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ANNEX 2.
TABLES

Table 1. Multiple uses of coastal resources: environmental and socioeconomic impacts*

USE OR ACTIVITYPOSSIBLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTPOSSIBLE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT
A. Harbour, lagoon, wadi inlet, & inshore water quality impacts
  
Domestic, industrial sewage & waste disposalOrganic pollution, particularly adjacent to urban areasDecreased fish yields; contamination of fish, shellfish, & water contact areas; increased human health hazards.
Domestic &/or tourism sewage disposalWater, beach pollutionDecreased fish yields; decreased tourism & recreation attraction.
Impoundments in wadis for flood control, agricultural developmentIncreased lagoon salinity; decreased water circulation through lagoons, wetlands.Decreased fish yields.
Coastal oil development; chronic release of oil &/or large oil spills from accidents.Mineral pollution of harbour, lagoon, & inshore waters.Decreased fish yields; tainted fish & shellfish; destruction of aquatic birdlife & habitat; decreased recreation or tourism quality.
Port development & shipping &/or offshore shipping of oil; chronic release of oil &/or large oil spills from accidents.Mineral pollution of harbour, lagoon, & inshore waters.Decreased fish yields; tainted fish & shellfish; destruction of aquatic life, waterfowl, & habitat; decreased recreation or tourism quality.
Oil refineries, chemical plants, tanneries, fish canneries, other heavy industrial development.Toxic mineral, organic, &/or thermal pollution of harbour, lagoon, & inshore.waters.Decreased fish yields; fish kills; destruction of aquatic life, waterfowl, & habitat.
Agricultural pesticides.Toxic pollution of harbours & inshore waters.Decreased fish yields; fish kills; destruction of aquatic life, waterfowl, & habitat.
Agricultural development & fertilizer.Increased nutrient loading of harbour & inshore waters; eutrophication, pollution.Decreased fish yields; fish kills.
Crop, grazing, tree & bush clearing in coastal watersheds.Watershed erosion; sedimentation & increased turbidity of harbours & inshore waters, lagoonsDecreased fish yields; increased flood hazards; sedimentation of harbours & berths; accumulation of unattractive sediments on beaches & loss of recreation, tourism quality.
Coastal mining/quarryingIncreased sedimentation and turbidity; change in composition of bottom sediments.Decreased fish yields; habitat degradation.
B. Beach, salt marsh, shoreline impacts  
Port development.Filling of wetlands, inlets, inshore feeding areas.Loss of habitat; decreased fish yields; decreased fishing or mariculture areas.
Soil disposal, solid waste dumping.Filling of wetlands, inlets, inshore feeding areas; increased sedimentation, turbidity; change in composition of bottom sediments.Decreased fish yields; destruction of aquatic life, waterfowl, & habitat; decreased recreation & tourist attraction.
Land expansion (‘reclamation’) for agriculture, industrial, residential, other development.Draining or diking of wetlands, salt marshes.Decreased fish yields; destruction of habitat; loss of rare species.
Residential/recreation &/or tourism development.Blocked/impaired public access to shore.Resentment amongst local inhabitants; increased recreation pressure on accessible areas; site deterioration; loss of scenic value; decreased recreational, tourism quality.
C. Fishing effort  
Intensive & extensive fishing effort.Harvesting at rate greater than sustainable yield.Decreased fish yields.
Competition between inshore and offshore or artisanal & industrial fishers for the same stocks.Harvesting at rate greater than sustainable yield.Decreased fish yields, social conflicts between groups.
Trawling in shallow, nearshore waters.Destruction of habitat; harvesting at rate greater than sustainable yield.Decreased fish yields; social conflicts.
Fishing with explosives/dynamite.Destruction of habitat; harvesting at rate greater than sustainable yield.Decreased fish yields; social conflicts.

* Adapted from Barg (1992) as modified from Sorensen and McCreary (1990).

