PARTE 1: texto principal
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8 Vidya, C.T., Prabheesh, K.P. y Sirowa, S. 2020. Is Trade Integration Leading to Regionalization? Evidence from Cross-Country Network Analysis. Journal of Economic Integration, 35(1): 10–38.
9 Xu, K. 2015. Why Are Agricultural Goods Not Traded More Intensively: High Trade Costs or Low Productivity Variation? The World Economy, 38(11): 1722–1743.
10 Schmidhuber, J. y Qiao, B. 2021. Surging trade, record import bills and rising food prices: how the international food system kept a lid on a global health crisis. En: Food Outlook - Biannual Report on Global Food Markets: June 2021, págs. 67-80. Roma, FAO.
11 Dellink, R., Dervisholli, E. y Nenci, S. 2020. A quantitative analysis of trends in agricultural and food global value chains (GVCs). Documento de antecedentes para El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2020. Roma, FAO.
12 Daugbjerg, C. y Swinbank, A. 2008. Curbing Agricultural Exceptionalism: The EU’s Response to External Challenge. The World Economy, 31(5): 631–652.
13 FAO. 2018. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2018. El comercio agrícola, el cambio climático y la seguridad alimentaria. Roma, FAO.
14 Bordo, M.D. 2017. The Second Era of Globalization is Not Yet Over: An Historical Perspective. Working Paper 23786. National Bureau of Economic Research.
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16 Jafari, Y., Engemann, H. y Zimmermann, A. 2022. The evolution of the global structure of food and agricultural trade: Evidence from network analysis. Documento de antecedentes para El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2022. Roma, FAO.
17 Tombe, T. y Zhu, X. 2019. Trade, Migration, and Productivity: A Quantitative Analysis of China. American Economic Review, 109(5): 1843–1872.
18 Chen, L. y De Lombaerde, P. 2014. Testing the relationships between globalization, regionalization and the regional hubness of the BRICs. Journal of Policy Modeling, 36: S111–S131.
19 Iapadre, P.L. y Tajoli, L. 2014. Emerging countries and trade regionalization. A network analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 36: S89–S110.
20 Vidya, C.T., Prabheesh, K.P. y Sirowa, S. 2020. Is Trade Integration Leading to Regionalization? Evidence from Cross-Country Network Analysis. Journal of Economic Integration, 35(1): 10–38.
21 Sartori, M. y Schiavo, S. 2015. Connected we stand: A network perspective on trade and global food security. Food Policy, 57: 114–127.
22 FAO. 2020. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2020. Los mercados agrícolas y el desarrollo sostenible: cadenas de valor mundiales, pequeños agricultores e innovaciones digitales. Roma, FAO.
23 Aguiar, S., Texeira, M., Garibaldi, L.A. y Jobbágy, E.G. 2020. Global changes in crop diversity: Trade rather than production enriches supply. Global Food Security, 26: 100385.
24 Remans, R., Wood, S.A., Saha, N., Anderman, T.L. y DeFries, R.S. 2014. Measuring nutritional diversity of national food supplies. Global Food Security, 3(3): 174–182.
25 Wood, S., Smith, M., Fanzo, J., Remans, R. y DeFries, R. 2018. Trade and the equitability of global food nutrient distribution. Nature Sustainability, 1: 34–37.
26 Geyik, O., Hadjikakou, M., Karapinar, B. y Bryan, B.A. 2021. Does global food trade close the dietary nutrient gap for the world’s poorest nations? Global Food Security, 28: 100490.
27 FAO. 2018. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2018. El comercio agrícola, el cambio climático y la seguridad alimentaria. Roma, FAO.
28 Anderson, J.E. y van Wincoop, E. 2004. Trade Costs. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(3): 691–751.
29 Pomfret, R. y Sourdin, P. 2010. Why do trade costs vary? Review of World Economics, 146(4): 709–730.
30 Anderson, J.E. 2011. The Gravity Model. Annual Review of Economics, 3(1): 133–160.
31 Bergstrand, J.H. 1989. The Generalized Gravity Equation, Monopolistic Competition, and the Factor-Proportions Theory in International Trade. Review of Economics and Statistics, 71(1): 143–153.
32 Irwin, D.A. 2019. Does trade reform promote economic growth? A review of recent evidence. Working Paper 25927. National Bureau of Economic Research.
33 Staiger, R.W. 2021. A world trading system for the twenty-first century. Working Paper 28947. National Bureau of Economic Research.
34 Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC). 2022. Regional trade agreements database. En: OMC. Ginebra (Suiza). Consultado el 13 de febrero de 2022. https://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx
35 Hallak, J.C. 2006. Product quality and the direction of trade. Journal of international Economics, 68(1): 238–265.
36 Bouët, A., Tadesse, G. y Zaki, C., eds. 2021. Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor 2021. Kigali y Washington, D.C., AKADEMIYA2063 e Instituto Internacional de Investigación sobre Políticas Alimentarias.
