429, 487, 488, 494
Stylosanthes hamata (Caribbean stylo cv. Verano) 52, 53, 91, 98, 133, 147, 175, 176, 197, 198, 203, 488
Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo) 61, 116, 147, 176, 477, 487, 488
Stylosanthes scabra (Shrubby stylo) 91, 175, 198, 203, 492
subsistence 2, 9, 14, 294, 295, 372, 404, 446, 451
Sudan 176
sugar cane (see Saccarum officinarum)
sulphate of ammonia 258
sulphate of potash 212, 213
sulphur 72, 212
sunflower 345
superphosphate 132, 133, 211–213, 215, 231, 257, 258, 274, 285, 354
supplementary feed 279, 300, 303, 312, 314, 330, 335, 349, 464
sustainability 268, 292, 418, 432
sweet potato (see lpomea batatas)
Swiethenia macrophylla 2
Synchytrium desmodii 157
Synedrella nodiflora 85, 228, 277
T or Tee grass (see Paspalum conjugatum)
Tahiti 148
Tamarindus indicus 312, 349
tannin 155, 156, 349
Tanzania 17, 37, 45, 77, 79, 90, 142, 148, 155, 160, 161, 174, 175, 187, 190, 191, 193, 203, 296–298, 304, 308, 324, 346, 392, 406, 410, 435, 442, 462, 499
taproot 156, 171, 173
taro 10, 12, 13, 15, 459, 503–505
tea 160
Teramnus labialis 91, 96, 143, 176, 177, 489, 490, 494
termites 173
tethered cattle 251
Thailand 4, 18, 23, 45, 50, 74, 86, 90, 95, 96, 110, 120–122, 125, 126, 128–130, 135, 147, 148, 153, 157, 160, 175, 197, 240, 241, 258–260, 279, 287–289, 291, 297, 314, 392, 397, 406, 446, 495, 497, 500
Themeda australis 86
Themeda villosum 85
Theobroma cacao 12, 315
Three Strata Forage System (TSFS) 162, 418, 420, 421
thyroids 165
tickborne disease 20
ticks 247, 250
Tinaroo glycine (see Neonotonia wightii)
Tonga 11, 90, 97, 120, 122, 124, 155, 185, 251, 298, 299, 455, 456, 459, 501, 502
Toona ciliata 2
tree damage 76
tree density 7, 58, 59, 61, 68, 69, 165, 279, 390, 467, 471, 472, 475, 482, 497
tree legume 117, 163, 495
tree litter 72
Trichantera gigantea 413
Trifolium repens 257
Trifolium semipilosum 115, 116
Trinidad and Tobago 344
Tripsacum laxum (Guatemala grass) 82, 91, 112, 146, 147, 191, 200, 305, 309
Triumfetta semitriloka 350
Tropical kudzu (see Pueraria phaseoloides)
tsetse 20
Uganda 142, 143
urea 212, 213, 262, 279, 286, 297, 307, 314–317, 319, 322–326, 329, 331, 333–338, 340–348, 350, 384, 434, 436
Urochloa mosambicensis (Sabi grass) 37, 52, 91, 92, 96, 110, 147, 203, 215, 488, 489
Urochloa panicoides 147
Urochloa stolonifera 487–489
Uroplata giradi 223
USA 66, 185, 470, 482, 485, 504
vanilla 11, 104, 458, 459
Vanuatu 5, 10, 11, 14, 17, 37, 51, 54, 72, 74, 77, 79, 80, 86, 90, 96, 97, 110–112, 117, 120, 122–130, 136–138, 140, 142, 144–147, 150, 155, 157, 159, 161, 162, 165, 166, 168, 171, 173, 177, 181–183, 186–188, 191, 197, 205–207, 209, 210, 213–215, 219, 221, 224–226, 237, 239–241, 244, 245, 268–270, 272, 279–282, 287–289, 292, 325, 328, 356, 357, 392–394, 397, 449, 450, 456, 457, 460, 461, 462, 482, 485, 495, 500, 503
Vanuatu Pasture Improvement Project (VPIP) 97, 239, 393, 394, 449
vegetables 9, 15, 184, 377, 380, 406, 408, 409, 414, 416, 421, 423, 434, 459
vegetative propagation 61, 123, 176, 200, 201
Venezuela 158, 293, 305, 319