Table 2. Possible sites and options for Libyan coastal aquaculture development*

F/Survey Code No.Site NameLat/Lon (Approx.)Access/ DescriptionRecommendations/ Remarks
ZONE 1: ZUWARA
(TUNISIA BORDER TO SABRATHA)		Mainly beaches backed by dunes, sabkha areas, and sandy plains.Flat sites with sandy/sandy-clay soils suitable for small-scale pond or raceway culture, depending in individual site surveys.
10 100FARWA33°05' N
11°44'E		Lagoon 20 km east of Tunisia border line, 150 km west of Tripoli. Site has been proposed for cage/pen culture activities in past. Ttrial mussel rearing failure in 1988; new trials reported underway. Waters extremely shallow, poor flushing times by currents. Pollution hazard potential from nearby chemical plant.
  • Not recommended for any pen /cage culture whatsoever.
  • Further close study needed to determine advisability of hydraulic manipulations (re-establishment of original eastern pass, etc.).
  • Immediate pollution control programme needed.
[See main text for more details.]
--ABU KAMASH SABKHA --Extensive saltmarsh straddling Libyan-Tunisian border area. Natural Artemia population.
  • Not suitable for projects
  • Possible source for wild brine shrimp stains for R & D purposes.
10 110ZUWARA32°56' N
12°05' E		Modem harbour 57 km east of Tunisia border line, 113 km west of Tripoli. Pollution hazards.Facilities suitable for offshore cage operations, but problems posed by insufficient water depths within convenient service ranges, maritime traffic, and trawling activities.
--ZUWARA SABKHA-- Extension of Abu Kamash saltmarshes. Natural occurrence Artemia reported.
  • Little/no potential aquafarming development;
  • Possible source for wild brine shrimp stains for R & D purposes.
ZONE 2: TRIPOLI
(SABRATHA TO MISRATAH)		Stretch of coastline with relatively high rainfall and developed agriculture. Shore alternates between low rocky areas, cliffs, and sandy beaches. Extreme environmental degradation due to quarrying between Sabratha to Janzour, and to pollution and shoreline destruction from Janzour to Tajura - the Tripoli metropolitan area.
  • Little prospect for aquaculture development from Sabratha to Janzour due to quarrying. Clear need for major land restoration programme.
  • Tripoli area coastline holds no prospects for aquafarming at present because of severe pollution and marine ecosystem degradation. Coastal master plan urgently needed to provide basis for controlled development, environmental restoration.
  • In Tajura area pilot aquaculture facilities possible at MBRC for teaching, R& D activities. Proposal to rehabilitate Imeatiga salt works needs further investigation.
  • Stretch of coastline east of Tajura may offer some sites appropriate to pond/raceway culture, depending outcome detailed location surveys.
[More details main text.]
10 370WADI EL MASSID
(Garabulli)		32°48'N
13°45'E		From Garabulli village on west entrance tarmac road to north for ca. 10 km. Very good, long beach (2 km); tonnara. Reported sewage pollution of wadi channel. Threatened with overuse, urban, tourist development.
  • Little/no prospect or reason for aquafarming project.
  • Best preserved as natural setting.
10 380WADI TURGHLAT32°48' N
13°50' E		Leave main coastal road and take small road near east Garabulli bridge, turn north after 11 km on asphalted/dirt road for 3.5 km to the shore. Beach near wadi mouth. Permanent estaurine pond, shallow. Surrounded by forest area. Potential threat overuse.
  • Little/no prospect or reason for aquafarming project.
  • Best preserved as nature area
10 390WADI BSIS
&. WADI QIRIM (GEREEMA)		32°47 N
13°51'E		Parallel wadis running into sea ca. 1.5 km apart. About 95 km East of Tripoli tarmac road to the north for 10 km. Popular weekend visitor spots. Wadi channels surrounded by date palms. Estuarine ponds host local, migrant waterfowl. Overuse, tourist development threats. Designated GADA site for aquaculture project study.
  • Both wadis inherently valuable as natural settings, recreational sites.
  • Little/no prospect or reason for aquafarming projects.
10 410MINA AL KHUMS32°41' N
14°14' E		Newly constructed harbor with jetties 5 km west of city, deep water port. Localised pollution risks.Offshore cage culture a possibility for waters beyond the 35 m isobath, using new harbour as shore service base.
10 430AIN KAAM32°31' N
