TABLES

1 Number of case studies by producer size, automation level and sector

2 Selected milestones in digital automation in agriculture

A2.1 Tractor use per 1 000 hectares of arable land, latest year available


FIGURES

1 Three-phase cycle of an automation system

2 Evolution of agricultural automation

3 Share of employment in agriculture out of total employment by income group (top) and region (bottom), 1991–2019

4 Tractors in use per 1 000 hectares of arable land

5 Selected digital technologies and robotics with artificial intelligence by agricultural production system

6 The readiness to scale of digital automation technologies along a spectrum

7 An agrifood systems approach to automation impacts on employment

8 A roadmap of policy options to leverage agricultural automation responsibly


BOXES

1 Overcoming data challenges in reporting use of agricultural machinery

2 Understanding mechanization in sub-Saharan Africa

3 Digital tools for improved access to mechanization services

4 Digital tools not linked to mechanization – disembodied solutions

5 Digital automation of livestock production: examples from Latin America, Africa and Europe

6 New aquaculture technologies: examples from India and Mexico

7 Evolution of the forestry sector: mechanization and digital automation

8 A comparative cost–benefit analysis for mechanized vs manual and/or animal traction in wheat production: evidence from Ethiopia and Nepal

9 Leveraging agricultural automation to improve food safety

10 Enhancing the resilience of small-scale producers through small-sized motorized mechanization

11 Mechanized raised beds in Egypt for improved productivity and sustainable water use

12 Saving time, effort and money with drum seeders in the Lao People‘s Democratic Republic

13 The evolution of the business case for robotic milking systems

14 The impact of a digital orchard sprayer in the European Union: evidence from Poland and Hungary

15 COVID-19 spurred interest in digital technologies: evidence from two case studies

16 Solving labour shortages in strawberry fields using harvesting robots

17 The business case for women adopting motorized mechanization: evidence from Nepal

18 A vision for low-cost autonomous crop robots

19 Analysing agricultural automation through the lens of decent employment

20 The labour impacts of mechanized harvesting of sugar cane in Brazil

21 Automation and rural migrant-sending communities: the case of California

22 Inclusion of persons with disabilities

23 Inclusion of women and youth: evidence from case studies

24 Women in the Driving Seat: advancing women’s empowerment through tractors

25 How different types of government support can potentially leverage agricultural automation

26 Broadband open access network in Komen, Slovenia

27 National strategies for a stronger adoption of digital tools in African agriculture

28 Adapting digital automation to various contexts: evidence from 27 case studies

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