Vietnam 4, 24, 194, 260, 261, 328, 330, 332, 333, 338–340
Vigna hosei 97, 104, 112, 145, 176–178, 289, 488, 489
Vigna lasiocarpa 488, 489
Vigna luteola 52, 91, 116, 177, 178, 201, 487–489
Vigna parkeri 115, 116, 149, 178
Vigna radiata 12, 314
Vigna unguiculata 12, 59, 314
volunteer species 168, 256, 285, 361
Vossia cuspidata 115, 129, 132, 133, 137, 140, 142, 153, 156, 158, 160, 164, 172
waterlogged soils 115, 140, 156
waterlogging tolerance 115, 129, 132, 133, 137, 140, 142, 153, 156, 158, 160, 164, 172
weed competition 164, 185, 186, 360
weed control 14, 16, 87, 144, 156, 157, 185–187, 213, 220, 222, 224, 226, 247, 248, 254, 282, 352, 366–368, 376, 397, 399, 401, 463–465, 483, 492, 506
weed control methods 21, 26, 163, 164, 180–182, 184, 203, 204, 209–211, 214, 215, 220, 223, 224, 226, 227, 231, 256, 258, 265, 267, 283, 305, 309, 330, 337, 344, 347, 360, 365–367, 390, 418, 432, 442, 450, 464, 483
biological 5, 14, 26, 52, 72, 163, 215, 221, 223, 301, 330, 412, 418, 448, 485
chemical 28, 29, 52, 67, 100, 187, 203, 209, 223, 226, 227, 231, 330, 390, 412, 418, 426
management 16, 18, 19, 26, 30, 61, 73, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 96, 105, 110, 113, 114, 115, 120, 128, 133, 135–138, 141, 146, 170, 173, 180, 202, 210, 217, 218–221, 224, 226, 231, 233, 234, 237, 238, 244, 246–250, 254, 255, 267, 268, 272, 282, 287, 292, 293, 295–297, 300, 305, 329, 360, 364, 365, 369, 372, 377, 379, 381, 383–385, 392, 393, 396, 401, 406, 407, 410, 412, 427, 430, 432, 446, 448, 461–466, 471, 473, 476, 479, 480, 482, 483, 485, 486, 490, 492, 503, 505–507
mechanical 203, 222, 366, 392
weed invasion 98, 107, 113, 136, 137, 139, 168, 220, 221, 225, 228, 292
weeds 7, 13, 14, 16, 19, 26, 29, 37, 50, 55, 61, 85, 87, 88, 103, 105, 113, 114, 120, 123, 136, 139, 145, 147, 150, 164, 171, 172, 181, 182, 185–188, 207, 214, 215, 218–227, 235, 244, 254–256, 271, 285, 287, 296, 352, 354, 359, 366, 369, 372, 384, 386, 387, 391, 395, 401, 404, 407, 436, 463, 484, 486, 492
poisonous 182
West Africa 130, 174, 305, 464
West Indies 4, 88, 130–134, 144, 176, 354
West Java 160, 285
Western Samoa 11, 13, 16, 45, 48, 57, 68, 69, 71–74, 76, 77, 86, 87, 90, 97, 101, 103, 110, 112, 114, 117, 122, 123, 126–129, 131, 133–136, 142, 152, 153, 154, 155, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 177, 181, 183, 184, 188, 191, 192, 212, 213, 215, 223–226, 240–242, 248–250, 253, 256, 269–276, 287, 288, 298, 300, 306, 317, 353, 354, 357, 358, 364, 365, 377, 397–399, 406, 456, 460–462, 503
wheat 38, 310, 344, 348, 410, 471, 506
world population 21, 404
worm problems 247, 250, 253, 282, 348, 420
Yellow Vang cattle 332
Zanzibar 45, 47, 57, 90, 96, 110, 111, 114, 126, 128, 134, 139, 141, 143, 146, 155, 160, 161, 168, 171, 174–176, 190, 191, 298, 304, 308, 317, 324, 346, 406, 410, 435, 442, 446, 447
Zea mays 12, 314
Zebu 293, 295, 300, 317, 322, 329, 331, 334, 338, 340, 342, 345, 381, 447
Zebu-Holstein 329
zero grazing 93, 141, 212, 246, 258, 263, 423
Zimbabwe 132, 340
zinc sulphate 125
Zingiber zerumber 94
Zornia diphylla 52, 98
Zoysia matrella 85, 100, 111