14°28' E		GADA/ADC farm established 1990, about 130 km east of Tripoli, and 10 east of Khums. Brackish water lagoon at mouth of Wadi Kaam. Pilot/trial floating cage culture for mullet, red tilapia. Hatchery for shrimp on farm compound eastern bank. Sea bass, bream, and amberjack brood stock also recently acquired. In general well equipped for intended purpose, though rehabilitation/upgrading of some plant and equipment needed especially with regard to seawater supply (proper intake; borehole installation), electrical work. Management programme could be strengthened in a number of significant respects. [More details main text.]
  • Major points deserving close and immediate attention include: securing adequate seawater supply, routine water circulation system filter maintenance; audit of all farm hygiene standards and emphasis on disease prevention; electric wiring; feed storage and rotation; fresh feed quality control.
  • Cage culture work should not be expanded in the lagoon pending more information on nutrient overload risks.
[See text for more details.]
20 100ZLITEN32°30' N
14°43' E		Modern harbour facility 156 km east of Tripoli; entrance shallow, difficult in heavy seas.Offshore cage fanning an option to study using harbour as shore base.
ZONE 3: GULF
(MISRATAH TO BENGHAZI)		Flat and generally arid coastline with sandy beaches backed by extensive saltmarsh and scrubland. Numerous marine turtle nesting sites. Pollution hazards from oil spills, terminals, solid waste and chemical waste dumping in some sabkha areas.
  • Offshore cage operations generally not feasible as waters of sufficient depth beyond convenient range of shore bases (possible exception Misratah).
  • Pond/raceway projects in principle possible any location with proper drainage, soil conditions, but detailed individual site studies required.
  • Little/no possibilities for inshore cage culture.
20 170MINA QASR AHMED32°23' N
15°13' E		Deep water harbor for medium size boats, 210 km east of Tripoli. Localised pollution hazards.Offshore cage farming an option to study using harbour as shore base.
--AL HISHA RESERVE:
TAWARGHAH SABKHA;
SMEDA SABKHA;
Al HISHA SABKHA.		From:
32°13' N
15°I9' E
To:
31°28' N
15°44' E		See main text for details of reserve area for New Hisha Project. Tawarghah Sabkha reached 19 km south of Mina Qasr Ahmed. Follow tarmac road south around steel factory complex, staying close to sea, then continue on dirt road due south. Main sabkha plain lies to south and west. Smeda lies along coast, same route, 47 km south Mina Qasr Ahmed. Al Hisha Sabkha lies in the southern part of the reserve. Tawarghah Springs are a major source of freshwater and are exploited for an irrigation scheme. Smeda is being developed as a GADA/APC project site. Low-lying sabkha lands are generally not suitable for commercial fish production because of the extreme conditions.
  • The feasibility of developing Smeda according to the present scheme may warrant re-examination.
  • Enhanced brine shrimp production is a possibility to explore through experimental work.
  • Construction of drainable ponds on higher ground above the sabkha floodplains could be also investigated.
[See main text for more details.]
--BUERAT EL HASSUN TO BENGHAZI Major sabkhat areas include those of Sultan, Besher, Kweim, Shwerab, and Karkora. Refuge areas for migratory waterfowl. Salt extraction at Karkora. Extensive waste dumping at Besher. Artemia recorded only at Kweim. Most floodplains dry out in summer months.
  • Systematic investigations are needed for all the sabkhat along this part of the Gulf of Sirt to determine occurrence of natural Artemia strains and productivity.
  • An environmental monitoring and pollution control programme is urgently required.
20 230SULTAN SABKHA31°08' N
17°08' E		About 55 km east of Sirt, before the antiquity site take north along the fence, take right at the end of the fence near the sea (all = 3 km). Beach sheltered by reef barrierSee above.
20 360BESHER SABKHA30°24' N
19°32' E		About 16/17 km east of Bishr village, palm trees and old industrial camp and houses, dirt road towards north, go down and cross the sabkha between garbage dump and chemical complex fence, go west on the dunes for 2/3 km. Two landing sites very close to each other hardly any shelter.See above.
--KWEIM SABKHA30°25' N
19°35' E		Adjacent to Brega, 148 km east of Ben Jawad, 80 km west of Ajdabiya.See above.
30 100SHWERAB
(AZZUAYTINA)		30°57' N
20°02' E		15/18 km north of Ajdabiah, west on tarmac road for 8 km cross the town site is in the direction of refinery. Landing site sheltered by reef barrier.See above.
--KARKORA SABKHA31°28' N