37 Besedeš, T. y Prusa, T.J. 2011. The role of extensive and intensive margins and export growth. Journal of Development Economics, 96(2): 371–379.
38 FAO. 2020. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2020. Los mercados agrícolas y el desarrollo sostenible: cadenas de valor mundiales, pequeños agricultores e innovaciones digitales. Roma, FAO.
39 FAO. 2021. Agricultural trade and policy responses during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Rome, FAO.
40 Schmidhuber, J. y Qiao, B. 2021. Surging trade, record import bills and rising food prices: how the international food system kept a lid on a global health crisis. En: Food Outlook - Biannual Report on Global Food Markets: June 2021, págs. 67–80. Roma, FAO.
41 Arita, S., Grant, J., Sydow, S. y Beckman, J. 2022. Has global agricultural trade been resilient under coronavirus (COVID-19)? Findings from an econometric assessment of 2020. Food Policy, 107: 102204.
42 Cottrell, R.S., Nash, K.L., Halpern, B.S., Remenyi, T.A., Corney, S.P., Fleming, A., Fulton, E.A. et al. 2019. Food production shocks across land and sea. Nature Sustainability, 2(2): 130–137.
43 Remans, R., Wood, S.A., Saha, N., Anderman, T.L. y DeFries, R.S. 2014. Measuring nutritional diversity of national food supplies. Global Food Security, 3(3): 174–182.
44 Sartori, M. y Schiavo, S. 2015. Connected we stand: A network perspective on trade and global food security. Food Policy, 57: 114–127.
45 Allouche, J. 2011. The sustainability and resilience of global water and food systems: Political analysis of the interplay between security, resource scarcity, political systems and global trade. Food Policy, 36: S3–S8.
46 FAO. 2016. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2015-16. Comercio y seguridad alimentaria: lograr un mayor equilibrio entre las prioridades nacionales y el bien colectivo. Roma, FAO.
47 FAO. 2018. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2018. El comercio agrícola, el cambio climático y la seguridad alimentaria. Roma, FAO.
48 Torreggiani, S., Mangioni, G., Puma, M.J. y Fagiolo, G. 2018. Identifying the community structure of the food-trade international multi-network. Environmental Research Letters, 13(5): 054026.
49 Puma, M.J., Bose, S., Chon, S.Y. y Cook, B.I. 2015. Assessing the evolving fragility of the global food system. Environmental Research Letters, 10(2): 024007.
50 FAO, FIDA, FMI, OCDE, UNCTAD, PMA, Banco Mundial, OMC, IFPRI y ONU HLTF. 2011. Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Markets: Policy Responses. Roma, FAO.
51 Kummu, M., Kinnunen, P., Lehikoinen, E., Porkka, M., Queiroz, C., Röös, E., Troell, M. et al. 2020. Interplay of trade and food system resilience: Gains on supply diversity over time at the cost of trade independency. Global Food Security, 24: 100360.
52 UNCTAD. 2019. Trade and vulnerability. Note by the UNCTAD Secretariat. TD/B/C.I/48.
53 Acemoglu, D., Carvalho, V.M., Ozdaglar, A. y Tahbaz-Salehi, A. 2012. The Network Origins of Aggregate Fluctuations. Econometrica, 80(5): 1977–2016.
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55 Lucas, R.E. 1977. Understanding business cycles. Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 5: 7–29.
56 Jafari, Y., Engemann, H. y Zimmermann, A. 2022. The evolution of the global structure of food and agricultural trade: Evidence from network analysis. Documento de antecedentes elaborado para El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2022. Roma, FAO.
57 Torreggiani, S., Mangioni, G., Puma, M.J. y Fagiolo, G. 2018. Identifying the community structure of the food-trade international multi-network. Environmental Research Letters, 13(5): 054026.
58 Fajgelbaum, P. y Khandelwal, A. 2021. The economic impacts of the US-China trade war. Working Paper Series 29315. National Bureau of Economic Research.
PARTE 1: recuadros
59 Vidya, C.T., Prabheesh, K.P. y Sirowa, S. 2020. Is Trade Integration Leading to Regionalization? Evidence from Cross-Country Network Analysis. Journal of Economic Integration, 35(1): 10–38.
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61 Gutiérrez-Moya, E., Adenso-Díaz, B. y Lozano, S. 2021. Analysis and vulnerability of the international wheat trade network. Food Security, 13(1): 113–128.
62 Torreggiani, S., Mangioni, G., Puma, M.J. y Fagiolo, G. 2018. Identifying the community structure of the food-trade international multi-network. Environmental Research Letters, 13(5): 054026.
63 Campi, M., Dueñas, M. y Fagiolo, G. 2021. Specialization in food production affects global food security and food systems sustainability. World Development, 141: 105411.