20°00' E		About 11 km north of Al Maqrun, 14 km south of Gminis, take west tarmac road signed El Mteiflah, continue 11 km first tarmac road to wind mill, then dirt road through sabkha. Local saltworks. Landing site on small bay with sandy/rocky beach.See above.
ZONE 4: JABAL AKHDAR
(BENGHAZI TO BUMBA)		A generally narrow coastal plain broadening to the west and east, narrowing in between around the base of the Jabal Akhdar (Green Mountains) escarpments. Farmland/pastures on flatter terrain. Coast rugged and seabed shelves steeply around El Kouf -Susan and east. Numerous wadi cuts, inlets, marsas also.
  • Flat sites with sandy/sandy-clay soils suitable for small-scale pond or raceway culture, depending in individual site surveys.
  • Zone contains number of sites of special significance as natural/scenic areas and priority attention should be given to need to protect them from pressures of misuse and overuse.
30 230BENGHAZI32°36' N
20°03' E		Libya's second largest city, major deep sea harbour and industrial centre. Pollution hazards.
  • Little/no prospect for aquaculture.
  • Operating ranges too great for offshore cage service base.
--ABOU DZIRA LAKE COMPLEX--Complex of freshwater small lakes located southeast of Benghazi. Largest, Abou Dzira, about 10 km along main highway to Al Bayda. Family recreation area. Planted with carp in 1984; GADA trial cage culture with tilapia since early 1994. Pollution problems from sewage, rubbish, Disease outbreaks in cultured fish. Area an important refuge for birds, as are other smaller lakes in region. Overuse, pollution threats.
  • Strict controls need to be put in place as soon as possible to check pollution hazards.
  • Consider implementation of programme to protect Abou Dzira and other parts of lake complex as bird and wildlife preserve.
  • Hold off on any further expansion trial cage culture operations until full assessment of results and environmental impact of current operations carried out.
30 250AIN ZIANA32°13' N
20°10' E		Spring-fed lagoon of about 50 ha located 15 km northeast of Benghazi. Recreation area, small fishery. Unique wetland environment, bird refuge in urgent need protection as now under threat from urban expansion, pollution, rubbish dumping. Site of ambitious hatchery and large-scale pond production scheme now under construction by firm in contract with GADA/ADC.
  • Urgent action needed to protect lagoon and adjoining wetland area as wildlife sanctuary.
  • Considering very ambitious scope new hatchery-farm complex, defer decisions regarding further investments in other such facilities until situation better appreciated.
30 310EL KOUF NATIONAL PARK (JARJARUM)32°47' N
21°24' E		At Qasr Libya follow tarmac road to north and down for 20 km. El Kouf Park includes about 20 km of shoreline around the mouth of Wadi Jarjarumah. Park established through legislation of General People's Committee in 1978. Marsh and pond areas. Turtle nesting sites on beaches.
  • Consultations with Secretariat of Agriculture to investigate and implement more effective measures for parkland and marine zone and fisheries protection.
  • Respect national park status and need to limit environmental impacts by avoiding aquafarming projects for El Kouf area.
30 360SUSAH31°54' N
21°58' E		About 25 km north of Al Bayda. Harbour with poor shelter by old jetty; protection by reef barrier. Moorage for small artisanal fishing craft, medium gillnetters. Deep waters >35 m close offshore.Offshore cage farming an option to study using harbour as shore base.
30 410DARNAH32°16' N
22°39' E		164 km west of Tubruk; 91 km east of Al Bayda. Modern harbour with jetties and piers. Shared between commercial, navy, and fishing craft. Deep waters >35 m close offshore.Offshore cage farming an option to study using harbour as shore base.
30 420WADI KHALIJ32°40' N
22°56' E		At pumping station 5km east on Derna-Tubruk main road, turn on tarmac road leading to Sidi Awn for 27km. Scenic wadi mouth opening between high cliffs, deep gorge with brackish water lagoon running back from sandbar barrier at beach. Popular picnic/recreation spot for Darnah residents. Seasonal landing site for artisanal fishers. Important wetland habitat and bird/ waterfowl refuge for both resident and migrant populations. Under threat from use pressures, sand quarrying.As for Wadi El Hamassah below.
30 430WADI EL HAMASSAH32°39' N
23°00' E		30km east of Derna pumping station on Derna-Tubruk road, take tarmac road towards north for 13km (straight goes to view point above wadi), turn east and proceed to next tarmac road going north for 1–2km and winding down to wadi bottom. Very impressive wadi mouth opening between high cliffs, good shelter from north and east, deep gorge with estuarine lagoon continues inland. As with Khalij, lagoon and fringing vegetation provide rare wetland habitat for bird populations. Less use pressure than Khalij, but some recreational, sheep herding, and seasonal landing site activities.
  • No aquafarming projects should be undertaken at either Wadi El Khalij and Wadi El Hamassah, as both sites warrant protection as nature/wetland reserves.
  • An interministerial task force should be set up to facilitate this step.
  • The protected area ideally should indude a marine reserve zone as well.
30 450WADI ABOU EL AGIG32°38' N
23°06' E		3.5 km west of Ras Ettin. Wadi mouth between cliffs, exposed to north. Seasonal landing site.Not suitable for projects.
30 460RAS ETTIN32°37' N
23°07' E		At Um ar Rzam take tarmac road north for 15 km. Sandy beach sheltered by reef barrier. Landing site for artisanal fishers. Marshy area lies bafrom beach. Shallow water and seasonal fluctuation, drying.Little/no prospects for aquafarming projects.
ZONE 5: TUBRUK
(BUMBA TO EGYPTIAN BORDER)		Mainly rocky shoreline with coastal plain broadening out after skirting Jabal Akdhar. Flatter expanses of wetland and sabkha around Gulf of Bumba. Cliffs, headlands, wadi bays and gorges to east.Flat sites with sandy/sandy-clay soils suitable for small-scale pond or raceway culture, depending in individual site surveys.
30 480KHALIJ BUMBA32°25' N
23°06' E		Bumba village is 16.6 km east of Umm ar Rzam and 14km north of At Timimi. At 3.6 km southeast of petrol station, go east on dirt road for 4.5km. Very shallow lagoon not suitable for any cage/pen aquafarming development, though useful as fry collection point. Marsh areas around shoreline important wetland habitat for birdlife. Waters in gulf outside of lagoon relatively well sheltered for nursery cages, and offshore waters of sufficient depth exist within convenient operating ranges, so site offers one of most suitable locations for open sea cage projects anywhere along coast.
  • Lagoon proper offers no prospects for aquafarming projects, except as fry collection site (present use).
  • Lagoon and adjoining marsh areas stretching around shoreline towards At Timimi are of inherent value as nature spots, bird refuges, and warrant consideration for official status as such.
  • Offshore farming systems are a strong possibility and should be given serious study for this portion of the Gulf of Bumba.
30 510AIN EL GHAZALA32°12' N
23°18' E		At 30 km southeast of At Tamimi village, concrete road leads to GADA/APC project buildings. Deep inland lagoon; fishing boats stay at the entrance. Existing cage culture operations for sea bass, sea bream, mullet, and eel. Mussel culture attempted in past, with apparent good results. Need to strengthen project operational and maintenance routines, data recording systems. Capacity of lagoon to sustain further expansion cage culture not determined, though likely very limited. On-shore installations more promising area for emphasis, as well as possible tie-in with offshore trial operations out of Khalij Bumba. [More details main text.]
  • Data collection and information management activities should be upgraded and more closely attended.
  • Trial work should include closer monitoring of true production costs and study of potential market outlets and price levels.
  • More attention should be paid to basic maintenance of equipment, adherence to feeding schedules, work routines, etc.
  • Substantial further hydraulic and related studies should be carried out before any expansion of present cage culture activities within the lagoon is contemplated.
  • Explore option of focussing more on onshore trial ponds, and possible integration of activities with larger project involving open sea cage fanning operations in waters off Khalij Bumba.
[See text for more details]
30 540QARDABAH - EL KUZ -EL MHETAH - MRASSAS AREA32°11' N
23°39' E
(Mrassas)		25km west of Tubruk, tarmac road to north for 9km to sandy track. Open sandy beaches backed with dunes and sabkhat marshlands. Marine turtle nesting sites.
  • Little/no prospects for aquafarming development.
  • Inherent value as nature reserves and should be designated as such.
30 570ABOU DOUAISSAH32°07' N
23°51' E		3km east of Wadi Sahal (32°08' N, 23°50' E as distinct from the Wadi Sahal east of Tubruk) rough road branches right just before diving down to Wadi Sahal. Wadi mouth with sandy beach between cliffs.