64 Distefano, T., Laio, F., Ridolfi, L. y Schiavo, S. 2018. Shock transmission in the International Food Trade Network. PLOS ONE, 13(8): e0200639.
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75 Karakoc, D.B. y Konar, M. 2021. A complex network framework for the efficiency and resilience trade-off in global food trade. Environmental Research Letters, 16(10): 105003.
76 Karakoc, D.B. y Konar, M. 2021. A complex network framework for the efficiency and resilience trade-off in global food trade. Environmental Research Letters, 16(10): 105003.
77 Puma, M.J., Bose, S., Chon, S.Y. y Cook, B.I. 2015. Assessing the evolving fragility of the global food system. Environmental Research Letters, 10(2): 024007.
78 Soffiantini, G. 2020. Food insecurity and political instability during the Arab Spring. Global Food Security, 26: 100400.
79 Gutiérrez-Moya, E., Adenso-Díaz, B. y Lozano, S. 2021. Analysis and vulnerability of the international wheat trade network. Food Security, 13(1): 113–128.
80 d’Amour, C.B., Wenz, L., Kalkuhl, M., Steckel, J.C. y Creutzig, F. 2016. Teleconnected food supply shocks. Environmental Research Letters, 11(3): 035007.
PARTE 2: texto principal
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PARTE 2: recuadros
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120 FAO. 2016. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2015-16. Comercio y seguridad alimentaria: lograr un mayor equilibrio entre las prioridades nacionales y el bien colectivo. Roma, FAO.
121 Remans, R., Wood, S.A., Saha, N., Anderman, T.L. y DeFries, R.S. 2014. Measuring nutritional diversity of national food supplies. Global Food Security, 3(3): 174–182.
122 FAO. 2016. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2015-16. Comercio y seguridad alimentaria: lograr un mayor equilibrio entre las prioridades nacionales y el bien colectivo. Roma, FAO.
123 FAO. 2018. Trade and nutrition technical note. Trade policy technical note No. 21. Roma, FAO.
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125 Mary, S. 2019. Hungry for free trade? Food trade and extreme hunger in developing countries. Food Security, 11(2): 461–477.
126 Dithmer, J. y Abdulai, A. 2017. Does trade openness contribute to food security? A dynamic panel analysis. Food Policy, 69: 218–230.
127 FAO. 2016. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2015-16. Comercio y seguridad alimentaria: lograr un mayor equilibrio entre las prioridades nacionales y el bien colectivo. Roma, FAO.
128 Mary, S. 2019. Hungry for free trade? Food trade and extreme hunger in developing countries. Food Security, 11(2): 461–477.
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130 Anderson, K. y Nelgen, S. 2012. Trade Barrier Volatility and Agricultural Price Stabilization. World Development, 40(1): 36–48.
131 Anderson, K., Rausser, G. y Swinnen, J. 2013. Political Economy of Public Policies: Insights from Distortions to Agricultural and Food Markets. Journal of Economic Literature, 51(2): 423–477.
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133 Aguiar, S., Texeira, M., Garibaldi, L.A. y Jobbágy, E.G. 2020. Global changes in crop diversity: Trade rather than production enriches supply. Global Food Security, 26: 100385.
134 Remans, R., Wood, S.A., Saha, N., Anderman, T.L. y DeFries, R.S. 2014. Measuring nutritional diversity of national food supplies. Global Food Security, 3(3): 174–182.
135 Wood, S., Smith, M., Fanzo, J., Remans, R. y DeFries, R. 2018. Trade and the equitability of global food nutrient distribution. Nature Sustainability, 1.
136 Geyik, O., Hadjikakou, M., Karapinar, B. y Bryan, B.A. 2021. Does global food trade close the dietary nutrient gap for the world’s poorest nations? Global Food Security, 28: 100490.
137 Anderson, J.E. y van Wincoop, E. 2004. Trade Costs. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(3): 691–751.
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141 Irwin, D.A. 2019. Does Trade Reform Promote Economic Growth? A Review of Recent Evidence. National Bureau of Economic Research.
142 Martin, W. 2018. A Research Agenda for International Agricultural Trade. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 40(1): 155–173.
143 FAO. 2018. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2018. El comercio agrícola, el cambio climático y la seguridad alimentaria. Roma, FAO.
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148 FAO. 2020. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2020. Los mercados agrícolas y el desarrollo sostenible: cadenas de valor mundiales, pequeños agricultores e innovaciones digitales. Roma, FAO.
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154 FAO. 2020. El estado de los mercados de productos básicos agrícolas 2020. Los mercados agrícolas y el desarrollo sostenible: cadenas de valor mundiales, pequeños agricultores e innovaciones digitales. Roma, FAO.
PARTE 3: texto principal
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