  • Wadi mouth subject to flash flooding.
  • Little/no prospects/reason for aquafarming project.
30 580TOUBBEIRG32°07' N
23°55' E		5km west of Tubruk on Darnah road turn north asphalted road for 6km. Wadi mouth with dyke separating cultivation area from sandy beach, freighter wreck on eastern side.Wadi mouth; with little/no prospects for projects.
30 620TUBRUK32°05' N
23°55' E		Excellent natural harbour. Commercial port, fishing craft, oil terminal. Severe pollution problems in harbour and around whole of Tubruk peninsula. Deep waters >35m close inshore.
  • Offshore cage farming an option to study using harbour as shore base.
  • Major campaign coordinated between relevant official agencies needed to deal with pollution, coastal zone degradation problems.
  • Coastal master plan urgently needed to provide basis for controlled environmental restoration.
30 630MARSA OUM ESHAOUCH32°05' N
23°55' E		1–2 km east of Tubruk police gate. Go north on tarmac road to Nadi Bayad, turn west just before reaching onto dirt road. Follow old pipeline and turn north to marsa by black & white oil terminal line beacons. Very good sheltered anchorage with several beaches and wadi mouths. Potential pollution hazards from oil terminal.One of few sites along coast where inshore cage fanning operations could conceivably be mounted. Warrants investigation.
30 640EL AGHEILA32°00' N
24°15' E		5 km east of AL Qarah, go north on asphalted road starting near watch tower, becomes a dirt road in towards the end. Sheltered anchorage by rocky point.Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects.
30 650MARSA ABOU EL AFARIT32°00' N
24°25' E		19 km east of Al Qarah and 8–9 km west of Kambut, see coffee shop standing middle nowhere with Italian milestone in front. Go north on asphalted/dirt road for 500m, then west after the little hill for 1 km, then north before reaching the farm, heading towards a watch tower near sea. Very well protected deep wadi bay.Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects.
30 660WADI SAHAL31°58' N
24°32' E		22 km west of Marsa Lucch at the end of the asphalted road, turn north towards the end to reach the wadi mouth, then turn west and cross two wadi mouths, there is a isolated big house on the hill (fishers). The marsa further down west. Wadi mouth with sand beach.Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects.
30 670MARSA GABES31°59' N
24°35' E		17 km west of Marsa Lucch, dirt road going north on west side of village. Open beach with dunesLittle/no prospects for projects.
30 680MARSA LUCCH32°01' N
24°26' E		38 km west of Bardiyah, turn north of 16 km asphalted road. Breakwater, pier and boat ramp reportedly built 1979, but inadequate protection from northern & eastern winds, seas. Pierside depth ca. 3 m.
  • Landing facilities and possible offshore service base, but unprotected.
  • Not particularly suitable for projects.
30 690MARSA EL AWRAH31°58' N
24°54' E		10–12km east of Marsa Lucch after passing Wadi Shuwaymarah, turn north on dirt road then cross sand dunes (4x4 must). Beach on wadi mouth and sand dunesWadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects.
30 710MARSA AL MARAIYSSAH31°54' N
25°02' E		3.7km W of Bardiyah police check point (El Jefen), turn north on 16 km asphalted road, last km rough track Small open bay to the eastWadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects.
30 720MARSA HAREGAH31°48' N
25°04' E		100m east of Bardiyah/Egypt road junction, turn north on 5km of rough track.Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects.
30 730WADI ABOU KHALIFA31°46' N
25°05' E		Among the first houses of Bardiyah, turn north-east on 1 km of dirt road. Wadi mouth with small little island in the middle of the entranceWadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects.
30 740MARSA BARDIYAH31°45' N
25°05' E		End of El Bardiyah tarmac road going down the cliff. Natural sheltered harbor, pier space. Exposed east and northeast. Bay subject to silting and flooding from feeder wadis. Deep waters >35m close inshore.
  • No strong prospects for aquafarming within bay.
  • Possible offshore cage farming service base, but security and poaching risks to consider.
30 750WADI EL KWEFIA31°44' N
25–06' E		2 km straight line from Bardiyah. Border area.Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects.
30 760WADI EL MREGAH3!°45' N
25°07 E		6 km straight line from Bardiyah. Border area.Wadi mouth; little/no suitability for aquafarming projects.

* F/Survey Code No. derived from 1993 LIBFISH Frame Survey (Reynolds et. al. 1994)

Table 3. Libyan coastal site suitability for various aquafarming production modalities *

F/Survey

Code No.		Site Name (Type)Lat/Lon

(Approx.)		Ponds / RacewaysProduction EnhancementCage CultureRemarks
Large-ScaleSmall-ScaleExtensiveHydraulics/
Traps		ShellfishInshoreOnshore
ZONE 1: ZUWARA
(TUNISIA BORDER TO SABRATHA)		 ±±±±≠≠≠Pond/raceway projects depending site soil, terrain, feasiblity study.
10 100FARWA33°05' N
11°44' E		N/AN/A±±≠≠≠Very shallow, hydraulic studies needed. Projects not recommended at present.
--ABU KAMASH SABKHA ≠≠±≠N/AN/AN/AArtemia populations; possible R & D.
10 110ZUWARA32°56' N
12°05' E		±±N/AN/AN/A≠≠Pollution. Operating range too great for offshore.
--ZUWARA SABKHA ≠±±±N/AN/AN/AArtemia populations; possible R & D.
ZONE 2: TRIPOLI
(SABRATHA TO MISRATAH)		 ≠≠±±≠≠±Severe pollution and coastal zone degradation problems. Pilot pond/raceway facility work possible at MBRC Tajura. East of Tajura pond/raceway projects depending site soil, terrain, feasiblity study. Offshore possibilities to study at Khums and Zliten.
10 370WADI EL MASSID
(Garabulli)		32°48' N
13°45' E		≠≠≠≠≠≠≠Likely best use as recreation/nature area.
10 380WADI TURGHLAT32°48' N
13°50' E		≠≠≠≠≠≠≠Likely best use as recreation/nature area.
10 390WADI BSIS
& WADI QIRIM (GEREEMA)		32°47' N
13°51' E		≠≠≠≠≠≠≠Likely best use as recreation/nature area.
10 410MINA AL KHUMS32°41' N
14°14' E		N/AN/AN/AN/A≠≠ ±Offshore cage possibility to study.
10 430AIN KAAM32°31' N
14°28' E		±++≠≠+≠GADA/APC site. Existing cage culture in wadi lagoon. Hatchery facility.
20 100ZLITEN32°30' N
14°43' E		N/AN/AN/AN/AN/A≠±Offshore cage possibility to study.
ZONE 3: GULF
(MISRATAH TO BENGHAZI)		 ±±±±≠≠≠Offshore not suitable except possibly Misratah. Extensive sabkha areas.
20 170MINA QASR AHMED32°23' N
15°13' E		N/AN/AN/AN/AN/A≠±Offshore cage possibility to study.
--AL HISHA RESERVE: TAWARGHAH SABKHA; SMEDA SABKHA; Al HISHA SABKHA.From:
32°13' N
15°19' E
To:
31°28' N
15°44' E		±±±±N/AN/AN/AInvestigate for possible large-scale pond development on drainable sites. Study possibilities enhanced brine shrimp production.
--BUERAT EL HASSUM TO BENGHAZI ±±±±≠≠≠Extensive sabkha areas. Investigate for possible large-scale/ small-scale pond development on drainable sites. Study possibilities enhanced brine shrimp production.
20 230SULTAN SABKHA31°08' N
17°08' E		≠≠±+N/AN/AN/AStudy for Artemia populations; possible R &D.
20 360BESHER SABKHA30°24' N
19°32' E		≠≠±±N/AN/AN/AStudy for Artemia populations; possible R & D. Dumping, industrial wastes.
--KWEIM SABKHA30°25' N
19°35' E		≠≠±+N/AN/AN/AArtemia populations; possible R & D.
30 100SHWERAB (AZZUAYTINA)30°57' N
20°02' E		≠≠±±N/AN/AN/AStudy for Artemia populations; possible R & D.
--KARKORA SABKHA31°28' N
20°00' E		≠≠±±N/AN/AN/AStudy for Artemia populations; possible R & D.
ZONE 4: JABAL AKHDAR
(BENGHAZI TO BUMBA)		 ±±±±≠≠±Pond/raceway projects depending site soil, terrain, feasiblity study. Offshore possibilities to study at Susah and Darnah.
30 230BENGHAZI32°36' N
20°03' E		N/AN/AN/AN/A≠≠≠Not suitable for offshore operations. Service ranges too far.
--ABOU DZIRA LAKE COMPLEX N/AN/A+≠N/A+N/AExisting GADA cage trials, free stocking. Environmental protection needed.
30 250AIN ZIANA32°I3' N
20°10' E		++±+N/A≠≠Major GADA/APC hatchery and pond scheme under construction. Environmental protection needed.
30 310EL KOUF NATIONAL PARK (JARJARUM)32°47' N
21°24' E		≠≠≠≠≠≠≠National park. Establish marine reserve portion. Environmental protection needed. Turtle nesting sites.
30 360SUSAH31°54' N
21°58' E		N/AN/AN/AN/AN/A≠+Offshore cage possibility to study.
30 410DARNAH32°16' N
22°39' E		N/AN/AN/AN/AN/A≠±Offshore cage possibility to study.
30 420WADI KHALIJ32°40' N
22°56' E		≠≠≠≠≠≠≠Best use nature area. Environmental protection needed, with marine reserve portion.
30 430WADI EL HAMASSAH32°39' N
23°00' E		≠≠≠≠≠≠≠Best use nature area combined with Wadi Khalij. Environmental protection needed, with marine reserve portion.
30 450WADI ABOU EL AGIG32°38' N
23°06' E		≠≠≠≠≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 460RAS ETTIN32°37' N
23°07' E		≠≠≠≠≠≠≠Little/no prospects.
ZONE 5: TUBRUK
(BUMBA TO EGYPTIAN BORDER)		 ±±±±±±±Pond/raceway projects depending site soil, terrain, feasibility study. Offshore possibilities to study especially at Khalij Bumba. Inshore cage possibilities to study at Marsa Oum Eshaouch.
30 480KHALIJ BUMBA32°25' N
23°06' E		≠≠≠+≠++Existing fry collection. Strong consideration to offshore cages and inshore nursery cage operations. Needs environmental protection.
30 510AIN EL GHAZALA32°12' N
23°18' E		±±±±±+≠Existing GADA/APC site for cage culture. Fry collection. Hydraulic study needed. Possible pond construction on suitable drainable land western shore.
30 540QARDABAH-EL KUZ-EL MHETAH - MRASSAS AREA32°11' N
23°39' E
(Mrassas)		≠≠≠≠≠≠≠Little/no aquafarming prospects. Needs environmental protection. Turtle nesting sites.
30 570ABOU DOUAISSAH32°07' N
23°51' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 580TOUBBEIRG32°07' N
23°55' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 620TUBRUK32°05' N
23°55' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠±Serious pollution, coastal zone degradation problems. Offshore cage possibility to study.
30 630MARSA OUM ESHAOUCH32°05' N
23°55' E		≠≠≠N/A±±±Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 640EL AGHEILA32°00' N
24°15' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 660MARSA ABOU EL AFARIT32°00' N
24°25' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 660WADI SAHAL31°58' N
24°32' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 670MARSA GABES31°59' N
24°35' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Little/no aquafarming prospects.
30 680MARSA LUCCH32°01' N
24°26' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Little/no aquafarming prospects.
30 690MARSA EL AWRAH31°58' N
24°54' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 710MARSA AL MARAIYSSAH31°54' N
25°02' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 720MARSA HAREGAH31°48' N
25°04' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 730WADI ABOU KHALIFA31°46' N
25°05' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 740MARSA BARDIYAH31°45' N
25°06' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠±Offshore cage possibility to study.
30 750WADI EL KWEFIA31°44' N
25°06' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.
30 760WADI EL MREGAH31°45' N
25°05' E		≠≠≠N/A≠≠≠Wadi mouth, little/no prospects.

* F/Survey Code No. derived from 1993 LIBFISH Frame Survey (Reynolds et al 1994)

[N/A: Not applicable;

≠: Nil/Unsuitable;

±: Undetermined / For further studies;

+: Possible / Existing use]

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